Elements of the Theory and Practice of Chymistry, 5th Ed.

SECTION I.. Operations Performed on Saline Mineral Substances.

Operations performed on Saline Mineral Substances.

CHAP. I. Of the Vitriolic Acid.

1. PROCESS. To extract Vitriol from the Pyrites 159

2. To extract Sulphur from the Pyrites, and other Sulphureous Minerals 162

3. To extract Alum from aluminous Minerals 165

4. To extract the Vitriolic Acid from Copperas or Green Vitriol 170

5. To decompose Sulphur, and extract its Acid, by burning it 174

6. To concentrate the Vitriolic Acid 176

7. To decompound Vitriolated Tartar by means of the Phlogiston; or to compose Sulphur by combining the Vitriolic Acid with the Phlogiston 179

CHAP. II. Of the Nitrous Acid.

1. PROCESS. To Extract Nitre out of Nitrous Earths and Stones. The Purification of Salt-Petre. Mother of Nitre. Magnesia 181

2. To decompose Nitre by means of the Phlogiston. Nitre fixed by Charcoal. Clyssus of Nitre. Sal Polychrestum 186

3. To decompose Nitre by means of the Vitriolic Acid. The Smoking Spirit of Nitre. Sal de duobus. The Purification of Spirit of Nitre 191

CHAP. III. Of the Marine Acid.

1. PROCESS. To extract Sea-salt from Sea-water, and from Brine-springs. Epsom Salt 195

2. Experiments concerning the Decomposition of Sea-salt by means of the Phlogiston. Kunckel's Phosphorus 197

3. To decompose Sea-salt by means of the Vitriolic Acid. Glauber's Salt. The Purification and Concentration of Spirit of Salt 211

4. To decompose Sea-salt by means of the Nitrous Acid. Aqua regis. Quadrangular Nitre 217

CHAP. IV. Of Borax. 218

SECTION II.. Of Operations on Minerals.

Of Operations on Minerals.

CHAP. I. Of Gold.

1. PROCESS. To separate Gold, by Amalgamation with Mercury, from the Earths and Stones with which it is found mixed 223

2. To dissolve Gold in Aqua Regis, and by that means separate it from Silver. Aurum Fulminans. Aurum Fulminans reduced 227

3. To dissolve Gold by Liver of Sulphur 232

4. To separate Gold from all other Metalline substances by means of Antimony 233

CHAP. II. Of Silver.

1. PROCESS. To separate Silver from its Ore, by means of Scorification with Lead 238

2. The refining of Silver by the Cupel 243

3. To purify Silver by Nitre 248

4. To dissolve Silver in Aqua Fortis, and thereby separate it from every other Metalline substance. The Purification of Aqua Fortis. Silver precipitated by Copper 250

5. To separate Silver from the Nitrous Acid by Distillation. Crystals of Silver. The Infernal Stone 254

6. To separate Silver from the Nitrous Acid by Precipitation. Luna Cornea. Luna Cornea reduced 256

7. To dissolve Silver, and separate it from Gold, by Cementation 258

CHAP. III. Of Copper.

1. PROCESS. To separate Copper from its Ore 262

2. To purify Black Copper, and render it malleable 264

3. To deprive Copper of its Phlogiston by Calcination 266

4. To resuscitate the Calx of Copper, and reduce it to Metal, by restoring its Phlogiston 267

5. To dissolve Copper in the Mineral Acids 268

CHAP. IV. Of Iron.

1. PROCESS. To separate Iron from its Ore 270

2. To render Pig-iron and brittle Iron malleable 273

3. To convert Iron into Steel 274

4. The Calcination of Iron. Sundry Saffrons of Mars 276

5. Iron dissolved by the mineral Acids 277

CHAP V. Of Tin.

1. PROCESS. To extract Tin from its Ore 279

2. The Calcination of Tin 280

3. The Dissolution of Tin by Acids 284

CHAP. VI. Of Lead.

1. PROCESS. To extract Lead from its Ore 286

2. To separate Lead from Copper 289

3. The Calcination of Lead 292

4. To prepare Glass of Lead 293

5. Lead dissolved by the Nitrous Acid 295

CHAP. VII. Of Mercury.

1. PROCESS. To extract Mercury from its Ore, or to revivify it from Cinabar 298

2. To give Mercury, by the action of Fire, the appearance of a Metalline Calx 301

3. To dissolve Mercury in the Vitriolic Acid. Turbith Mineral 302

4. To combine Mercury with Sulphur. Æthiop's Mineral 304

5. To sublime the Combination of Mercury and Sulphur into Cinabar 306

6. To dissolve Mercury in the Nitrous Acid. Sundry Mercurial Precipitates 307

7. To combine Mercury with the Acid of Sea-salt. Corrosive Sublimate 308

8. Sweet Sublimate 312

9. The Panacea of Mercury 314

SECTION III.. Of Operations on the Semi-Metals.

Of Operations on the Semi-Metals.

CHAP. I. Of Antimony.

