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NOTES

Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symbolae physicae, Berlin, fol. 1831.

Τρῆμα, a hole; referring to the orifices of the suckers.

Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire d. Polypes d'eau douce, Leyden, 1744.

Die Parasiten des Menschen, 1879——. Engl. Transl. by W. E. Hoyle, i. 1886.

Band 4, by M. Braun. (Mesozoa and Trematoda completed; Cestoda in progress.)

Verm. terr. et fluv. ... succincta historia, 1773; Zool. Danica, 1777.

Observations on Planariae, Edinburgh, 1813.

M. Faraday, "On the Planariae," Medical Gazette, Feb. 1832; and in Edinburgh New Philosoph. Journal, vol. xiv. 1833, pp. 183-189.

Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol. tom. xiii. 1827.

Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) I. tom. xv. 1828.; ibid. tom. xxi. 1830.

Mém. Acad. St. Pétersbourg, 5th ser. tom. ii. 1832.

Die rhabdocoelen Turbellarien des Süsswassers. Jena 1848.

Monographie d. Turbellarien. I. Rhabdocoelida, 1882. Die Acoela, Leipzig, 1892.

"Die Polycladen," Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel, Monogr. XI. 1884.

Phil. Trans. 1874, p. 105.

Since no food, but only the pharynx, passes through this "mouth," the term is unfortunate. Moreover the true mouth is the aperture placing the stomach in communication with the pharynx (Fig. 5, gm).

Ann. Sci. Nat. 1 sér. tom. xv. 1828, p. 146. "La Planaire trémellaire ... peut parcourir ... en faisant battre rapidement ses parties latérales à la manière des larges nageoires des Raies."

Observations on Planariae. Edinburgh, 1813, p. 12.

"Zur Anat. u. Entwickl. einiger Seeplanarien v. St. Malo," Abh. K. Gesellschaft d. Wiss. Göttingen, 1868.

The roof of the peripharyngeal chamber is hence known as the "diaphragm."

See Brandt, Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel, Monogr. XIII. 1885, p. 65.

See p. 94.

Verhandlungen d. med. Gesellschaft zu Würzburg, iv. 1854, p. 223.

Enantia spinifera Grff. Mittheil. d. Naturwiss. Verein. f. Steiermark, 1889.

The sucker of Leptoplana tremellaris probably does not correspond with that of the Cotylea.

Collingwood, Trans. Linn. Soc. 2 ser. vol. i. pt. 3, 1876, p. 83.

Von Stummer-Traunfels, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. lx. 1895, p. 689.

Planocera pellucida Mertens, P. simrothi v. Grff., P. grubei Grff., Stylochoplana sargassicola Mertens, S. californica Woodworth, Planctoplana challengeri Grff., all belonging to the Planoceridae. See v. Graff, "Pelagische Polycladen," Zeitschrift f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. lv. 1892, p. 190.

Cambridge Natural History, vol. iii. p. 74.

Lang, "Polycladen," p. 629.

Wheeler, Journal of Morphology, vol. ix. part 2, 1894, p. 195.

Many Nudibranchiate Mollusca undergo this change of habitat. See Garstang, Journal of the Marine Biological Assoc. n.s. i. No. 4, 1890, p. 447.

Chun, "Ctenophoren," Fauna u. Flora G. v. Neapel, Monogr. I. 1880, p. 180.

See Lang, "Polycladen," p. 607.

Lang, "Polycladen," Pl. 30, Fig. 8.

Kongl. Fysiograf. Sällskapets Handlingar, Bd. iv. Lund, 1892-93.

Whitman, Journal of Morphology, vol. iv. 1890, p. 361.

A full account of Polyclad development is contained in Lang's "Polycladen," with references to the literature of the subject. Since the date of that work (1884) the embryology of Ctenophora has become better known, but, though the segmentation of the egg and early stages of development are very similar in both cases, the elaborate investigations of E. B. Wilson (Journ. Morphology, vol. vi. p. 361) show that the segmentation of Polychaet worms is again similar. The question of the affinities of the Polycladida is also discussed by Lang ("Polycladen" p. 642 et seq.). The work of the last decade has neither proved nor disproved his suggestion that the Ctenophores and Polyclads have been derived from common ancestors. On this subject the remarks made by Hatschek (Lehrbuch d. Zoologie, p. 319) are some of the weightiest that have appeared.

Hallez, Revue Biologique du Nord de la France, tom. ii. 1889-90.

Voigt, Zool. Anz. xv. p. 238.

Grube, Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 38 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1872, p. 273.

Vejdovsky, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. lx. 1895, p. 200.

Woodworth, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zoology, Harvard, vol. xxi. No. 1, 1891.

Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, 1882, p. 187.

Wheeler, Journal of Morphology, vol. ix. 1894, p. 167.

Dendy, Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria 1890, p. 65; Id. Austral. Assoc. Brisbane, 1895, "Presid. Add. to Sect. D," p. 15.

Darwin, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xiv. 1844, p. 241.

Shipley, Proc. Camb. Phil. Soc. vol. vii. pt. 4, 1891 (with literature).

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria from 1889 onwards. Trans. New Zealand Institute, 1894-95.

Moseley, Phil. Trans. 1874, p. 105; Id. Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. xlvii. 1877, p. 273; Loman, Bijdrag tot d. Dierkunde, Aflev. 14, 1887, p. 71; Id. Zool. Ergeb. ein. Reise in Nieder-Ost-Indien, Hft. 1, p. 131; Beddard, Zoogeography, 1895, p. 53.

Beobachtungen ü. Anat. u. Entwickel. an der Küste von Normandie, 1863, p. 18.

Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, 57 Jahrg. Bd. i. Hft. 3, 1891, p. 308.

Dendy, Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. iv. n.s. i. 1892.

Schmarda, Neue wirbellose Thiere, Leipzig, 1859, I. i. p. 30.

Abhandl. d. Naturf. Gesell. zu Halle, Bd. iv. 1857, p. 33.

Arb. Zool.-Zoot. Instit. Würzburg, Bd. v. 1882, p. 120.

Woodworth (loc. cit. p. 38) states that in Phagocata the yolk-glands arise by proliferation from two parovaria, placed just in front of the ordinary ovaries. Iijima, however (Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. xl. 1883, p. 454), regarded them as derivatives of the parenchyma.

The extensive literature on this subject is fairly completely summarised by Voigt in Biol. Centralblatt, vol. xiv. Nos. 20, 21, 1894. Faraday's observations (cf. p. 6, note 8) have been generally overlooked.

Archives d. Biologie, tom. xii. 1892, p. 437.

Mitth. Zool. Stat. Neapel, Bd. iii. 1882, p. 187.

Böhmig, Ergebnisse d. Plankton Expedition, Bd. ii. H. g. 1895.

von Graff, Die Acoela, Leipzig, 1892. Appendix.

The development of the Acoela has been worked out recently by Mdlle. Pereyaslawzewa (Zapiski Novoross. Obshch. Odessa, 17 Bd. 1892) and Gardiner (Journal of Morphology, xi. No. 1, 1895, p. 155) with conflicting results. The former finds four endoderm cells, which give rise to a larval intestine. The Acoela are for her, Pseudacoela. Gardiner, on the other hand, finds no trace of an endoderm at any stage of the development of Polychoerus caudatus.

Tijdschr. Nederland. Dierk. Ver. Deel ii. 1875.

Von Graff, Monographie d. Turbellarien: I. Rhabdocoeliden, 1882. Gamble, Quart. Journ. Microscop. Science, vol. xxxiv. 1893, p. 433.

Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zoologie, Bd. lx. 1895, p. 163.

See von Graffs Monographie, pl. ix.; and Jensen, Turbellaria ad Litora Norvegiae, Bergen, 1878, pl. iv.

