Part 82

{ Corolla hypogynous VIII. 2. MONOPETALAE { „ perigynous IX. { „ epigynous, {anthers connate X. { „ free XI.

{ Stamens epigynous XII. 3. POLYPETALÆ { „ hypogynous XIII. { „ perigynous XIV.

4. DICLINES IRREGULARES, male and female flowers on different plants, corolla generally absent.

System of A. P. DE CANDOLLE (1819).

I. =Vasculares.= Plants with vascular bundles. 1. EXOGENÆ. Vascular bundles arranged in a ring. A. Diplochlamydeæ. Calyx and corolla present. a. Thalamifloræ. Corolla polypetalous and hypogynous. b. Calycifloræ. Corolla perigynous or epigynous; stamens inserted on the calyx. c. Corollifloræ. Corolla gamopetalous; stamens inserted on the corolla. B. Monochlamydeæ. Perianth simple. 2. ENDOGENÆ. Vascular bundles scattered, the youngest in the centre. A. Phanerogamæ. Flowers present. B. Cryptogamæ. Flowers absent. II. =Cellulares.= Vascular bundles absent. 1. FOLIACEÆ. Leaves present. 2. APHYLLÆ. Leafless.

ROBERT BROWN published in 1827 his discovery of the gymnospermy of the ovules of the Coniferæ and Cycadeæ, and showed that the Gymnosperms, which had previously been classed with the Dicotyledons, must be regarded as an independent group.

System of STEPHEN ENDLICHER (1836–40).

I. =Thallophyta.= No differentiation into stem and root. 1. PROTOPHYTA. Class I., Algæ; Class II., Lichenes. 2. HYSTEROPHYTA. Class III., Fungi. II. =Cormophyta.= Differentiated into stem and root. 1. ACROBRYA. Stem growing at the point. Anophyta (Hepaticæ, Musci). Protophyta (Filices, etc.). Hysterophyta (Balanophoreæ, etc.). 2. AMPHIBRYA. Stem growing at the circumference (Monocotyledons). 3. ACRAMPHIBRYA. Stem growing both at the point and circumference. Gymnosperma (Coniferae). Apetala. Perianth single or absent. Gamopetala. Petals gamopetalous. Dialypetala. Petals polypetalous.

System of A. BRONGNIART (1843).

I. =Cryptogamæ.= Plants without flowers. 1. AMPHIGENÆ. Not differentiated into stem or leaf (Algæ, Fungi, Lichenes). 2. ACROGENÆ. Plants with stem and leaf (Muscineæ, Filicinæ). II. =Phanerogamæ.= Plants with flowers. 3. MONOCOTYLEDONES. a. Albuminosæ. Seeds with endosperm. b. Exalbuminosæ. Seeds without endosperm. 4. DICOTYLEDONES. a. Angiosepermæ. α. Gamopetalæ. β. Dialypetalæ. b. Gymnospermæ.

System of JOHN LINDLEY (Vegetable Kingdom, 1845).

Asexual, or Flowerless Plants.

Stem and leaves undistinguishable I. =Thallogens.= Stem and leaves distinguishable II. =Acrogens.=

Sexual, or Flowering Plants.

Fructification springing from a thallus III. =Rhizogens.= Fructification springing from a stem. Wood of stem youngest in the centre; cotyledon single. Leaves parallel-veined, permanent; wood of stem always confused IV. =Endogens.=

Leaves net-veined, deciduous; wood of the stem, when perennial, arranged in a circle with a central pith V. =Dictyogens.=

Wood of stem youngest at the circumference, always concentric; cotyledons, 2 or more. Seeds quite naked VI. =Gymnogens.= Seeds inclosed in seed-vessels VII. =Exogens.=

System of ALEXANDER BRAUN (1864).

I. =Bryophyta.= 1. THALLODEA (Algæ, Fungi, Lichenes). 2. THALLOPHYLLODEA (Charas, Mosses). II. =Cormophyta.= 1. PHYLLOPTERIDES (Ferns, Equisetums). 2. MASCHALOPTERIDES (Lycopods). 3. HYDROPTERIDES (Water-ferns). III. =Anthophyta.= GYMNOSPERMÆ. 1. Frondosæ (Cycadeæ). 2. Acerosæ (Coniferæ). ANGIOSPERMÆ. 1. Monocotyledones. 2. Dicotyledones. Apetalæ. Sympetalæ. Eleutheropetalæ.

W. HOFMEISTER published from 1849 to 1851 his researches upon the embryology of the Phanerogams, and upon the embryology and life-history of the Vascular Cryptogams, and established the phylogenetic connection existing between the Mosses, Vascular Cryptogams and Phanerogams.

System of HOOKER and BENTHAM (Genera plantarum, 1862–1883).

Dicotyledones.

I. Polypetalæ.

Series I. =Thalamifloræ.= Calyx most often free from the ovary. Petals uniseriate or often 2–∞-seriate. Stamens ∞ or definite, inserted on the receptacle, often small, or raised, or stipitate. Ovary most frequently free.

Cohort I. RANALES. Stamens ∞, or if definite the perianth is 3–∞-seriate. Carpels apocarpous, or immersed in the receptacle. Endosperm usually abundant, fleshy.

Order 1. Ranunculaceæ. „ 2. Dilleniaceæ. „ 3. Calycanthaceæ. „ 4. Magnoliaceæ. „ 5. Anonaceæ. „ 6. Menispermaceæ. „ 7. Berberideæ. „ 8. Nymphæaceæ.

Cohort II. PARIETALES. Stamens ∞ or definite. Ovary unilocular, or divided into loculi by spurious dissepiments, with parietal placentation. Endosperm absent or fleshy.

Order 9. Sarraceniaceæ. „ 10. Papaveraceæ. „ 11. Cruciferæ. „ 12. Capparideæ. „ 13. Resedaceæ. „ 14. Cistineæ. „ 15. Violarieæ. „ 16. Canellaceæ. „ 17. Bixineæ.