An Introduction to the Study of Mammals Living and Extinct

CHAPTER VI

THE SUBCLASS METATHERIA OR DIDELPHIA 128

General characters, 128; Distribution, 131; Classification, 131.

Suborder POLYPROTODONTIA 133

Family DIDELPHYIDÆ, 133; Chironectes, 134; Didelphys, 135. Family DASYURIDÆ, 136; Subfamily Dasyurinæ, 136; Thylacinus, 136; Sarcophilus, 137; Dasyurus, 138; Phascologale, 139; Sminthopsis, 139; Antechinomys, 139; Subfamily Myrmecobiinæ, 140; Myrmecobius, 140. Family PERAMELIDÆ, 141; Perameles, 142; Peragale, 143; Chœropus, 143.

Suborder DIPROTODONTIA 144

Family PHASCOLOMYIDÆ, 144; Phascolomys, 145; Phascolonus, 146. Family PHALANGERIDÆ, 147; Subfamily Tarsipedinæ, 148; Tarsipes, 148; Subfamily Phalangerinæ, 149; Phalanger, 149; Trichosurus, 150; Pseudochirus, 151; Petauroides, 152; Dactylopsila, 152; Petaurus, 153; Gymnobelideus, 154; Dromicia, 154; Distœchurus, 155; Acrobates, 155; Subfamily Phascolarctinæ, 155; Phascolarctus, 156. EXTINCT PHALANGEROIDS, 157; Thylacoleo, 157. Family MACROPODIDÆ, 158; Subfamily Hypsiprymnodontinæ, 162; Hypsiprymnodon, 162; Triclis, 162; Subfamily Potoroinæ, 162; Potorous, 163; Bettongia, 163; Caloprymnus, 164; Æpyprymnus, 164; Subfamily Macropodinæ, 164; Lagostrophus, 165; Dendrolagus, 165; Dorcopsis, 166; Lagorchestes, 166; Onychogale, 166; Petrogale, 167; Macropus, 167; Extinct genera, 170. EXTINCT FAMILIES, 171; Diprotodon, 171; Nototherium, 171.

CHAPTER VII

THE SUBCLASS EUTHERIA AND THE ORDER EDENTATA 173

General characters and classification of Eutheria, 173.

ORDER EDENTATA 176

Family BRADYPODIDÆ, 179; Bradypus, 181; Cholœpus, 182; Nothropus, 183. Family MEGATHERIIDÆ, 183; Megatherium, 185; Scelidotherium and Mylodon, 188; Promegatherium, 189. Family MYRMECOPHAGIDÆ, 190; Myrmecophaga, 190; Tamandua, 192; Cycloturus, 193. Family DASYPODIDÆ, 194; Subfamily Chlamydophorinæ, 196; Chlamydophorus, 196; Subfamily Dasypodinæ, 197; Dasypus, 197; Xenurus, 198; Priodon, 198; Tolypeutes, 199; Subfamily Tatusiinæ, 200; Tatusia, 200; Extinct genera, 201. Family GLYPTODONTIDÆ, 202. Family MANIDÆ, 204; Manis, 204; Palæomanis, 208. Family ORYCTEROPODIDÆ, 208; Orycteropus, 208. Bibliography, 211.

CHAPTER VIII

THE ORDERS SIRENIA AND CETACEA 212

ORDER SIRENIA 212

Family MANATIDÆ, 215; Manatus, 215. Family HALICORIDÆ, 220; Halicore, 220. Family RHYTINIDÆ, 221; Rhytina, 221. EXTINCT SIRENIANS, 222; Halitherium, 222; Other forms, 223. Bibliography, 224.

ORDER CETACEA 225

Suborder MYSTACOCETI 234

Family BALÆNIDÆ, 234; Balæna, 236; Neobalæna, 241; Rhachianectes, 241; Megaptera, 241; Balænoptera, 242; Extinct genera, 245.

Suborder ARCHÆOCETI 246

Family ZEUGLODONTIDÆ, 246; Zeuglodon, 246.

Suborder ODONTOCETI 247

Family PHYSETERIDÆ, 247; Subfamily Physeterinæ, 248; Physeter, 248; Cogia, 250; Extinct physeteroids, 251; Subfamily Ziphiinæ, 251; Hyperoödon, 252; Ziphius, 254; Mesoplodon, 254; Berardius, 256; Choneziphius, 257. Family SQUALODONTIDÆ, 257; Squalodon, 257. Family PLATANISTIDÆ, 257; Platanista, 258; Inia, 259; Pontoporia, 259; Fossil forms, 259. Family DELPHINIDÆ, 260; Monodon, 260; Delphinapterus, 262; Phocæna, 263; Cephalorhynchus, 266; Orcella, 267; Orca, 267; Pseudorca, 268; Globicephalus, 268; Grampus, 270; Feresia, 270; Lagenorhynchus, 270; Delphinus, 271; Tursiops, 271; Prodelphinus, 271; Steno, 271; Sotalia, 272. Bibliography, 272.