For the reproductive organs of Rhabdocoelida, consult von Graff, Monographie, "Die Acoela"; and Böhmig, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. Bd. li. 1891, p. 167.

Untersuchungen ü. Platyhelminthen, Giessen, 1873, p. 101.

Compare the remarks on Trematodes, pp. 4-5.

Haswell, Monograph of the Temnocephaleae. Macleay Memorial Volume. Mem. iii. 1893.

Braun, in Bronn's Klassen u. Ordn. d. Thierreichs, vol. iv. p. 407, gives a valuable summary of our knowledge of this group. For figures, see van Beneden and Hesse, Mémoires de l'Acad. roy. de Belgique, tom. xxxiv. 1864, pp. 1-169. A valuable paper (with synoptic tables) on Japanese Monogenea, by Goto, Journ. Coll. Sci. Japan, vol. viii. pt. 1, 1894, has recently appeared.

See Leuckart, "Parasiten" Bd. ii. p. 238.

Zeller, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xxii. 1872, pp. 1, 168; also Bd. xxvii. 1876, p. 238; xlvi. 1888, p. 233.

An excellent and beautifully illustrated account, by Looss, of the Distomatidae of Frogs and Fishes may be found in Leuckart and Chun's Bibliotheca Zoologica, Heft 16, 1894.

Leuckart, Parasiten d. Menschen, "Trematoden," 1892-94; R. Blanchard, Traité d. Zool. médicale, i. 1889; H. B. Ward, Report for 1894 of Nebraska State Board of Agric. Lincoln, U.S.A. 1895, p. 225.

Huxley, Anat. of Invert. Animals, 1877, p. 194.

Braun, Bronn's Thierreichs, Bd. iv. p. 792; Leuckart, Parasiten d. Menschen, 11 Abth. p. 158; Brandes, in Spengels Zool. Jahrb. Syst. Abtheil. Bd. v. 1890, p. 849; v. Nordmann, Mikr. Beitr. i. Berlin, 1832.

Heckert, Bibliotheca Zoologica (Leuckart and Chun), Heft 4, 1889. I am not aware that Leucochloridium has been noticed in England.

"Heterogamy" usually means the alternation of bisexual and unisexual generations (e.g. Rhabdonema nigrovenosum), but is, unfortunately, also used in the sense of Alloiogenesis, as defined above. See Grobben, Arbeit. Zool. zoot. Ints. Wien, Bd. iv. 1881, p. 201.

Parasiten, Bd. i. Abth. II. p. 152.

Festschrift f. Leuckart, Leipzig, 1892, p. 167.

Quart. Journ. Micros. Sci. vol. xxiii. 1883, p. 90.

The intermediate host in the Sandwich Islands is said to be Limnaea peregra. See Lutz, Centralbl. f. Bakter. xi. 1892, p. 783.

The mortality in wet years, however, is said to be largely due to pulmonary inflammation. This and other causes of death are not always discriminated in the returns.

See Thomas, Quart. Journ. Micros. Science, xxiii. 1883. Neumann, Parasites of Domesticated Animals, translated by Fleming, 1892.

Leuckart, loc. cit.; Looss, Archiv f. mikroskop. Anatomie, Bd. xlvi. 1895, p. 1.

In Leuckart, Die Parasiten d. Menschen, pp. 521-528, 1894.

Cf. p. 89.

See Braun. Bronn's Klassen u. Ordnungen d. Thierreichs, vol. iv. p. 572.

Braun, loc. cit. p. 573.

Taken largely from Braun, Ibid. pp. 864-866, where the literature of the subject is referred to fully.

Festschr. f. Leuckart, 1892, p. 134.

Cf. p. 5.

Arbeit. Inst. Wien, iii. 1881, p. 163; see also ibid. ix. 1890, p. 57.

For figures of various scolices see van Beneden, Mémoire sur les vers Intestinaux, 1861; Braun in Bronn's Thierreich, Cestoda (in progress), Bd. iv. Pl. xxxviii.-xlv.

The mature proglottis of Calliobothrium eschrichti is 8-9 mm. long, whereas the strobila only measures 4-5 mm. in length. Species of Phylliobothrium, Anthobothrium, and Tetrarhynchus show a similar but not an equal contrast between the size of the parent and proglottis (P. J. van Beneden, "Les Vers Cestoides," Nouv. Mém. de l'Acad. Roy. d. Belgique, tom. xxv. 1850).

The difficult question of the nature of the Cestode body and Cestode larvae is adequately discussed by Braun, loc. cit. p. 1167.

Leuckart, Die Parasiten d. Menschen [English trans. by W. E. Hoyle]; Blanchard, Traité de Zoologie médicale, 1893.

For a full account of the history of this subject see Leuckart, Parasiten d. Menschen, p. 28; Braun, loc. cit. Bd. iv. p. 929 et seq.; Huxley, Collected Essays, vol. viii. p. 229.

By Grassi this form is considered identical with T. murina. The latter species is known, from this author's researches, to develop in rats without migration into an intermediate host. Should Grassi's synonymy prove correct, the presence of large numbers of this tape-worm in man would readily receive its explanation.

Leuckart, loc. cit. p. 752 et seq.

The distinctive features of these and the foregoing tape-worms are given on pp. 89-90

For description of the Cercocystis-larva see Villot, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) (6), xv. 1883, Art 4; and compare Leuckart's criticism of this paper, "Parasiten," p. 979.

Moniez, "Sur les Cysticerques," Paris, 1880; Id. "Sur les Cestodes," 1881; Zschokke, "Recherches sur la structure anatomique et histologique d. Cestodes," Genève, 1888.

Schmidt, Archiv f. Naturgeschichte, Jahrg. lx. Bd. 1, 1894, p. 65.

For example, the genitalia in Dipylidium caninum are duplicated in each proglottis. Other differences are noted in the following table (pp. 89-90).

See Stiles, Centralbl. f. Bakt. u. Parasitenkunde, 1893, xiii. p. 457 (conf. note, p. 90).

Taken from Neumann, Parasites of Domesticated Animals, 1892, p. 448.

µ = 1/1000 millimetre.

For a description of these glands, and for further diagnostic details and literature, see Stiles and Hassall, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Animal Industry, Bulletin 4, 1893.

Ed. van Beneden, Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, 1876, p. 35.

Whitman, Mittheil. Zool. Stat. Neapel, Bd. iv.; see also Braun, in Bronn's Thierreich, Bd. iv. p. 253.

Braun, loc. cit. p. 281 (with literature).

Giard, "La Castration parasitaire," Bull. Sci. d. France et de Belgique, 3 sér. i. 1888, p. 12.

Schulze, Abh. Akad. Berlin, 1891, p. 1.

Arch. Naturg. lviii. 1891, p. 66.

P. Boston Soc. vol. vi. 1848.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. v. 1854, p. 344.

Arch. Anat. 1858, p. 289.

Ibid. 1858, p. 558.

Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. ser. vii. tom. xiv. 1869.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xliii. 1886, p. 481.

R. von Willemoes-Suhm, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. xiii. 1874, p. 409.

Semper, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xiii. 1863, p. 558.

L. von Graff, Morphol. Jahrb. Bd. v. 1879, p. 430.

W. A. Silliman, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.

du Plessis, Zool. Anz. vol. xv. 1892, p. 64.

J. von Kennel, Arb. Inst. Würzburg, Bd. iv. 1877-78, p. 305.

H. N. Moseley, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. iv. vol. xv. 1875, p. 165.

See Hubrecht, in Verh. Ak. Amsterdam, vol. xx. 1880; and in Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xx. 1880, p. 431.

"Nemertinen," Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel, 22 Monogr. 1895.

Beiträge zur Naturgeschichte der Turbellarien, Griefswald, 1851.

Arb. Inst. Würzburg, Bd. iii. 1876, p. 115.

Ibid. Bd. iv. 1877, p. 305.

