A Handbook of Systematic Botany

Part 1

A HANDBOOK

SYSTEMATIC BOTANY

DR. E. WARMING

Professor of Botany in the University of Copenhagen

WITH A REVISION OF THE FUNGI BY

DR. E. KNOBLAUCH, Karlsruhe

TRANSLATED AND EDITED BY M. C. POTTER, M.A. F.L.S.

Professor of Botany in the University of Durham College of Science, Newcastle-upon-Tyne Author of “An Elementary Text-book of Agricultural Botany”

WITH 610 ILLUSTRATIONS

London SWAN SONNENSCHEIN & CO NEW YORK: MACMILLAN & CO 1895

BUTLER & TANNER, THE SELWOOD PRINTING WORKS, FROME, AND LONDON.

PREFACE.

The present translation of Dr. E. Warming’s Haandbog i den Systematiske Botanik is taken from the text of the 3rd Danish Edition (1892), and from Dr. Knoblauch’s German Edition (1890), and the book has been further enriched by numerous additional notes which have been kindly sent to me by the author. Dr. Warming’s work has long been recognised as an original and important contribution to Systematic Botanical Literature, and I have only to regret that the pressure of other scientific duties has delayed its presentation to English readers. Dr. Warming desires me to record his high appreciation of the careful translation of Dr. Knoblauch, and his obligation to him for a number of corrections and improvements of which he has made use in the 3rd Danish Edition. In a few instances I have made slight additions to the text; these, however, appear as footnotes, or are enclosed in square brackets.

In the present Edition the Thallophytes have been revised and rearranged from notes supplied to me by Dr. Knoblauch, to whom I am indebted for the Classification of the Fungi, according to the more recent investigations of Brefeld. The Bacteria have been revised by Dr. Migula, the Florideæ rearranged after Schmitz, and the Taphrinaceæ after Sadebeck. The main body of the text of the Algæ and Fungi remains as it was originally written by Dr. Wille and Dr. Rostrup in the Danish Edition, though in many places considerable alterations and additions have been made. For the sake of comparison a tabular key to the Classification adopted in the Danish Edition is given in the Appendix.

In the Angiosperms I have retained the sequence of orders in the Danish original, and have not rearranged them according to the systems more familiar to English students. In any rearrangement much of the significance of Dr. Warming’s valuable and original observations would have been lost, and also from a teacher’s point of view I have found this system of great value. Although at present it may not be completely satisfactory, yet as an attempt to explain the mutual relationships, development and retrogression of many of the orders, it may be considered to have a distinct advantage over the more artificial systems founded upon Jussieu’s Divisions of Polypetalæ, Gamopetalæ, and Apetalæ.

With reference to the principles of the systematic arrangement adopted, I may here insert the following brief communication from the author (dated March, 1890), which he has requested me to quote from the preface of Dr. Knoblauch’s edition:--“Each form which, on comparative morphological considerations, is clearly less simple, or can be shown to have arisen by reduction or through abortion of another type having the same fundamental structure, or in which a further differentiation and division of labour is found, will be regarded as younger, and as far as possible, and so far as other considerations will admit, will be reviewed later than the ‘simpler,’ more complete, or richer forms. For instance, to serve as an illustration: EPIGYNY and PERIGYNY are less simple than HYPOGNY; the Epigynous Sympetalæ, Choripetalæ, Monocotyledones are, therefore, treated last, the Hydrocharitaceæ are considered last under the Helobieæ, etc. ZYGOMORPHY is younger than ACTINOMORPHY; the Scitamineæ and Gynandræ therefore follow after the Liliifloræ, the Scrophulariaceæ after the Solanaceæ, Linaria after Verbascum, etc. FORMS WITH UNITED LEAVES indicate younger types than those with free leaves; hence the Sympetalæ come after the Choripetalæ, the Sileneæ after the Alsineæ, the Malcaceæ after the Sterculiaceæ and Tiliaceæ, etc.

“ACYCLIC (spiral-leaved) flowers are older than cyclic (verticillate-leaved) with a definite number, comparing, of course, only those with the same fundamental structure. The Veronica-type must be considered as younger, for example, than Digitalis and Antirrhinum, these again as younger than Scrophularia; Verbascum, on the contrary, is the least reduced, and therefore considered as the oldest form. Similarly the one-seeded, nut-fruited Ranunculaceæ are considered as a later type (with evident abortion) than the many-seeded, folicular forms of the Order; the Paronychieæ and Chenopodiaceæ as reduced forms of the Alsineæ type; and the occurrence of few seeds in an ovary as generally arising through reduction of the many-seeded forms. The Cyperaceæ are regarded as a form derived from the Juncaceæ through reduction, and associated with this, as is so often the case, there is a complication of the inflorescence; the Dipsacaceæ are again regarded as a form proceeding from the Valerianaceæ by a similar reduction, and these in their turn as an offshoot from the Caprifoliaceæ, etc. Of course these principles of systematic arrangement could only be applied very generally; for teaching purposes they have often required modification.”