CHAPTER IX

THE ORDER UNGULATA 273

UNGULATA VERA 275

Suborder ARTIODACTYLA 275

SUINA, 278. Family HIPPOPOTAMIDÆ, 278; Hippopotamus, 278. Family SUIDÆ, 281; Sus, 281; Babirusa, 287; Phacochœrus, 288. Family DICOTYLIDÆ, 289; Dicotyles, 289; Hyotherium, etc., 291. EXTINCT TRANSITIONAL ARTIODACTYLES, 292; Chœropotamidæ, 292; Anthracotheriidæ, 292; Merycopotamus, 293; Cotylopidæ, 293; Anoplotheriidæ, 293; Cænotheriidæ, 294; Dichodontidæ, 294. TYLOPODA, 295. Family CAMELIDÆ, 295; Camelus, 296; Auchenia, 298; Extinct Cameloids, 303. TRAGULINA, 305. Family TRAGULIDÆ, 305; Tragulus, 305; Dorcatherium, 306; Extinct Traguloids, 306. PECORA, 307; Antlers, 308; Horns, 310; Teeth, 310; Stomach, 312. Family CERVIDÆ, 313; Subfamily Moschinæ, 314; Moschus, 314; Subfamily Cervinæ, 316; Plesiometacarpalia, 316; Cervulus, 316; Elaphodus, 318; Cervus, 319; Telemetacarpalia, 323; Rangifer, 324; Alces, 326; Cervalces, 327; Capreolus, 327; Hydropotes, 328; Cariacus, 329; Pudua, 330; Extinct genera, 330. Family GIRAFFIDÆ, 330; Giraffa, 331; Allied extinct types, 332. Family ANTILOCAPRIDÆ, 333; Antilocapra, 333. Family BOVIDÆ, 334; Alcelaphus, 334; Connochætes, 336; Cephalophus, 338; Tetraceros, 338; Neotragus, 338; Nanotragus, 339; Pelea, 339; Cobus, 339; Cervicapra, 340; Antilope, 340; Æpyceros, 341; Saiga, 341; Pantholops, 341; Gazella, 341; Hippotragus, 343; Oryx, 343; Addax, 345; Boselaphus, 345; Tragelaphus, 346; Strepsiceros, 347; Oreas, 348; Extinct types, 348; Rupicapra, 349; Nemorhædus, 350; Haploceros, 351; Budorcas, 351; Capra, 352; Ovis, 354; Ovibos, 357; Bos, 360.

Suborder PERISSODACTYLA 368

Family TAPIRIDÆ, 370; Tapirus, 370; Palæotapirus, 373. Family LOPHIODONTIDÆ, 373. Family PALÆOTHERIIDÆ, 375. Family EQUIDÆ, 376; Protohippus, 380; Hipparion, 380; Equus, 381. Family RHINOCEROTIDÆ, 402; Rhinoceros, 402; Extinct types, 411. Families LAMBDOTHERIIDÆ, CHALICOTHERIIDÆ, and TITANOTHERIIDÆ, 412. Family MACRAUCHENIIDÆ, 414. Family PROTEROTHERIIDÆ, 414.

SUBUNGULATA 414

Suborder HYRACOIDEA 415

Family HYRACIDÆ, 415; Hyrax, 417; Dendrohyrax, 418.

Suborder PROBOSCIDEA 418

Family ELEPHANTIDÆ, 423; Elephas, 424; Mastodon, 431. Family DINOTHERIIDÆ, 435; Dinotherium, 435.

Suborder AMBLYPODA 436

Uintatherium, 436; Coryphodon, 437.

Suborder CONDYLARTHRA 438

Suborder TOXODONTIA 439

Nesodon, 439; Toxodon, 439; Typotherium, 440.