Zool. Anz. vol. viii. 1885, p. 51.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxv. 1885, suppl. p. 1.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.

Ibid. Bd. liii. 1892, p. 322, and Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel, 22 Monogr. 1895.

Ann. Sci. Nat. (5) vol. xvii. 1873.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. iv. 1853, p. 178.

Our knowledge of British species is mainly due to M‘Intosh (British Annelids, Ray Society, 4to, 1873) and Riches (Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. vol. iii. 1893-1895, p. 1).

Fauna und Flora G. von Neapel, 22 Monogr. 1895.

See M‘Intosh, British Annelids, Ray Society, 4to, 1873.

Loc. cit.

References to these works are given on p. 101.

Zitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xli. 1885, p. 48.

Nature, vol. xlvi. 1892, p. 611.

Zool. Anz. vol. xv. 1892, p. 64.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. lix. 1895, p. 83.

Arb. Inst. Würzburg, Bd. iv. 1877-1878, p. 305.

Journ. Mar. Biol. Ass. vol. iii. 1893-1895, p. 22.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxiii. 1883, p. 349; Ibid. vol. xxvii. 1887, p. 605.

Cf. Willey, Amphioxus and the Ancestry of the Vertebrates, Macmillan, 1894.

Ann. Sci. nat. 7, sér. vol. xiii. 1892, p. 321.

E. Rohde, SB. Ak. Berlin, 1892, p. 515.

R. Hesse, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. liv. 1892, p. 548.

E. Rohde, Zool. Beitr. Bd. i. 1885, p. 11.

E. Rohde, Zool. Anz. xvii. 1894, p. 38.

Monographie der Nematoden, 4to, Berlin, 1866.

Zeit. Physiol. Chem. vol. xiv. 1890, p. 318.

N. A. Cobb, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 2nd ser. vol. vi. 1891, p. 143.

Monographie der Nematoden, Berlin, 1866, p. 192.

Zool. Anz. vol. xvi. 1893, p. 432.

Arch. Naturg. 60 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1894, p. 255.

SB. Ak. Berlin, 1891, p. 57.

Leuckart, The Parasites of Man, English Trans. by W. E. Hoyle, Edinburgh, 1886, p. 56.

O. Bütschli, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xxvi. 1876, p. 103.

O. Hamann, Centrlb. Bakter. vol. xi. 1892, p. 501.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xxiii. 1873, p. 402.

Ibid. vol. xlii. 1885, p. 708.

Ann. Nat. Hist. 5th ser. vol. ix. 1882, p. 301.

Macleay Memorial Volume, Sydney, 1893, p. 252; and Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 2nd ser. vol. v. 1890, p. 449.

4th edition, 1880.

Compendium der Helminthologie, Hannover, 1878, and Nachtrag, 1889.

A. Heller, "Darmschmarotzen" in v. Liemssen's Handb. d. sp. Path. u. Ther. vol. vii.

Cobbold's Parasites, London, 1879, p. 246.

Arch. Zool. exper. 1 sér. tom. vii. 1878, p. 283.

Arch. Zool. exper. 1 sér. tom. vii. 1878, p. 283.

Balbiani, Anat. Physiol. 7th year, 1870-71, p. 180.

A Treatise on Parasites and Parasitic Diseases. English Trans. by G. Fleming, London, 1892.

Journ. Roy. Agric. Soc. 3rd series, vol. iv. 1893.

Sci. Mem. Medic. Officers, Army of India, vol. vii. 1892, p. 51.

Shipley, Proc. Phil. Soc. Camb. vol. viii. 1892-95, p. 211.

"The Distribution, etc., of Filaria sanguinis hominis," Trans. of 7th Inter. Congress of Hygiene, vol. i. 1892, p. 79.

v. Linstow, Arch. mikr. Anat. vol. xl. 1892, p. 498.

zur Strassen, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. liv. 1892, p. 655.

Rud. Leuckart, Abh. Sachs. Ges. vol. xiii. 1887, p. 567.

Macleay Memorial Vol. Sydney, 1893, p. 253.

Centrbl. Bakter. vol. viii. 1890, p. 489.

J. Percival, Nat. Sci. vol. vi. 1895, p. 187.

A. Strubell, Bibl. Zool. Bd. i. Heft 2, 1888, p. 1.

C. R. Ac. Sci. cxviii. 1894, p. 549.

Bihang Svenska Ak. Handl. viii. No. 11, 1883.

Anat. Untersuch. ü. freilebende Nordsee-Nematoden, Leipzig, 1886.

Cobb, P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 2nd ser. viii. 1893, p. 389.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xvii. 1867, p. 539.

Panceri, Atti Acc. Napoli, vii. 1878, No. 10.

Panceri, Atti Acc. Napoli, vii. 1878, No. 10.

Arch. Naturg. 35 (i.), 1869, p. 112.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xlii. 1885, p. 708.

Arch. Naturg. Jahrg. iii. Bd. i. 1837, p. 52; and van Beneden, Animal Parasites, p. 91. International Sci. Series.

F. Vejdovsky, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xliii. 1886, p. 369; Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. xlix. 1888, p. 188.

Arch. mikr. Anat. Bd. xxxvii. 1891, p. 239.

Arch. mikr. Anat. Bd. xxxiv. 1889, p. 248.

A. E. Verrill, P. U. S. Mus. vol. ii. 1879, p. 165.

O. Bürger, Zool. Jahrb. Anat. Bd. iv. 1891, p. 631.

H. B. Ward, Bull. Mus. Harvard, vol. xxiii. 1892-93, p. 135.

Mem. Acc. Torino, 2nd ser. vol. xl. 1890, p. 1.

Centrlb. Bakter. Bd. ix. 1891, p. 760.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. Bd. vii. 1856, p. 1.

Zool. Anz. vol. x. 1887, p. 602.

Von Linstow, Hannover, 1878, and Nachtrag, 1889.

H. B. Ward, P. Amer. Ac. new ser. vol. xix. 1892, p. 260.

Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. xxv. 1891, p. 113.

Bibl. Zool. Bd. ii. Heft 7. 1893.

Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. xxv. 1891, p. 113.

Zool. Anz. Bd. xv. 1892, p. 195.

Zool. Anz. vol. xv. 1892, p. 52.

Zool. Anz. vol. viii. 1885, p. 19.

Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxxix. 1896.

O. Hertwig, Jen. Zeitschr. Bd. xiv. 1880, p. 196.

P. Gourret, Ann. Mus. Marseille, tom. ii. Mem. 2, 1884, p. 103.

Bibl. Zool. vol. i. 1888-89, p. 1.

Scott, Annals of Scottish Natural History, 1892 and 1893.

E. Béraneck, Rev. Zool. Suisse, vol. iii. 1895, p. 137.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6th ser. vol. xiii. 1894, p. 440.

Archiv Naturg. 58 Jahrg. Bd. i. 1892, p. 333.

I Chetognati, Flora u. Fauna d. Golfes von Neapel, Mon. v. 1883.

loc. cit.

loc. cit.

The Rotifera, two vols, and supplt. London, 1886-89.

Phil. Trans. vol. xix. No. 220, p. 254 (abridged ed. vol. iii. 1705, p. 651).

Ibid. vol. xxiii. No. 283, p. 1304 (abridged ed. vol. v. p. 6).

Ibid. vol. xxiii. No. 295, p. 1784 (abridged ed. vol. v. p. 175).

Ibid. No. 337, vol. xxviii. 1714, p. 160.

Employment for the Microscope. London, 1785.

Paris, 1841.

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. vol. i. 1853, pp. 3-8, 65-76.

Trans. Micr. Soc. London, vol. i. (n.s.), 1853, pp. 1-19.

Verh. Ges. Würzb. vol. iv. 1854; Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vols. iii. vi. 1851-55.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vols. vii. ix. xii. 1856-58-63.

