The Cambridge Natural History, Vol. 02 (of 10)

Volume Ii

FLATWORMS AND MESOZOA

By F. W. GAMBLE, M.Sc. (Vict.), Owens College

NEMERTINES

By Miss L. SHELDON, Newnham College, Cambridge

THREAD-WORMS AND SAGITTA

By A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge

ROTIFERS

By MARCUS HARTOG, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge (D.Sc. Lond.), Professor of Natural History in the Queen's College, Cork

POLYCHAET WORMS

By W. BLAXLAND BENHAM, D.Sc. (Lond.), Hon. M.A. (Oxon.), Aldrichian Demonstrator of Comparative Anatomy in the University of Oxford

EARTHWORMS AND LEECHES

By F. E. BEDDARD, M.A. (Oxon.), F.R.S., Prosector to the Zoological Society, London

GEPHYREA AND PHORONIS

By A. E. SHIPLEY, M.A., Fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge

POLYZOA

By S. F. HARMER, M.A., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge

London MACMILLAN AND CO., LIMITED NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1901

All rights reserved

'Nous allons faire des vers ensemble' ANDRÉ DE CHÉNIER

First Edition 1896. Reprinted 1901

CONTENTS

PAGE

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK ix

PLATYHELMINTHES AND MESOZOA

CHAPTER I. Turbellaria

TURBELLARIA

INTRODUCTION—DESCRIPTION OF THE POLYCLAD LEPTOPLANA TREMELLARIS —APPEARANCE—HABITS—STRUCTURE: POLYCLADIDA—CLASSIFICATION—HABITS —ANATOMY—DEVELOPMENT: TRICLADIDA—OCCURRENCE—STRUCTURE —CLASSIFICATION: RHABDOCOELIDA—OCCURRENCE—HABITS—REPRODUCTION —CLASSIFICATION 3

CHAPTER II. Trematoda

TREMATODA

CHARACTERS OF TREMATODES—HABITS AND STRUCTURE OF TREMATODA ECTOPARASITICA (MONOGENEA)—LIFE-HISTORIES OF POLYSTOMUM INTEGERRIMUM, DIPLOZOON PARADOXUM, AND GYRODACTYLUS ELEGANS —TREMATODA ENDOPARASITICA (DIGENEA)—OCCURRENCE AND HABITS OF DIGENEA —LIFE-HISTORY OF DISTOMUM MACROSTOMUM—DISTOMUM HEPATICUM AND ITS EFFECTS—BILHARZIA HAEMATOBIA—BISEXUAL TREMATODES—TABLE OF HOSTS —CLASSIFICATION 51

CHAPTER III. Cestoda

CESTODA

INTRODUCTION—NATURE OF CESTODES—OCCURRENCE OF CESTODES—THE TAPE-WORMS OF MAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS—TABLE OF LIFE-HISTORIES OF PRINCIPAL CESTODES OF MAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS—STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CESTODES—TABLE FOR THE DISCRIMINATION OF THE MORE USUAL CESTODES OF MAN AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS—CLASSIFICATION 74

CHAPTER IV. Mesozoa

MESOZOA

DICYEMIDAE—STRUCTURE—REPRODUCTION—OCCURRENCE: ORTHONECTIDAE—OCCURRENCE —STRUCTURE: TRICHOPLAX: SALINELLA 92

NEMERTINEA

CHAPTER V

NEMERTINEA

INTRODUCTORY—EXTERNAL CHARACTERS—ANATOMY—CLASSIFICATION—DEVELOPMENT —HABITS—REGENERATION—BREEDING—GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION—LAND, FRESH-WATER, AND PARASITIC FORMS—AFFINITIES 99

NEMATHELMINTHES AND CHAETOGNATHA

CHAPTER VI. Nemathelminthes

NEMATHELMINTHES

INTRODUCTION—NEMATODA—ANATOMY—EMBRYOLOGY—CLASSIFICATION—ASCARIDAE —STRONGYLIDAE—TRICHOTRACHELIDAE—FILARIIDAE—MERMITHIDAE—ANGUILLULIDAE —ENOPLIDAE—PARASITISM: NEMATOMORPHA—ANATOMY—CLASSIFICATION —LIFE-HISTORY: ACANTHOCEPHALA—ANATOMY—EMBRYOLOGY—CLASSIFICATION 123

