Field and Woodland Plants

Part 1

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FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS

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THE OUTDOOR WORLD SERIES.

THE OUTDOOR WORLD; or, the Young Collector's Handbook. By W. S. FURNEAUX. With 18 Plates (16 of which are coloured), and 549 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6s. net.

BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS (BRITISH). By W. S. FURNEAUX. With 12 coloured Plates and 241 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6s. net.

LIFE IN PONDS AND STREAMS. By W. S. FURNEAUX. With 8 coloured Plates and 331 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6s. net.

FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS. By W. S. FURNEAUX. With 8 Coloured Plates and numerous Illustrations from Drawings by PATTEN WILSON and from Photographs. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6s. net.

THE SEA SHORE. By W. S. FURNEAUX. With 8 Plates in colour and over 300 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6s. net.

BRITISH BIRDS. By W.H. HUDSON. With a Chapter on Structure and Classification by FRANK E. BEDDARD, F.R.S. With 16 Plates (8 of which are coloured), and over 100 Illustrations in the Text. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 6s. net.

COUNTRY PASTIMES FOR BOYS. By P. ANDERSON GRAHAM. With 252 Illustrations from Drawings and Photographs. Crown 8 vo. gilt edges, 3s. net.

LONGMANS, GREEN, & CO. 39 Paternoster Row, London, New York, Bombay, and Calcutta.

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FIELD AND WOODLAND PLANTS

W. S. FURNEAUX

Author of 'The Outdoor World' 'British Butterflies and Moths' 'Life in Ponds and Streams' 'The Sea Shore' etc.

With Eight Plates in Colour, and Numerous Illustrations by Patten Wilson, and Photographs from Nature by the Author

Longmans, Green, and Co. 39 Paternoster Row, London New York, Bombay, and Calcutta 1909

All rights reserved

PREFACE

This additional volume to the young naturalist's 'Outdoor World Series' is an attempt to provide a guide to the study of our wild plants, shrubs and trees--a guide which, though comparatively free from technical terms and expressions, shall yet be strictly correct and scientific.

The leading feature of the book is the arrangement of the plants and trees according to their seasons, habitats and habits; an arrangement which will undoubtedly be of the greatest assistance to the lover of wild flowers during his work in the field, and also while examining and identifying his gathered specimens at home.

A large portion of the space has necessarily been allotted to the descriptions of plants, several hundreds of which have been included, and a large proportion of these illustrated; but not a little has been devoted to an attempt to create an interest in some of those wonderful habits which lead us to look upon plants as living beings with attractions even more engrossing than their beautiful forms and colours.

It has been thought advisable to give but little attention to aquatic plants and to the flowers which are to be found only on the coast, these having been previously included in former volumes of this series dealing, respectively, with pond life and the sea shore.

The thanks of the author are due to his friend, G. Du Heaume, Esq., for his valuable assistance in collecting many of the flowers required for description and illustration.

Part 2

W. S. F.

CONTENTS

CHAP. PAGE

I. INTRODUCTION--GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PLANTS AND THE IDENTIFICATION OF FLOWERS 1

II. THE POLLINATION AND FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS 25

III. CLIMBING PLANTS 30

IV. EARLY SPRING 39

V. WOODS AND THICKETS IN SPRING 48

VI. THE SPRING-FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS OF WOODS, THICKETS, AND HEDGEROWS 61

VII. WAYSIDES AND WASTES IN SPRING 81

VIII. MEADOWS, FIELDS, AND PASTURES--SPRING 108

IX. BOGS, MARSHES, AND WET PLACES IN SPRING 123

X. WOODS AND THICKETS IN SUMMER 130

XI. WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER 151

XII. WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER--COMPOSITE FLOWERS 175

XIII. WASTES AND WAYSIDES IN SUMMER--continued 190

XIV. MEADOWS, FIELDS, AND PASTURES--SUMMER 211

XV. BOGS, MARSHES, AND WET PLACES--SUMMER 236

XVI. ON HEATH, DOWN, AND MOOR 257

XVII. IN THE CORN FIELD 281

XVIII. ON THE CHALK 296

XIX. BY THE RIVER SIDE 312

XX. ON WALLS, ROCKS, AND STONY PLACES 318

XXI. FIELD AND WAYSIDE IN AUTUMN 328

XXII. AUTUMN IN THE WOODS 331

XXIII. PARASITIC PLANTS 340

XXIV. CARNIVOROUS PLANTS 350

LIST OF FLOWERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR HABITATS AND HABITS 359

Part 3

LIST OF FLOWERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO THEIR ORDERS AND GENERA 373