London, 1861.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xxxix. 1883.

Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. v. 1890, p. 1; viii. 1891, p. 34.

Jen. Zeitschr. Nat. vol. xix. 1886; and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vols. xliii. xlix. 1886-90.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xliv. 1886, p. 273.

Ibid. vol. xliv. p. 396; xlvii. 1888, p. 353; liii. 1892, p. 1.

For additions see Rousselet, J. Roy. Micr. Soc. 1893 and 1897.

See p. 228.

Quart. Journ. Micr. Soc. (n.s.) vol. xxiv. 1884, p. 352.

The definition of the Orders and systematic position of the genera and species referred to under this head will be found in a following section (pp. 220 f.).

Reprinted in Baker's Employment for the Microscope, 1785, pp. 267 f.

"Wheel Animals, though found with most Certainty in Leaden Gutters, etc. are often discovered in the Waters of some Ditches, and likewise in Water that has stood a considerable Time even in the House; for I have often met with them, in sufficient Plenty, in a Sort of slimy Matter that is apt to be produced on the Sides of Glasses and other Vessels, that are kept long with the Infusions of Hay or other Vegetables; and probably they are wafted thither by the Air, when in the Condition of little dry Globules."

Gosse's account of the "Structure, Functions, and Homologies of the Manducatory Organs in the Class Rotifera" (in Phil. Trans. 1856) remains as the most complete anatomical account we have, though his attempt to identify these parts with the modified limbs of the Arthropod mouth has met with no support from subsequent workers. Gosse rendered these parts clearly visible by the use of dilute caustic alkali.

A modification of this type is seen in the parasite Drilophagus, where the unci and rami are two-pronged at the end, but the trophi are not movable on one another, but protrusible as a whole to serve as an organ of attachment to the Oligochaete Lumbriculus, to which this Rotifer attaches itself. See Vejdovsky, "Ueb. Drilophaga bucephalus," etc., in SB. Böhm. Ges. Jahrg. 1882 (1883), p. 390.

"Zur Rotatorien Württemburgs," in Jahresb. Ver. Würt. vol. l. 1894, p. 57.

Similarly Hudson and Zelinka both regard the dorsal antenna as formed by the coalescence of two antennae. These retain their distinctness in Asplanchna; in some Bdelloida the single antenna is supplied by a pair of nerves.

C. R. Ac. Sci. cxi. 1890, p. 310; cxiii. 1891, p. 388.

Acta Univ. Lund. xxviii. 1891-92.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxii. 1872, p. 455.

Arch. Zool. Exp. sér. 2, i. 1883, p. 131.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xliv. 1886, p. 273.

Ibid. liii. 1892, p. 1.

It does not appear to us that Zelinka is justified by his account of the development in regarding this cup as other than a part of the disc.

The classification we have adopted is a modification of that made by Hudson and Gosse; we have divided up their first Order Rhizota into two, and split off from Flosculariidae the family Apsilidae; removed the Asplanchnaceae from the admittedly heterogeneous Order Ploima, made distinct families in the Ploima for Microcodonidae and Rhinopidae, and created a third new Order for the Seisonaceae. Ehrenberg, Gosse, and Hudson, being the authors of most of the genera, are designated by their initials only.

This second species has also been found in the Northern United States.

This Order has been monographed recently by Janson in Abh. Ver. Brem. Bd. xii. Beilage, 1893, p. 1.

See Hudson in Month. Micr. Journ. vol. vi. 1871, pp. 121, 215, and Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. (n.s.) xii. 1872, p. 333; Lankester, ibid. p. 338; Levander in Act. Soc. Faun. Fenn. xi. 1894.

In Denk. Ak. Wien, vol. vii. 1854, 2 Abth., p. 15. As has been suggested by Deby and by Daday, it is not impossible that Hexarthra is identical with Pedalion (and in this case the latter name, as newer, should be suppressed in favour of the former); but we must suppose that Schmarda's figure of the front view is a combination, more or less from memory or notes, of two sketches or notes taken some time before publication; the one a side view somewhat obliquely flattened, showing the two eyes as in Levander's Fig. 3; the other a front view, showing the two pairs of lateral limbs in their correct positions under pressure.

The male of Rhinops vitrea is exceptional in possessing a complete, functional alimentary canal, with mastax, stomach, and intestine (Rousselet). That of Proales werneckii has a mastax, but no intestine (Rothert).

For a full account of this group see Claus in Festschr. Z.-B. Ges. Wien, 1876, p. 75; and Plate in Mt. Stat. Neapel, vol. vii. 1886-87, p. 234; Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. ii., 1888, p. 86.

I have recently found a large species of this genus dwelling in the shell of the large Cladoceran Crustacean, Eurycercus lamellatus. It is remarkable for its power of completely telescoping its extremities within the middle segments, and for its immense foot-glands, both characters being doubtless correlated with its habitat. Rousselet identifies it with P. petromyzon.

Month. Micr. Journ. vol. ix. 1873, p. 287; Journ. Quekett Club, ser. 2, vol. ii. 1884-86, p. 231.

See Dr. Hudson's very suggestive presidential addresses to the Royal Microscopical Society, published in their Journal, vols. ix.-xi. 1889-91.

Euchlanis lynceus.—This is clearly not an Euchlanis, and of the six names referred to—Ploesoma, Gomphogaster, Gastropus, Gastroschiza, Bipalpus, and Dictyoderma—the first has priority, and the other five drop by the laws of zoological nomenclature.

Journ. Quekett Club, ser. 2, vol. v. 1892-94, p. 205.

Trans. Micr. Soc. (n.s.) i. 1853, p. 18 (read Dec. 31, 1851): "We may say, therefore, that the Rotifera are organized upon the plan of an Annelid larva.... I do not hesitate to draw the conclusion ... that the Rotifera are the permanent forms of Echinoderm larvae, and hold the same relation to the Echinoderms that the Hydriform Polypi hold to the Medusae, or that Appendicularia holds to the Ascidians."

Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci. (n.s.) vol. xvii. 1877, p. 399.

Ibid. (n.s.) vol. xx. 1880, p. 381.

Arb. Z. Inst. Wien, vols. i. iii. v. 1878-84; Lehrbuch der Zoologie, part iii. 1891.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xliv. 1886, p. 1.

The Microscope (Detroit), 1887-88.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlix. 1890, p. 209.

Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, vol. xv. 1851, p. 158.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xlv. 1887, pp. 401-467, t. xx-xxii.

The breadth of the latter is estimated from Reinhard's figure.

The Echiuroid Gephyrea (see p. 434) are by some authorities considered to be a division of the Chaetopoda.

Another worm, Histriobdella (Histriodrilus) homari, which is parasitic on the eggs of the lobster, and which occurs on our coast, has been placed amongst the Archiannelida. It is a minute form, with peculiarities in its anatomy which render its affinities uncertain.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvii. 1887, p. 109.

J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. vol. i. (n.s.) 1889-90, p. 119.

Schimkewitsch, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. lix. 1895, p. 46.

Hatschek, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, iii. 1881, p. 79.

Fraipont, "Le Genre Polygordius," Fauna u. Flora des Golfes v. Neapel, Monogr. xiv. 1887.

T. J. Parker, Lessons in Elementary Biology, London, 1891, p. 267, gives a full account of the anatomy and development of Polygordius.

"Die Capitelliden," Fauna u. Flora d. Golfes v. Neapel, Monogr. xvi. 1887, p. 350.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed., Art. "Mollusca," p. 652.

Benham, "The Post-Larval Stage of Arenicola," J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. iii. (n.s.) 1893, p. 48.

The blood is colourless in Syllidae and Nephthydidae.

Ehlers states that some Eunicidae have green blood.

Benham, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxix. 1896, p. 1.