CHAPTER VII. Chaetognatha

CHAETOGNATHA

STRUCTURE—REPRODUCTION—HABITS—FOOD—CLASSIFICATION—TABLE OF IDENTIFICATION [see also p. 534] 186

ROTIFERA, GASTROTRICHA, AND KINORHYNCHA

CHAPTER VIII. Rotifera, Gastrotricha, and Kinorhyncha

ROTIFERA, GASTROTRICHA, AND KINORHYNCHA

ROTIFERA—HISTORY—EXTERNAL FEATURES—MOVEMENTS—ANATOMY—REPRODUCTION —EMBRYOLOGY—CLASSIFICATION—DISTRIBUTION—AFFINITIES: GASTROTRICHA: KINORHYNCHA 197

ARCHIANNELIDA, POLYCHAETA, AND MYZOSTOMARIA

CHAPTER IX. The Chaetopodous Worms—the Archiannelida—Anatomy of _nereis_, As

THE CHAETOPODOUS WORMS—THE ARCHIANNELIDA—ANATOMY OF NEREIS, AS TYPICAL OF THE POLYCHAETA 241

CHAPTER X

CLASSIFICATION OF THE POLYCHAETA—SHAPE—HEAD—PARAPODIA—CHAETAE—GILLS —INTERNAL ORGANS—JAWS—SENSE ORGANS—REPRODUCTION—LARVAL FORMS —BUDDING—FISSION—BRANCHING—REGENERATION 257

CHAPTER XI

NATURAL HISTORY OF POLYCHAETES—GENERAL HABITS—CHARACTER OF TUBE AND ITS FORMATION—COLOURING—PROTECTIVE AND MIMETIC DEVICES —PHOSPHORESCENCE—FOOD—USES—ASSOCIATED WORMS—WORMS AS HOSTS —DISTRIBUTION—FOSSIL REMAINS 284

CHAPTER XII. Characters of the Sub-Orders of Polychaetes—Characters of the

CHARACTERS OF THE SUB-ORDERS OF POLYCHAETES—CHARACTERS OF THE FAMILIES—DESCRIPTION OF BRITISH GENERA AND SPECIES: THE MYZOSTOMARIA 303

OLIGOCHAETA (EARTHWORMS, ETC.), AND HIRUDINEA (LEECHES)

CHAPTER XIII. Oligochaeta (earthworms and Their Allies)

OLIGOCHAETA (EARTHWORMS AND THEIR ALLIES)

INTRODUCTION—ANATOMY—REPRODUCTION—BIONOMICS—DISTRIBUTION —CLASSIFICATION—MICRODRILI AND MEGADRILI 347

CHAPTER XIV. Hirudinea (leeches)

HIRUDINEA (LEECHES)

INTRODUCTION—ANATOMY—REPRODUCTION—CLASSIFICATION—RHYNCHOBDELLAE AND GNATHOBDELLAE 392

GEPHYREA AND PHORONIS

CHAPTER XV

GEPHYREA

INTRODUCTION—ANATOMY—DEVELOPMENT—SIPUNCULOIDEA—PRIAPULOIDEA —ECHIUROIDEA—EPITHETOSOMATOIDEA—AFFINITIES OF THE GROUP 411

CHAPTER XVI

PHORONIS

HISTORY—HABITS—STRUCTURE—REPRODUCTION—LARVA—METAMORPHOSIS—LIST OF SPECIES AND LOCALITIES—SYSTEMATIC POSITION 450

POLYZOA

CHAPTER XVII

POLYZOA

INTRODUCTION—GENERAL CHARACTERS AND TERMINOLOGY—BROWN BODIES—HISTORY —OUTLINES OF CLASSIFICATION—MARINE POLYZOA—OCCURRENCE—FORMS OF COLONY AND OF ZOOECIA—OVICELLS—AVICULARIA—VIBRACULA—ENTOPROCTA 465

CHAPTER XVIII. Polyzoa—_continued_

POLYZOA—continued

FRESH-WATER POLYZOA—PHYLACTOLAEMATA—OCCURRENCE—STRUCTURE OF CRISTATELLA—DIVISION OF COLONY—MOVEMENTS OF COLONY—RETRACTION AND PROTRUSION OF POLYPIDES IN POLYZOA—STATOBLASTS—TABLE FOR DETERMINATION OF GENERA OF FRESH-WATER POLYZOA—REPRODUCTIVE PROCESSES OF POLYZOA—DEVELOPMENT—AFFINITIES—METAMORPHOSIS—BUDDING 492

CHAPTER XIX. Polyzoa—_continued_

POLYZOA—continued

CLASSIFICATION—GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION—PALAEONTOLOGY—METHODS FOR THE EXAMINATION OF SPECIFIC CHARACTERS—TERMINOLOGY—KEY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE GENERA OF BRITISH MARINE POLYZOA 515