GLOSSARIAL INDEX 381

COLOURED PLATES

I. SPRING FLOWERS OF THE WOODS Frontispiece

1. Green Hellebore

2. Plantain-leaved Leopard's-Bane

3. Lady's Slipper

4. Sand Garlic

5. Wild Hyacinth

6. Wood Melic Grass

II. FLOWERS OF THE WOODS To face p. 130

1. Great Valerian

2. Foxglove

3. Succory-leaved Hawk's-beard

4. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower

5. Broad-leaved Helleborine

6. Hairy Brome-grass

III. FLOWERS OF THE WAYSIDE To face p. 150

1. Round-leaved Crane's-bill

2. Black Horehound

3. Evergreen Alkanet

4. Bristly Ox-tongue

5. Red Bartsia

6. Annual Meadow Grass

7. Hemlock Stork's-bill

IV. FLOWERS OF THE FIELD To face p. 210

1. Rough Cock's-foot Grass

2. Lucerne

Part 4

3. Crimson Clover

4. Blue-Bottle

5. Common Vetch

6. Meadow Clary

V. FLOWERS OF BOGS AND MARSHES To face p. 236

1. Marsh Gentian

2. Marsh Marigold

3. Marsh Orchis

4. Marsh Mallow

5. Marsh Vetchling

6. Marsh St. John's-wort

7. Bog Pimpernel

VI. FLOWERS OF DOWN, HEATH, AND MOOR To face p. 256

1. Musk Thistle

2. Clustered Bell-flower

3. Spiny Rest Harrow

4. Hairy Hawkbit

5. Sheep's-bit

6. Spotted Orchis

7. Heath Rush

VII. FLOWERS OF THE CORN-FIELD To face p. 280

1. Long Smooth-headed Poppy

2. Field Scabious

3. Corn Cockle

4. Corn Marigold

5. Flax

6. Corn Pheasant's-eye

VIII. FLOWERS OF CHALKY SOILS To face p. 296

Part 5

1. Red Valerian

2. Narrow-leaved Flax

3. Tufted Horse-shoe Vetch

4. Spiked Speedwell

5. Pasque Flower

6. Bee Orchis

7. Yellow Oat Grass

Erratum.--On Plate VI, for 'Spring Rest Harrow' read 'Spiny Rest Harrow.'

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

GENERAL CHARACTERS OF PLANTS

PAGE

Forms of Roots 2

Running underground stem of Solomon's Seal 4

Arrangement of Leaves 5

Leaf of Pansy with two large Stipules 5

Margins of Leaves 6

Various Forms of Simple Leaves 7

Forms of Compound Leaves 7

Forms of Inflorescence 8

Longitudinal Section through the flower of the Buttercup 10

Inferior and Superior Ovary 11

Unisexual Flowers of the Nettle 11

Dehiscent Fruits 12

THE POLLINATION AND FERTILISATION OF FLOWERS

Pollen Cells throwing out their Tubes 25

CLIMBING PLANTS

Prickles of the Wild Rose 31

Ivy, showing the Rootlets or Suckers 32

Part 6

Stem of the Bindweed, twining to the left 34

Stem of the Hop, twining to the right 35

EARLY SPRING

Trees in Winter or Early Spring

1. Hazel; 2. Ash; 3. Oak; 4. Lime 41

5. Birch; 6. Poplar; 7. Beech; 8. Alder 43

Twig of Lime in Spring, showing the Deciduous, Scaly Stipules 45

Seedling of the Beech 46

WOODS AND THICKETS IN SPRING

The Daffodil 48

The Wood Anemone 49

The Goldilocks 50

The Wild Columbine 51

The Dog Violet 52

The Wood Sorrel 53

The Sweet Woodruff 54

The Lesser Periwinkle 55

The Bugle 56

The Broad-leaved Garlic 57

The Star of Bethlehem 58

The Hairy Sedge 59

SPRING-FLOWERING TREES AND SHRUBS

The Barberry 62

The Spindle Tree 63

The Wild Cherry 65

The Crab Apple 67

The Mountain Ash 68

The Spurge Laurel 70

Part 7

The Elm in Flower 71

The Oak in Flower 72

The Beech in Fruit 73

The Scots Pine, with Cones 78

The Yew in Fruit 79

WAYSIDES AND WASTES IN SPRING

The Shepherd's Purse 82

The Scurvy Grass 83

The Common Whitlow Grass 83

The Yellow Rocket 84

The Procumbent Pearlwort 86

The Greater Stitchwort 87

The Chickweed 88

The Broad-leaved Mouse-ear Chickweed 89

The Dove's-foot Crane's-bill 90

The Jagged-leaved Crane's-bill 91

The Herb Robert 92

The Grass Vetchling 93

The Strawberry-leaved Cinquefoil 94

The Moschatel 95

The White Bryony 96

The Wild Beaked Parsley 97

The Garden Beaked Parsley 98

The Goutweed 99

The Crosswort 100

The Colt's-foot in Early Spring 101

The Germander Speedwell 101

The White Dead Nettle 102

Part 8

The Yellow Pimpernel 103

The Dog's Mercury 104

The Black Bryony 105

The Wild Arum 106

MEADOWS, FIELDS, AND PASTURES--SPRING

The Field Pennycress 109

The Wild Pansy 110

The Ragged Robin 111

The Purple Clover 114

The Daisy 115

The Butterbur 117

The Yellow Rattle 118

The Henbit Dead Nettle 119

The Cowslip 120

The Fox-tail Grass 121

BOGS, MARSHES, AND WET PLACES IN SPRING

The Marsh Potentil 124

The Golden Saxifrage 125

The Marsh Valerian 126

The Marsh Trefoil 127

The Marsh Lousewort 127

The Yellow Flag 128

WOODS AND THICKETS IN SUMMER

The Large-flowered St. John's-wort 131

The Common St. John's-wort 132

The Dyer's Greenweed 133

The Sweet Milk Vetch 134

The Wild Raspberry 135

Part 9

The Rose Bay Willow Herb 136

The Dogwood 137

The Wood Sanicle 138

The Alexanders 139

The Elder 140

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