Schaeppi, Jena. Zeit. xxviii. 1894, p. 217.

Goodrich, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiv. 1893, p. 387.

Benham, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxii. 1891, p. 325. See also Bourne (nephridium of Polynoë), Tr. Linn. Soc. (Zool.), ii. 1883, p. 357; Meyer, for nephridium of Terebellidae, Sabellidae, and Cirratulidae, in Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887, p. 592.

It is worthy of note that in Aeolosoma alone amongst the Oligochaeta does the brain lie in the prostomium in the adult.

Andrews, "The Eyes of Polychaetes," J. Morph. vii. 1892, p. 169.

Wistinghausen, "Entwick. v. N. dumerilii," Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, x. 1891, p. 41.

This is a modification of the classification proposed by me at the meeting of the British Association at Oxford, 1894 (see Report, p. 696). For further characteristics of these Orders and sub-Orders see below Chap. XII. Ehlers, "Die Borstenwürmer," 1864, gives a historical survey of the group, and enumerates the earlier classifications.

In Coabangia (see p. 284) the anus is near the anterior end, on the ventral surface.

It is doubtful whether these organs are palps or only lateral lips.

Pruvot traced the nerve supply to these organs, and thus established their homology. Arch. d. Zool. Expér. (ser. 2) iii. 1885, p. 211.

Meyer, "Stud. ub. d. Körperbau der Anneliden," Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887, p. 592; viii. 1888, p. 462. In this work a great number of important and interesting anatomical facts are recorded with respect to the Terebelliformia and Sabelliformia, as well as certain details as to the structure and development of the nephridia.

In some of the members of this family paired lateral tentacles appear to exist.

It is possible that some of these may be peristomial.

Individual cases in which chaetae are present have been recorded.

Meyer, loc. cit.

Haswell, P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, vii. 1883, p. 251.

Eisig, "Die Capitelliden," Fauna u. Flora G. v. Neapel, Monogr. xvi. 1887, p. 331.

Compare with this the muscular organ of Dinophilus, p. 243, Protodrilus, and a similar structure which occurs in Terebellids.

Korschelt, "Über Ophryotrocha puerilis," Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. lv. 1893, p. 224.

Eisig, Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, ii. 1881, p. 255.

They are specially large also in the Typhloscolecidae; while Racovitza (Ann. Mag. N. H. (ser. 6), xv. 1895, p. 279) has recently suggested that the caruncle of Amphinomidae belongs to the category of nuchal organs, and compares it with the ciliated lappets of Pterosyllis.

Ehlers, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. liii. 1892, p. 217.

See Claparède and Metschnikoff, "Beit. zur Kennt. d. Entwick der Chaetopoden," Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xix. 1869, p. 163; and Fewkes, "On the Development of certain Worm Larvae," Bulletin Mus. Harvard, xi. 1883, p. 167.

For an account of the anatomy and development of a Trochosphere, see Hatschek, on Eupomatus, in Arbeit. Zool. Inst. Wien, vi. 1885. Also Meyer, Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, viii. 1888, p. 462; and for Polynoid larva see Häcker, Zool. Jahrb. Abth. Anat. viii. 1895, p. 245.

See Meyer (ref. on p. 261).

Many of the Polynoids are sexually dimorphic.

Claparède, "Annélides Chétopodes du Golfe de Naples," Supplement, 1870; and Wistinghausen, Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, x. 1891, p. 41.

Claparède used the term "epigamous" for this phase; Ehlers employed the term "epitokous," whilst he called the "Nereid" phase "atokous," under the impression that the worm did not become mature in this condition.

Malaquin gives a detailed account of the asexual reproduction in Syllidae in Recherches sur les Syllidiens, Lille, 1893, and in Revue Biol. d. Nord de la France, iii. 1891. See also St. Joseph, "Les annelides polychétes des côtes de Dinard," Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. (7th ser.) i. 1886, p. 134.

Alex. Agassiz, Boston J. Nat. Hist. vii. 1863, p. 384.

Huxley, Edinb. New Philosoph. Journ. 1855, i. p. 113.

"Challenger" Reports, vol. xii. 1885, "Polychaeta," p. 198; and Oka, Zoolog. Centralbl. ii. 1895, p. 591.

Two new heads have been observed in Typosyllis variegata by Langerhans, and two new tails in another Syllis.

Dalyell, The Powers of the Creator revealed, etc., vol. ii. 1853, p. 225 et seq.

von Kennel, Arb. Zool. Instit. Würzburg, vi. 1883, p. 259.

Leidy, Proc. Acad. Nat. Hist. Philadelphia, 1883, p. 204.

Giard, C. R. Soc. Biol. v. 1893, p. 473.

See M‘Intosh, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4) ii. 1868, p. 276.

Lankester has suggested that a strong acid is secreted for the purpose, see Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 4) i. 1868, p. 233.

M‘Intosh, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (ser. 6) xiii. 1894, p. 1.

Dalyell, The Powers of the Creator revealed, ii. 1853, p. 217.

Watson, Journ. R. Mic. Soc. 1890, p. 685; see also Dalyell, loc. cit. ii. p. 195.

Schmiedeberg, Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, iii. 1882, p. 373.

For pelagic forms, see Camille Viguier, Arch. de Zool. Expér. (ser. 2) iv. 1886, p. 347; also Reibisch, Die pelag. Phyllodociden u. Typhloscoleciden d. Plankton Exped. 1895.

Lankester, Journ. Anat. and Physiol. 1868, p. 114; and 1870, p. 119; see also MacMunn, "On the Chromatology of the Blood in some Invertebrates," Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxv. 1885, p. 469.

For coloured pictures of worms consult Schmarda, "Neue wirbellose Thiere," 2nd part, 1861; Milne Edwards in Cuvier's "Règne Animal" (Ed. Disciples de Cuvier).

Semper, Animal Life, "Internat. Sci. Series," 1881, p. 401.

The experiments were made by Mr. Garstang at the Laboratory of the Marine Biological Association, and are recorded by Poulton in The Colours of Animals, "Internat. Sci. Series," 1890, p. 201.

Panceri, Atti Acad. Sci. Napoli, vii. 1875.

M‘Intosh, H.M.S. "Challenger" Reports, "Polychaeta," vol. xii. p. ix.

For an account of these worms see M‘Intosh, loc. cit. p. 257.

For a list of parasitic Polychaetes see St. Joseph, Ann. Sci. Nat. (ser. 7) v. 1888, p. 141.

Semper, loc. cit. p. 340.

See "Challenger Reports," and St. Joseph, loc. cit.

"Challenger" Reports, loc. cit. p. xxx.

See Hornell, Fauna of Liverpool Bay, Report III. 1892, p. 126.

Zittel, Handbuch d. Palaeontologic (Palaeozoologie), i. 1876-80, p. 562.

Ehlers, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xviii. 1868, p. 241.

The Chaetopteridae may have to be placed elsewhere in the system, as they are peculiarly modified, and present features recalling the Cryptocephala, from which it is possible they have descended.

Meyer (Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887, p. 669, note) suggests that the tentacular filaments of Cirratulids are really prostomial, but have shifted back on to the peristomium, or even farther.

It is probable that the genital ducts of Sternaspis and Chlorhaemids are modified nephridia.

The character of head and parapodium in each family will be gathered from the figures accompanying the general description in Chap. X., so that detailed description is unnecessary. In all cases the chaetae form valuable specific characters.

The examples of the various families are British, unless the opposite is expressly stated; but most of them are not confined to our shores, and the foreign localities are usually given. No attempt is made to enumerate all the British species.

The following books may be found useful for identifying the worms:—

Claparède, Recherches anat. sur les Annélides observées dans les Hebrides, 1861; Annélides Chétopodes du golfe de Naples, 1868, and Suppl., 1870.