ADDENDUM TO CHAETOGNATHA 534

INDEX 535

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK

PLATYHELMINTHES (p. 3)

Family. TURBELLARIA (p. 3) | +— POLYCLADIDA (p. 7) | | | +—— ACOTYLEA (p. 16) | | | | | +—— Planoceridae (p. 19). | | +—— Leptoplanidae (p. 19). | | +—— Cestoplanidae (p. 19). | | +—— Enantiidae (p. 19). | | | +—— COTYLEA (p. 16) | | | +—— Anonymidae (p. 19) | +—— Pseudoceridae (p. 19). | +—— Euryleptidae (p. 19). | +—— Prosthiostomatidae (p. 19). | +—— TRICLADIDA (p. 30) | | | +—— PALUDICOLA (p. 30) | | | | | +—— Planariidae (p. 42). | | | +—— MARICOLA (pp. 30, 32) | | | | | +—— Procerodidae (p. 42). = Gundidae. | | +—— Bdellouridae (p. 42). | | | +—— TERRICOLA (pp. 30, 33) | | | +—— Bipaliidae (p. 42). | +—— Geoplanidae (p. 42). | +—— Rhynchodemidae (p. 42). | +—— RHABDOCOELIDA (p. 42) | +—— ACOELA (p. 42) | | | +—— Proporidae (p. 49). | +—— Aphanostomatidae (p. 49). | +—— RHABDOCOELA (p. 43) | | | +—— Macrostomatidae (p. 49). | +—— Microstomatidae (p. 49). | +—— Prorhynchidae (p. 49). | +—— Mesostomatidae (p. 49). | +—— Proboscidae (p. 49). | +—— Vorticidae (p. 50). | +—— Solenopharyngidae (p. 50). | +—— ALLOEOCOELA (p. 43) | +—— Plagiostomatidae (p. 50). +—— Bothrioplanidae (p. 50). +—— Monotidae (p. 50).

TREMATODA (pp. 3, 51) | +—— MONOGENEA (pp. 5, 52) = Heterocotylea + Aspidocotylea (p. 73) | | | +—— Temnocephalidae (pp. 53, 73). | +—— Tristomatidae (pp. 53, 73). | +—— Polystomatidae (pp. 53, 73). | +—— Gyrodactylidae (pp. 53, 61, 73). | +—— Aspidobothridae (p. 73). | +—— DIGENEA (pp. 5, 52, 62) = Malacocotylea (p. 73) | +—— Holostomatidae (p. 73). +—— Amphistomatidae (p. 73). +—— Distomatidae (p. 73). +—— Gasterostomatidae (p. 73). +—— Didymozoontidae (p. 73). +—— Monostomatidae (p. 73).

CESTODA (pp. 3, 74) ——————+ | +—— Cestodariidae = Monozoa (p. 91). +—— Bothriocephalidae (p. 91). +—— Tetrarhynchidae (p. 91). +—— Tetraphyllidae (p. 91). +—— Taeniidae (p. 91).

MESOZOA

MESOZOA (pp. 3, 92) ——————+ | +—— Dicyemidae (p. 93). +—— Orthonectida (p. 94).

NEMERTINEA (p. 99)

HOPLONEMERTEA (p. 110) = Metanemertini (p. 112). SCHIZONEMERTEA (p. 111) = Heteronemertini (ex parte) (p. 113). PALAEONEMERTEA (p. 111) = Protonemertini (p. 112). + Mesonemertini (p. 112). + Heteronemertini (ex parte) (p. 113).

NEMATHELMINTHES (p. 123)

NEMATODA (pp. 123, 124) ——+ | +—— Ascaridae (p. 138). +—— Strongylidae (p. 142). +—— Trichotrachelidae (p. 144). +—— Filariidae (p. 147). +—— Mermithidae (p. 150). +—— Anguillulidae (p. 154). +—— Enoplidae (p. 157). +—— Chaetosomatidae (p. 158). +—— Desmoscolecidae (p. 159).

NEMATOMORPHA (pp. 123, 164) | +—— Gordiidae (p. 164).

ACANTHOCEPHALA (pp. 123, 174) | +—— Echinorhynchidae (p. 182) +—— Gigantorhynchidae (p. 183). +—— Neorhynchidae (p. 184). +—— Arhynchidae (p. 185).

CHAETOGNATHA (p. 186)

ROTIFERA (p. 197)

FLOSCULARIACEAE (p. 220) —+ | +—— Flosculariidae (p. 221). +—— Apsilidae (p. 221).

