Part Ii. of Vegetables.

SECTION I. Operations on unfermented Vegetables.

CHAP. I. Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by Expression only.

1. PROCESS. To express and depurate the juice of a Plant, containing its Essential Salt. The crystallization of that Salt 383

2. To draw the Oils out of Kernels, Seeds, and Fruits, by Expression 386

3. To draw the Essential Oils of certain Fruits by Expression 387

CHAP. II. Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by Triture.

1. PROCESS. To make the Extract of a Plant by Trituration 389

2. To extract from Seeds and Kernels, by Trituration, the matter of Emulsions 392

CHAP. III. Of Operations on Fat Oils.

1. PROCESS. To attenuate Fat Oils, and change their nature, by exposing them to the action of fire, and distilling them 395

2. To combine Fat Oils with Acids. The decomposition of this combination 398

3. To combine Fat Oils with Fixed Alkalis. Hard and Soft Soap. The decomposition of Soap 400

4. To combine Fat Oils with Sulphur 405

5. To combine Fat Oils with Lead, and the Calces of Lead. The Basis of Plasters. The decomposition of this combination 406

CHAP. IV. Of the substances obtained from Vegetables with a degree of heat not exceeding that of boiling water.

1. PROCESS. To obtain from Plants, by distilling them with the mean degree of heat between freezing and boiling water, a liquor impregnated with their Principle of Odour 408

2. To extract the Fat Oils of Plants by Decoction in boiling water. Cacao-Butter 410

3. To extract the Essential Oils of Plants by Distillation with the heat of boiling water. Distilled Water 412

4. To extract the Essential Oils of Plants by distillation per descensum 418

5. Infusions, Decoctions, and Extracts of Plants 419

CHAP. V. Of Operations on Essential Oils.

1. PROCESS. The Rectification of Essential Oils 422

2. To fire Oils by combining them with highly concentrated Acids: instanced in Oil of Turpentine 426

3. To combine Essential Oils with mineral Sulphur. Balsam of Sulphur. This composition decompounded 434

4. To combine Essential Oils with Fixed Alkalis. Starkey's Soap 438

CHAP. VI. Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by means of a graduated heat, from that of boiling water, to the strongest that can be applied to them in close vessels.

1. PROCESS. To analyze vegetable substances that yield neither a Fat nor an Essential Oil: instanced in Guaiacum-Wood 440

2. To analyze a vegetable substance which yields the same principles as are obtained from Animal matters: instanced in Mustard-seed 445

CHAP. VII. Of the Substances obtained from Vegetables by Combustion.

1. PROCESS. To procure a Fixed, Caustic, Alkaline Salt from a vegetable substance, by burning it in the open air 448

2. To procure the Fixed Salt of a Plant, by burning it after the manner of Tachenius 453

3. To render Fixed Alkalis very Caustic by means of Lime. The Caustic Stone 455

4. The Analysis of Soot 457

CHAP. VIII. The Analyses of some particular substances belonging to the Vegetable Kingdom.

1. PROCESS. Analysis of the Native Balsams: instanced in Turpentine 460

2. The Analysis of Resins: instanced in Benjamin. The Flowers and Oil of Benjamin 463

Reflections on the Nature and Properties of Camphor 465

3. The Analysis of Bitumens: instanced in Amber. The Volatile Salt and Oil of Amber 467

4. The Analysis of Bee's Wax, and such Oily Compounds as are analogous to it 472

5. The Saccharine juices of Plants analyzed: instanced in Honey 474

6. Gummy substances analyzed: instanced in Gum Arabic 476