Cunningham and Ramage, "Polychaeta Sedentaria of the Firth of Forth," Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, xxxiii. 1888, p. 635. 80Ehlers, Die Borstenwürmer, 1868.

Johnston, "British Museum Catalogue of Non-Parasitical Worms," 1865.

M‘Intosh, "British Annelida," Trans. Zool. Soc. ix. 1877, p. 371; "Invert. Marine Fauna of St. Andrews; Annelida," Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) xiv. 1874, p. 144.

Malmgren, "Nordiska Hafs-Annulater," Öfversigt af K. Vet.-Akad. Förhandlingar, 1865, pp. 51, 181, 355; and "Annulata Polychaeta," ibid. 1867, p. 127.

St. Joseph, "Les Annélides Polychétes des côtes de Dinard," Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) (7) vol. i. 1886, p. 127; v. 1888, p. 141; xvii. 1894, p. 1; xx. 1895, p. 185.

Malaquin, Recherches sur les Syllidiens, 1893; for structure of the gizzard, see also Haswell, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvi. 1886, p. 471; and xxx. 1889, p. 31.

See M‘Intosh's Memoirs, loc. cit.

Herein are included the various genera formed by Kinberg, Malmgren, and others.

It appears to be the same as P. grubiana Clap.

Marenzeller has shown that Johnston's P. scolopendrina is not identical with that of Savigny, and suggests the above name for it.

F. Buchanan, "Report on Polychaetes, Part I." Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc. vii. (n.s.) 1893, p. 169.

Polyodontes Ran. deserves mention as being a large, rare form with peculiar pedal gland; cf. Eisig (ref. on p. 268), p. 324; and Buchanan, Quart. J. Micr. Sc. xxxv. 1894, p. 433.

Many authorities regard this species as synonymous with Savigny's P. laminosa.

According to a verbal communication from Mr. J. Hornell of Jersey, they belong to P. maculata Müll., while Mr. Garstang believes them to belong to Eulalia viridis.

These segmentally-arranged brown spots may perhaps be photogenic.

Greef, Acta Ac. German., xxxix. 1877.

Greef, Zeitschr. f. wiss. Zool. xlii. 1885, p. 432.

Buchanan, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxv. 1894, p. 445.

Buchanan, Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. viii. (n.s.) 1893, p. 169.

Reibisch, Phyllodociden u. Typhloscoleciden d. Plankton Exped. 1895.

The British species is usually referred to as C. insignis Baird, but Joyeux Laffuie (Arch. Zool. Exp. (ser. 2) viii. 1890, p. 244) has shown that there is only one European species. It is possible that there is a closer affinity with the Sabelliformia than is at present supposed.

Compare Sternaspis, p. 336.

For literature, see Benham, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxix. part 1, 1896, p. 1.

F. Buchanan, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxi. 1890, p. 175.

In some genera there are no gills, e.g. Leaena.

These characters are not necessarily generic.

Eisig, "Die Capitelliden," Fauna u. Flora G. v. Neapel, Monogr. xvi. 1887.

Ed. Meyer., Arch. mikr. Anat. xxi. 1882, p. 769.

Vejdovsky, Denk. Akad. Wien, xliii. 1882, part 2, p. 33; and Rietsch, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.) ser. 6, xiii. 1882, art. 5.

For anatomy see Meyer, Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887.

Andrews, Journ. Morph. v. 1891, p. 271.

A. G. Bourne, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxiii. 1883, p. 168.

Closely allied is Manayunkia Leidy, which occurs in fresh-water lakes of America. Another fresh-water genus is Coabangia Giard, which perhaps deserves the creation of a special family. The anus is ventral and anterior. The chaetae are peculiarly arranged, dorsal uncini being present only on four segments. The first body segment carries a ventral bundle of five great "palmate" chaetae.

For the anatomy see Meyer, Mt. Stat. Neapel, vii. 1887; see also above, p. 306.

von Graff, "Myzostomida," "Challenger" Reports, part 27, vol. x. 1884; and "Supplement," part 61, vol. xx. 1887.

Marenzeller, Anz. Akad. Wien, xxxii. p. 192.

Mt. Zool. Stat. Neapel, xii. 1896, p. 227; where, too, see literature.

Beard, Mt. Zool. St. Neap. v. 1884, p. 544.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. (n.s.) vol. iv. 1864, p. 258; and v. pp. 7, 99.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xix. 1869, p. 563.

De Lumbrici terrestris Historia naturali, Brussels, 1829.

Naturg. ein. Wurm-Arten d. süssen u. salzigen Wasser, Copenhagen, 1771.

Trans. Roy. Soc. Victoria, vol. i. 1888, p. 1.

Phil. Trans. clxxxvi. 1895, A, p. 383.

Mém. cour. Ac. Belg. lii. 1890-93.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxi. 1890, p. 83.

Beddard, Ibid. xxxiii. 1892, p. 325.

Beddard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xiii. 1894, p. 205.

Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iii. 1890, p. 223.

Vegetable Mould and Earthworms, London, 1881.

Zool. Anz. xi. 1888, p. 72.

See Fletcher, P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. (2) iii. 1889, p. 1542.

In Sitzungs-Ber. Böhm. Ges. 1889, p. 183.

See Dr. Rosa in Ann. Hofmus. Wien, vi. 1891, p. 379.

Entwickelungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen, Prag, Heft i. 1888, p. 33.

See Kleinenberg, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xix., 1879, p. 206.

Both Col. Feilden and Mr. Trevor-Battye found specimens in Kolguiev.

Neue wirbellose Thiere, Leipzig, ii. 1861, p. 11.

Kew Bull. Misc. Information, No. 46, 1890.

Rev. Biol. Nord France, i. 1889, p. 197.

SB. Ges. naturf. Berlin, 1893, p. 19.

System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, Prag, 1884.

See my text-book of Zoogeography (Cambridge, 1895) for fuller treatment.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) ix. 1892, p. 12.

Darwin, Vegetable Mould and Earthworms, p. 121.

"An Attempt to classify Earthworms," Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxi. 1890, p. 201.

Oxford, 1895.

See especially Vejdovsky, Syst. u. Morph. Olig. Prag, 1884.

Vejdovsky, Monographie der Enchytraeiden, Prag, 1879. Michaelsen, "Synopsis der Enchytraiden," Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xi. 1889, p. 1.

J. P. Moore, "The Anatomy of Bdellodrilus," J. Morphol. x. 1895, p. 497.

Beddard, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxxv. 1890, p. 629, and xxxvi. 1892, p. 1.

A. G. Bourne, "On the Naidiform Oligochaeta," Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxii. 1891, p. 335.

F. E. Beddard, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. xxxvi. 1892, p. 273.

Vejdovsky, System u. Morph. d. Oligochaeten, Prag, 1884.

"Anatomical Notes on Sutroa," Zoe. ii. 1892, p. 321.

"Pacific Coast Oligochaeta," Mem. California Acad. Sci. vol. ii.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxvi. 1894, p. 307.

See Spencer, Proc. Roy. Soc. Vict. v. 1893, and Fletcher, P. Linn. Soc. N.S.W. 1886-1888, for Australian forms; Rosa, Ann. Mus. civ. Genova, vi. 1886, x. 1890, and xii. 1892, for Oriental species, etc.

See Fletcher and Spencer, already quoted, for Australian species.

Eisen, "Anat. Studies on Ocnerodrilus," Proc. Calif. Acad. (2) iii. 1892, p. 228.

Beddard, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) x. 1892, p. 74.

Beddard, P. Z. S. 1885 and 1895, for Antarctic Acanthodrilids; Michaelsen, in Jahrb. Hamburg. Anst. 1888-95, for Benhamia.

For a general account of the Eudrilidae, see my Monograph of the Order Oligochaeta, Oxford, 1895.

Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, viii. 1872, p. 5.