In preparing the translation considerable difficulty has been experienced in finding a satisfactory rendering of several terms which have no exact equivalent in English. I may here especially mention the term Vorblatt (Forblad) which I have translated by the term bracteole, when it clearly applied to the first leaf (or leaves) on a pedicel; but in discussing questions of general morphology a term was much needed to include both vegetative and floral shoots, and for this I have employed the term “Fore-leaf.” Also, the term “Floral-leaf” has been adopted as an equivalent of “Hochblatt,” and the term “bract” has been limited to a leaf subtending a flower. I have followed Dr. E. L. Mark in translating the word “Anlage” by “Fundament.”

At the end of the book will be found a short appendix giving an outline of some of the earlier systems of Classification, with a more complete account of that of Hooker and Bentham.

In a book of this character it is almost impossible to avoid some errors, but it is hoped that these will be comparatively few. In correcting the proof-sheets I have received invaluable assistance from Dr. Warming and Dr. Knoblauch, who have kindly read through every sheet, and to whom I am greatly indebted for many criticisms and suggestions. I have also to thank Mr. I. H. Burkill for his kind assistance in looking over the proofs of the Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons, and Mr. Harold Wager for kindly reading through the proofs of the Algæ and Fungi. My thanks are also especially due to Mr. E. L. Danielsen, and I wish to take this opportunity of acknowledging the very considerable help which I have received from him in translating from the Original Danish. M. C. POTTER. January, 1895.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

BEING THE SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THE PRESENT VOLUME.

(The Algæ and Fungi rearranged in co-operation with Dr. E. Knoblauch, the other Divisions as in the 3rd Danish Edition.)

PAGE

DIVISION I. THALLOPHYTA 4

A. Sub-Division. Myxomycetes, Slime-Fungi 5

B. Sub-Division. Algæ 8

Class 1. SYNGENETICÆ 14

Part 2

„ 2. DINOFLAGELLATA 16

„ 3. DIATOMEÆ 18

„ 4. SCHIZOPHYTA 22

Family 1. Schizophyceæ 22

„ 2. Bacteria 26

Class 5. CONJUGATÆ 41

„ 6. CHLOROPHYCEÆ 46

Family 1. Protococcoideæ 47

„ 2. Confervoideæ 53

„ 3. Siphoneæ 59

Class 7. CHARACEÆ 64

„ 8. PHÆOPHYCEÆ (OLIVE-BROWN SEAWEEDS) 68

Family 1. Phæosporeæ 68

„ 2. Cyclosporeæ 73

Class 9. DICTYOTALES 76

„ 10. RHODOPHYCEÆ (RED SEAWEEDS) 77

Family 1. Bangioideæ 77

„ 2. Florideæ 78

C. Sub-Division. Fungi 84

Class 1. PHYCOMYCETES 96

Sub-Class 1. Zygomycetes 96

„ 2. Oomycetes 100

Family 1. Entomophthorales 102

„ 2. Chytridiales 102

„ 3. Mycosiphonales 104

Class 2. MESOMYCETES 108

Sub-Class 1. Hemiasci 108

„ 2. Hemibasidii 109

Part 3

Class 3. MYCOMYCETES (HIGHER FUNGI) 114

Sub-Class 1. Ascomycetes 114

Series 1. Exoasci 116

„ 2. Carpoasci 118

Family 1. Gymnoascales 118

„ 2. Perisporiales 119

„ 3. Pyrenomycetes 125

„ 4. Hysteriales 132

„ 5. Discomycetes 132

„ 6. Helvellales 136

Ascolichenes 136

Sub-Class 2. Basidiomycetes 144

Series 1. Protobasidomycetes 145

„ 2. Autobasidiomycetes 157

Family 1. Dacryomycetes 159

„ 2. Hymenomycetes 159

„ 3. Phalloideæ 172

„ 4. Gasteromycetes 173

Basidiolichenes 176

Fungi Imperfecti 176

DIVISION II. MUSCINEÆ (MOSSES) 181

Class 1. HEPATICÆ 188

Family 1. Marchantieæ 190

„ 2. Anthoceroteæ 191

„ 3. Jungermannieæ 191

Class 2. MUSCI FRONDOSI 192

Family 1. Sphagneæ 193

„ 2. Schizocarpeæ 195

Part 4

„ 3. Cleistocarpeæ 195

„ 4. Stegocarpeæ 195

DIVISION III. PTERIDOPHYTA 198

Class 1. FILICINÆ 205

Sub-Class 1. Filices 205

Family 1. Eusporangiatæ 210

„ 2. Leptosporangiatæ 212

Sub-Class 2. Hydropterideæ 215

Class 2. EQUISETINÆ (HORSETAILS) 221

Sub-Class 1. Isosporous Equisetinæ 221

„ 2. Heterosporous Equisetinæ 225

Class 3. LYCOPODINÆ (CLUB MOSSES) 226

Sub-Class 1. Lycopodieæ 226

„ 2. Selaginelleæ 228

TRANSITION FROM THE CRYPTOGAMS TO THE PHANEROGAMS 234

Asexual Generation of the Cormophytes 234

Sexual Generation; Fertilisation 243

DIVISION IV. GYMNOSPERMÆ 251

Class 1. CYCADEÆ (CYCADS) 252

„ 2. CONIFERÆ (PINE-TREES) 255

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