MELICERTACEAE (p. 221) ———+ | +—— Melicertidae (p. 221). +—— Trochosphaeridae (p. 221).

BDELLOIDA (p. 222) ———————+ | +—— Philodinidae (p. 222).

ASPLANCHNACEAE (p. 222) ——+ | +—— Asplanchnidae (p. 223).

SCIRTOPODA (p. 223) ——————+ | +—— Pedalionidae (p. 223).

PLOIMA (p. 223) | +—— ILLORICATA (p. 223) | | | +—— Microcodonidae (p. 224). | +—— Rhinopidae (p. 224). | +—— Hydatinidae (p. 224). | +—— Synchaetidae (p. 224). | +—— Notommatidae (p. 224). | +—— Drilophagidae (p. 224). | +—— Triarthridae (p. 224). | +—— LORICATA (p. 224) | +—— Rattulidae (p. 225). +—— Dinocharididae (p. 225). +—— Salpinidae (p. 225). +—— Euchlanididae (p. 225). +—— Cathypnidae (p. 225). +—— Coluridae (p. 225). +—— Pterodinidae (p. 225). +—— Brachionidae (p. 225). +—— Anuraeidae (p. 225).

SEISONACEAE (p. 225) —————+ | +—— Seisonidae (p. 226).

GASTROTRICHA

GASTROTRICHA (p. 231). | +—— EUICHTHYDINA (p. 235) +—— APODINA (p. 235)

KINORHYNCHA (p. 236)

CHAETOPODA (p. 241)

ARCHIANNELIDA (p. 241)

POLYCHAETA (pp. 241, 245) | +—— PHANEROCEPHALA (p. 303) | | | +—— NEREIDIFORMIA (p. 303) | | | | | +—— Syllidae (p. 306). | | +—— Hesionidae (p. 308). | | +—— Aphroditidae (p. 309). | | +—— Phyllodocidae (p. 313). | | +—— Tomopteridae (p. 315). | | +—— Nereidae (p. 315). | | +—— Nephthydidae (p. 317). | | +—— Amphinomidae (p. 318). | | +—— Eunicidae (p. 318). | | +—— Glyceridae (p. 320). | | +—— Sphaerodoridae (p. 320). | | +—— Ariciidae (p. 321). | | +—— Typhloscolecidae (p. 321). | | | +—— SPIONIFORMIA (p. 304) | | | | | +—— Spionidae (p. 321). | | +—— Polydoridae (p. 323). | | +—— Chaetopteridae (p. 323). | | +—— Magelonidae (p. 325. | | +—— Ammocharidae (p. 325). | | | +—— TEREBELLIFORMIA (p. 304) | | | | | +—— Cirratulidae (p. 325). | | +—— Terebellidae (p. 327). | | +—— Ampharetidae (p. 330). | | +—— Amphictenidae (p. 330). | | | +—— CAPITELLIFORMIA (p. 305) | | | | | +—— Capitellidae (p. 331). | | | +—— SCOLECIFORMIA (p. 305) | | | +—— Opheliidae (p. 331). | +—— Maldanidae (p. 332). | +—— Arenicolidae (p. 333). | +—— Scalibregmidae (p. 334). | +—— Chlorhaemidae (p. 334). | +—— Sternaspidae (p. 335). | +—— CRYPTOCEPHALA (p. 303) | +—— SABELLIFORMIA (p. 305) | | | +—— Sabellidae (p. 336). | +—— Eriographidae (p. 338). | +—— Amphicorinidae (p. 339). | +—— Serpulidae (p. 339). | +—— HERMELLIFORMIA (p. 306) | +—— Hermellidae (p. 341).

MYZOSTOMARIA (pp. 241, 341)

OLIGOCHAETA (pp. 241, 347) | +—— MICRODRILI (p. 373) | | | +—— Aphaneura (p. 374). | +—— Enchytraeidae (p. 375). | +—— Discodrilidae (p. 376). | +—— Phreoryctidae (p. 376). | +—— Naidomorpha (p. 377). | +—— Tubificidae (p. 378). | +—— Lumbriculidae (p. 379). | +—— Moniligastridae (p. 380). | +—— MEGADRILI (pp. 373, 374). | +—— Perichaetidae (p. 380). +—— Cryptodrilidae (p. 382). +—— Acanthodrilidae (p. 384). +—— Eudrilidae (p. 385). +—— Geoscolicidae (p. 386). +—— Lumbricidae (p. 388).

HIRUDINEA (p. 392)

RHYNCHOBDELLAE (p. 405) ——+ | +—— Ichthyobdellidae (p. 406). +—— Glossiphoniidae (p. 406).

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