The scattered literature of this family is due to Benham, Michaelsen, Perrier, Rosa, and others.

Rosa, "Revisione dei Lumbricidae," Mem. Acc. Torino (2), xliii. 1893, p. 399; also the Rev. H. Friend's numerous and useful papers, and especially "A New Species of Earthworms," Proc. Roy. Irish Ac. (3) ii. 1891-93, p. 402; and "The Earthworms of Ireland," Irish Nat. v. 1896, p. 69, etc.

In the tables the figures refer to the segments of the body. Opposite the name of each species are two sets of lines; the upper series indicate the segments occupied by the clitellum; the lower series those occupied by the tubercula pubertatis. The dots indicate the occasional extension of the clitellum or of the tubercula.

"Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 477, in the Suites à Buffon.

See v. Kennel, Zool. Jahrb. ii. 1887, p. 37.

Nouvelle Monographie des Sangsues médicinales. Paris, 1857.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvi. 1886, p. 317.

See Grube, "Annulaten" of Middendorff's Sibirische Reise, Zoology, 1851, p. 20; and Kowalevsky, Bull. Ac. St. Petersb. v. June 1896.

See ref. on p. 395.

Asajiro Oka, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lviii. 1894, p. 79.

See Bürger, quoted on p. 403.

Loc. cit.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxiv. 1884, p. 419; see also ibid. xxxiv. 1893, p. 545, which is mainly a criticism of Bolsius' additions to the very considerable literature upon the Leech nephridium.

"Spermatophores as a Means of Hypodermic Impregnation," J. Morphol. iv. 1891, p. 361.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lviii. 1894, p. 440; and Zool. Jahrb. Anat. iv. 1891, p. 697.

"Annelés," vol. iii. 1889-90, p. 493, in the Suites à Buffon.

Whitman quotes with regretful approval (Proc. Americ. Acad. xx. 1884-85, p. 76) Sir J. Dalyell's remark, "It does not appear that the history of the leech has advanced in proportion to the number of literati who have rendered it the subject of discussion," and adds on his own account the following severe indictment of his predecessors: "As a considerable share of the work done in this direction is purely systematic, it is somewhat surprising that not a single description of any Hirudo has been given with sufficient accuracy and completeness for a close comparison of even its more important external characters with those of other species."

"Hirudinées de l'Italie," etc., Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, vol. ix. 1894, No. 192. See also Apathy, "Süsswasser-Hirudineen," Zool. Jahrb. Syst. iii. 1888, p. 725.

Zeitschr. f. die gesammt. Naturwiss. vi. 1872, p. 422.

But Pennant in his British Zoology has referred to a leech which is even larger. Upon the huge Basking shark (Selache) the fishermen sometimes observe a leech, which invariably drops off when the fish is brought to the surface, "of a reddish colour and about 2 feet in length"; this may be a Pontobdella.

Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) xii. 1893, p. 75.

Memorie sulla Storia e Notomia degli Animali senza Vertebre, 1823.

Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertèbres, vol. iii. 1816, p. 76.

Le Règne Animal, 2nd ed. 1830.

γέφῦρα = a bridge, Ann. Sci. Nat. (3), vol. vii. 1847, p. 340.

Fischer, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, Bd. xiii. 1895, p. 1.

Cuénot, Arch. Zool. exp. (2) ix. 1891, p. 593.

Bull. Mus. Harvard, vol. xxi. 1891, p. 143.

Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxxi. 1890, p. 1.

Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ. vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.

Conn, Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ. vol. iii. 1884-87, p. 351.

Arb. Instit. Wien, Bd. v. 1884, p. 61.

Shipley, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxxii. 1891, p. 111.

Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin. xviii. 1892, p. 17.

Selenka, Die Sipunculiden. Semper's Reisen im Archipel d. Philippinen, vol. iv. 1883.

Stud. Johns Hopkins Univ. vol. iv. 1887-90, p. 389.

Selenka, Challenger Reports, vol. xiii. 1885.

Ann. Sci. nat. (7) vol. xx. 1895, p. 1.

Zool. Anz. ix. 1886, p. 574.

This is not true of all species.

Acta Ac. German, Halle, xli. Part II. No. 1, 1879.

Recueil Zool. Suisse, iii. 1886, p. 313.

Vide p. 335.

P. Phys. Soc. Edinb. vol. i. 1856, p. 165; and Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. iv. (n.s.) 1856, p. 313; Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th ser. vol. xi. 1859, p. 150; and F. D. Dyster, Tr. Linn. Soc. London, vol. xxii. 1859, p. 251.

Ann. Sci. Nat. 4th ser. vol. x. 1858, p. 11.

"Beiträge zur Anatomie der Phoronis," Inaug. Dissert. Prag. 1889, and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. li. 1891, p. 480.

P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1st ser. vol. vii. 1883, p. 606; and 2nd ser. vol. vii. 1893, p. 340.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. vol. xxx. 1890, p. 125.

Challenger Reports, vol. xxvii. 1888; and Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xi. 1882, p. 211.

Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. xxxiv. 1883, p. 371.

Zapiski Acad. St. Petersb. vol. xi. No. 1, 1867 (Russian). Abstract in Arch. Naturg. Jahrg. xxxiii. 1867, Bd. ii. p. 235.

Caldwell, loc. cit. Foettinger, Arch. Biol. vol. iii. 1882, p. 679; Gegenbaur, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. v. 1854, p. 345; Krohn, Arch. Anat. Jahrgang 1858, p. 289; Metschnikoff, Nachricht. k. Ges. Wiss. Göttingen, No. 12, 1869, p. 227, and Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. vol. xxi. 1871, p. 233; J. Müller, Arch. Anat. Jahrgang 1846, p. 101; Schneider, Monatsber. Ak. wiss. Berlin, 1861, p. 934, and Arch. Anat. Jahrgang 1862, p. 47; Wagener, Arch. Anat. Jahrgang 1847, p. 202; Wilson, Amer. Natural. vol. xiv. 1880.

Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb. vol. xxi. 1896, p. 59; and Zool. Anz. xix. 1896, p. 266.

The account given in the following pages has been deliberately restricted, for the most part, to British species. Our own fauna contains an assemblage of Polyzoa which is so representative that it has seemed better to do some justice to the British forms than to attempt to cover the whole ground in the limited number of pages devoted to this group. Those who desire to make a wider study of the subject should refer, for marine forms, to Busk's Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum, Parts I.-III. 1852, 1854, 1875; to the Challenger Reports on Polyzoa, Parts 30 (1884), 50 (1886), and 79 (1888); for references and lists of species, to Vine's Report on Recent Marine Polyzoa, Cheilostomata and Cyclostomata (Report, 55th meeting Brit. Ass. Aberdeen, 1885, pp. 481-680); [and to Nickles and Bassler, Synopsis Amer. Foss. Bryozoa incl. Bibliography (Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, No. 173, 1900)]. References to the literature of the fresh-water forms will be found below, in Chap. XVIII.

Hooker, quoted by Landsborough, Hist. Brit. Zoophytes, 1852, p. 346.

Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, ii. 1848, p. 15.

Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. x. 1892.

Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. ix. p. 19; κάμπτειν, to bend; δέρμα, skin.

Parts of the ectocyst of some calcareous forms are covered by an external investment of cells, which give rise to secondary thickenings, ridges, and other growths.

From the Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. 1892.

Ibid. p. 123.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiii. 1892, p. 147. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory, and the results may not be perfectly normal with regard to the time occupied.

See also Joliet, Arch. Zool. Exp. vi. 1877, p. 202, and explanation of plate viii. for another series of observations.

See especially G. J. Allman, Monograph of the Fresh-water Polyzoa, Ray Society, 1856, p. 41; and H. Nitsche, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. 1871, p. 479.

Ray Society, 4to, 1856.

Zoological Researches and Illustrations, v. "On Polyzoa." Cork, 1830.