1. PROCESS. To separate Antimony from its Ore 315

2. The common Regulus of Antimony 316

3. Regulus of Antimony precipitated by Metals 318

4. The Calcination of Antimony 321

5. Calx of Antimony reduced to a Regulus 323

6. Antimony calcined with Nitre. Liver of Antimony. Crocus Metallorum 325

7. Another Calcination of Antimony with Nitre. Diaphoretic Antimony. Materia Perlata. Clyssus of Antimony 326

8. Calx of Antimony vitrified 330

9. Kermes Mineral 331

10. Regulus of Antimony dissolved in the Mineral Acids 335

11. Regulus of Antimony combined with the Acid of Sea-salt Butter of Antimony. Cinabar of Antimony 338

12. Butter of Antimony decompounded by means of Water only. Pulvis Algaroth, or Mercurius Vitæ. The Philosophic Spirit of Vitriol 342

13. Bezoar Mineral. The Bezoartic Spirit of Nitre 343

14. Flowers of Antimony 347

15. Regulus of Antimony converted into Flowers 348

CHAP. II. Of Bismuth.

1. PROCESS. To extract Bismuth from its Ore 350

2. Bismuth dissolved by Acids. Magistery of Bismuth. Sympathetic Ink 352

CHAP. III. Of Zinc.

1. PROCESS. To extract Zinc from its Ore, or Calamine 357

2. To sublime Zinc into Flowers 359

3. To combine Zinc with Copper. Brass. Prince's Metal, &c. 361

4. Zinc dissolved in the Mineral Acids 365

CHAP. IV. Of Arsenic.

1. PROCESS. To extract Arsenic from its matrix. Zafre or Smalt 367

2. To separate Arsenic from Sulphur 371

3. To give Arsenic the Metalline Form. Regulus of Arsenic 374

4. To distil the Nitrous Acid by the interposition of Arsenic. Blue Aqua Fortis. A new Neutral Salt of Arsenic 377

5. To alkalizate Nitre by Arsenic 379

Part Ii. of Vegetables.

SECTION I. Operations on unfermented Vegetables.

CHAP. I. Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by Expression only.

1. PROCESS. To express and depurate the juice of a Plant, containing its Essential Salt. The crystallization of that Salt 383

2. To draw the Oils out of Kernels, Seeds, and Fruits, by Expression 386

3. To draw the Essential Oils of certain Fruits by Expression 387

CHAP. II. Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by Triture.

1. PROCESS. To make the Extract of a Plant by Trituration 389

2. To extract from Seeds and Kernels, by Trituration, the matter of Emulsions 392

CHAP. III. Of Operations on Fat Oils.

1. PROCESS. To attenuate Fat Oils, and change their nature, by exposing them to the action of fire, and distilling them 395

2. To combine Fat Oils with Acids. The decomposition of this combination 398

3. To combine Fat Oils with Fixed Alkalis. Hard and Soft Soap. The decomposition of Soap 400

4. To combine Fat Oils with Sulphur 405

5. To combine Fat Oils with Lead, and the Calces of Lead. The Basis of Plasters. The decomposition of this combination 406

CHAP. IV. Of the substances obtained from Vegetables with a degree of heat not exceeding that of boiling water.

1. PROCESS. To obtain from Plants, by distilling them with the mean degree of heat between freezing and boiling water, a liquor impregnated with their Principle of Odour 408

2. To extract the Fat Oils of Plants by Decoction in boiling water. Cacao-Butter 410

3. To extract the Essential Oils of Plants by Distillation with the heat of boiling water. Distilled Water 412

4. To extract the Essential Oils of Plants by distillation per descensum 418

5. Infusions, Decoctions, and Extracts of Plants 419

CHAP. V. Of Operations on Essential Oils.

1. PROCESS. The Rectification of Essential Oils 422

2. To fire Oils by combining them with highly concentrated Acids: instanced in Oil of Turpentine 426

3. To combine Essential Oils with mineral Sulphur. Balsam of Sulphur. This composition decompounded 434

4. To combine Essential Oils with Fixed Alkalis. Starkey's Soap 438

CHAP. VI. Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by means of a graduated heat, from that of boiling water, to the strongest that can be applied to them in close vessels.

1. PROCESS. To analyze vegetable substances that yield neither a Fat nor an Essential Oil: instanced in Guaiacum-Wood 440

2. To analyze a vegetable substance which yields the same principles as are obtained from Animal matters: instanced in Mustard-seed 445

CHAP. VII. Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by Combustion.

1. PROCESS. To procure a Fixed, Caustic, Alkaline Salt from a vegetable substance, by burning it in the open air 448

2. To procure the Fixed Salt of a Plant, by burning it after the manner of Tachenius 453

3. To render Fixed Alkalis very Caustic by means of Lime. The Caustic Stone 455

4. The Analysis of Soot 457

CHAP. VIII. The Analyses of some particular substances belonging to the Vegetable Kingdom.

1. PROCESS. Analysis of the Native Balsams: instanced in Turpentine 460

2. The Analysis of Resins: instanced in Benjamin. The Flowers and Oil of Benjamin 463

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