"Symbolae Physicae," 1831, and Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1832, i. p. 377, etc.

T. cit. p. 92.

Vol. i. 1880, Introduction, p. cxxxi.

Élémens de Zoologie, 2nd ed. Animaux sans Vertèbres, 1843, pp. 238, 312. Prof. A. Milne-Edwards has kindly written to me, informing me that he believes this to have been the first occasion on which the term was thus used.

Phil. Trans. vol. cxliii, 1853, p. 62.

Nitsche, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xx. 1870, p. 34.

πρωκτός, anus; ἐντός, within; ἐκτός, without.

λοφός, crest or tuft.

γυμνός, naked; λαιμός, throat.

φυλάσσω, I guard.

κύκλος, circle; στόμα, mouth.

χεῖλος, lip.

κτείς, κτενός, comb.

Miss E. C. Jelly, Synonymic Cat. Recent Marine Bryozoa, London, 1889.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. 1871, p. 421.

Fischer, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, ii. 1866, p. 293.

Ehlers, Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxi. 1876, p. 3, and Joyeux-Laffuie, (as Delagia) Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. vi. 1888, p. 135.

Busk, "Challenger" Reports, Parts 30 and 50.

Hincks, Brit. Marine Polyzoa, Introduction, p. cxxxv.

Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. 558.

See Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. lxiv.; and Busk, Cat. of Marine Polyzoa in the British Museum, part ii. 1854, p. 103.

J. Linn. Soc. xv. 1881, p. 359.

"Challenger" Report, part xxx. 1884, pl. ix.

Hincks, Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, i. p. 58.

Brit. Mus. Cat. part ii. 1854, p. 106; Hincks, t. cit. p. 181 n.

p. 475.

Barentsia Hincks (= Ascopodaria Busk) differs from Pedicellina in that each stem has a muscular swelling at its base. The genus is represented by two British species, B. gracilis Sars and B. nodosa Lomas.

Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. ix. 1891, p. 91.

For structure, see Davenport, Bull. Mus. Harvard, xxiv. 1893, p. 1.

λοξός, oblique; σῶμα, body.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxvii. 1887, pl. xxi. Fig. 10.

For a recent account of the Entoprocta, see Ehlers, "Zur Kenntniss d. Pedicellineen," Abh. Ges. Göttingen, xxxvi. 1890, No. iii.

Kraepelin, K., "Die deutschen Süsswasser-Bryozoen."—Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 95.

Jullien, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, x. 1885, p. 92.

Hincks, Brit. Marine Polyzoa, i. p. 132.

T. cit., p. 167.

Quoted by Kraepelin, t. cit., p. 83.

Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 65.

Zool. Anz., xvi. 1893 (1894), p. 385.

Hyatt, Proc. Essex Institute (U.S.A.) (reprint from vols. iv., v. 1866-1868), p. 9.

Rare and Remarkable Animals of Scotland, ii. 1848, p. 93.

Trembley, Mém. Hist. Polypes, 1744; iii. Mém., p. 217. The same processes are described by Baker, Employment for the Microscope, new ed. 1785, p. 311.

Oka, J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 90.

Hyatt, t. cit. p. 99.

Verworn, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlvi. 1888, p. 119.

Dalyell, t. cit. p. 94.

Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, p. 141.

Phil. Trans. 1837, p. 396.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxi. 1871, p. 426.

J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 113.

Zool. Anz. xii. 1889, p. 508. This paper contains references to M. Jullien's writings on the mechanism of protrusion.

Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlvi. 1888, p. 124.

Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 47; Braem, Bibl. Zool. (Bd. ii.) Heft 6, 1890, pp. 66 f.

Cf. Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, x. 1887, No. 9, pp. 154 f.

T. cit. p. 83.

Joliet, Arch. Zool. Exp. vi. 1877, p. 262.

Kraepelin, Abh. Ver. Hamburg, xii. 1893, No. 2, p. 22.

Harmer, Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiv. 1893, p. 211.

Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 sér. x. 1892, p. 557.

Phil. Trans. 1837, p. 408.

Brit. Marine Polyzoa, Introduction, pp. lxxxvi, xc.

Arch. Zool. Exp. vi. 1877, p. 261.

Recherches sur l'Embryologie des Bryozoaires, 4to Lille, 1877.

Prouho, loc. cit.

Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 ser. v. 1887, p. 446.

Quart. J. Micr. Sci. xxxiv. 1893, p. 199; xxxix. part i. 1896, p. 71.

Jullien, Mém. Soc. Zool. France, iii. 1890, p. 381.

Cori, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. lv. 1893, p. 626.

Oka, J. Coll. Japan, iv. 1891, p. 109; viii. 1895, p. 339.

Cf. Seeliger, Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xlix. 1890, p. 168; and l. 1890, p. 560.

Cf. Milne-Edwards (H.), Ann. Sci. Nat. 2 ser. vi. 1836, pp. 5, 321.

See Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, xiii. 1894, p. 114.

See Holdsworth, P. Zool. Soc. pt. xxvi. 1858, p. 306.

Brit. Mar. Polyzoa, Introduction, p. cxxii.

Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, xx. 1887, p. 91.

Aetea, Eucratea, and certain other forms were separated off by Mr. Busk as a distinct division, the Stolonata.

Most of the writings of this author are referred to on pp. 277, 278 of Miss Jelly's Synonymic Catalogue, referred to on p. 523.

Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the Collection of the British Museum, parts i.-iii. 1852-1875; and Challenger Reports, Parts 30 (1884) and 50 (1886).

Trans. and Proc. R. Soc. Victoria, xxiii. 1887, p. 187, and Tr. R. Soc. Victoria, iv. 1895, p. 1.

Tr. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1895, p. 223.

Zittel, Text Book of Palaeontology (Eng. Trans.), 1900, p. 257 (Bryozoa, by E. O. Ulrich).

Paléontologie Française. Terrains Crétacés, tome v., Bryozoaires, 8vo. Paris, 1850-1851. This great work refers, however, to recent as well as to fossil species.

Heteropora, of which recent species exist, is placed by Dr. Gregory in the Trepostomata.

Quart. J. Geol. Soc. l. 1894, pp. 72, 79.

See, however, Vine, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 5. xiv. 1884, pp. 87, 88, and P. Yorksh. Geol. Soc. xii. 1891, p. 74, for possible Palaeozoic Ctenostomes (Ascodictyon, Rhopalonaria, and Vinella).

Two vols. 8vo. London (Van Voorst), 1880.

8vo. London (Dulau), 1889.

One or two genera of Cheilostomata may be mistaken for Cyclostomata. In case of doubt, 7 et seq. must be worked through.

Certain varieties of adherent species occasionally assume an erect form.

For Celleporella (colony minute: orifice tubular), see 41 et seq.

Rhynchozoon (see No. 61), in which the primary orifice becomes much obscured by the development of a large mucro, is placed in this section.

Hincks, J. Linn. Soc. xxi. 1889, p. 123.

Micropora complanata, Norman, should be placed in the genus Lepralia. See Hincks, Ann. Nat. Hist. 5 ser. xix. 1887, p. 304.

See Norman, Ann. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, xiii. 1894, p. 113.

Hincks, "Marine Polyzoa" (reprints from Ann. Nat. Hist. 1880-91), Index, p. v. note. (Replacing Rhynchopora, preoccupied for a Brachiopod.)

A form of Lepralia pallasiana, in which a mucro is developed, may be mistaken for Umbonula (see characters given for Lepralia under No. 59).

See Arch. Zool. Exp. 2 ser. vi. 1888, p. 135 (as Delagia), and ibid. x. 1892, p. 594. [See also J. Mar. Biol. Ass. v., 1897-99, p. 51.]

F. S. Conant, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ. vol. xv. 1896, p. 82.

Ibid. vol. xiv. 1896, p. 77.