Group TILLODONTIA 441

Bibliography of Ungulates 442

CHAPTER X

THE ORDER RODENTIA 443

Suborder SIMPLICIDENTATA 448

Section SCIUROMORPHA, 448. Family ANOMALURIDÆ, 449; Anomalurus, 449. Family SCIURIDÆ, 450; Sciurus, 450; Rhithrosciurus, 452; Xerus, 452; Tamias, 452; Pteromys and Sciuropterus, 453; Eupetaurus, 454; Extinct genera, 454; Arctomys, 454; Cynomys, 455; Spermophilus, 456; Extinct genera, 457. Family HAPLODONTIDÆ, 457; Haplodon, 457. Family CASTORIDÆ, 457; Castor, 457. Section MYOMORPHA, 459. Family MYOXIDÆ, 459; Myoxus, 459; Eliomys, 459; Graphiurus, 459; Claviglis, 460; Muscardinus, 460. Family LOPHIOMYIDÆ, 460; Lophiomys, 460. Family MURIDÆ, 461; Hydromys, 461; Xeromys, 461; Platacanthomys, 462; Gerbillus, 462; Pachyuromys, 462; Mystromys, 462; Otomys and Dasymys, 462; Malacomys, 462; Phlœomys, 462; Dendromys, 463; Cricetus, 463; Holochilus, 464; Sigmodon, 464; Rhithrodon and Ochetodon, 464; Neotoma, 464; Hypogeomys, 465; Nesomys, 465; Brachytarsomys, 465; Hallomys, 465; Eliurus, 465; Phenacomys, 466; Arvicola, 466; Synaptomys, 467; Myodes, 467; Cuniculus, 470; Fiber, 470; Neofiber, 472; Ellobius, 472; Siphneus, 472; Deomys, 473; Mus, 473; Nesocia, 475; Golunda, 476; Uromys, 476; Chiruromys, 476; Hapalotis, 476; Mastacomys, 476; Acanthomys, 476; Echinothrix, 477; Typhlomys, 477; Cricetomys and Saccostomus, 477; Pithechirus, 477. Family SPALACIDÆ, 477; Spalax, 477; Rhizomys, 477; Bathyergus, 478; Georychus and Myoscalops, 478; Heterocephalus, 478. Family GEOMYIDÆ, 478; Geomys, 478; Thomomys, 478; Dipodomys, 479; Perognathus and Heteromys, 479. Family DIPODIDÆ, 479; Sminthus, 479; Zapus, 480; Dipus, 480; Alactaga, 480; Platycercomys, 480; Pedetes, 480. Section HYSTRICOMORPHA, 480. Family OCTODONTIDÆ, 480. Ctenodactylus, 481; Pectinator, 481; Octodon, 481; Habrocoma, 482; Schizodon, 482; Ctenomys, 482; Spalacopus, 482; Petromys, 482; Myopotamus, 482; Capromys, 482; Aulacodus, 483; Plagiodon, 483; Loncheres and Echinomys, 483; Mesomys, 483; Dactylomys, 483; Cercomys, 483; Carterodon, 484; Fossil forms, 484. Family THERIDOMYIDÆ, 484. Family HYSTRICIDÆ, 484; Erethizon, 484; Synetheres, 485; Chætomys, 486; Hystrix, 486; Atherura, 487; Trichys, 487. Family CHINCHILLIDÆ, 487; Chinchilla, 487; Lagidium and Lagostomus, 488; Extinct genera, 488. Family CASTOROIDIDÆ, 488; Castoroides, 488. Family DASYPROCTIDÆ, 488; Dasyprocta, 488; Cælogenys, 489. Family DINOMYIDÆ, 489; Dinomys, 489. Family CAVIIDÆ, 489; Cavia, 489; Dolichotis, 490; Hydrochœrus, 490; Extinct genera, 491.

Suborder DUPLICIDENTATA 491

Family LAGOMYIDÆ, 491; Lagomys, 491. Family LEPORIDÆ, 492; Lepus, 492.

CHAPTER XI

THE ORDER CARNIVORA 496

Suborder CARNIVORA VERA 497

Section ÆLUROIDEA, 501. Family FELIDÆ, 502; Felis, 502; Cynælurus, 523; Extinct genera, 523. Family VIVERRIDÆ, 525; Cryptoprocta, 525; Viverra, 526; Fossa, 527; Genetta, 528; Prionodon, 530; Poiana, 531; Paradoxurus, 532; Arctogale, 533; Hemigale, 533; Arctictis, 534; Nandinia, 534; Cynogale, 534; Herpestes, 535; Helogale, 537; Bdeogale, 537; Cynictis, 537; Rhinogale, 537; Crossarchus, 537; Suricata, 538; Galidictis, Galidea, and Hemigalidea, 538; Eupleres, 538; Extinct genera, 539. Family PROTELEIDÆ, 539; Proteles, 539. Family HYÆNIDÆ, 540; Hyæna, 540. Section CYNOIDEA, 544. Family CANIDÆ, 544; Canis, 546; Lycaon, 553; Icticyon, 553; Otocyon, 554; Extinct genera, 555. Section ARCTOIDEA, 556. Family URSIDÆ, 557; Ursus, 557; Melursus, 560; Æluropus, 560; Extinct genera, 561. Family PROCYONIDÆ, 562; Ælurus, 562; Procyon, 564; Bassaris, 566; Bassaricyon, 566; Nasua, 566; Cercoleptes, 567. Family MUSTELIDÆ, 567; Lutra, 567; Extinct Otters, 570; Latax, 570; Mephitis, 572; Conepatus, 574; Arctonyx, 574; Mydaus, 575; Meles, 575; Taxidea, 576; Mellivora, 576; Helictis, 578; Ictonyx, 579; Galictis, 579; Mustela, 579; Extinct Mustelines, 590; Pœcilogale, 590; Lyncodon, 590; Gulo, 591.

Suborder PINNIPEDIA 592

Family OTARIIDÆ, 593; Otaria, 593. Family TRICHECHIDÆ, 596; Trichechus, 597. Family PHOCIDÆ, 600; Halichœrus, 601; Phoca, 601; Monachus, 604; Ogmorhinus, 605; Lobodon, 605; Pœcilophoca, 605; Ommatophoca, 605; Cystophora, 605; Macrorhinus, 606; Extinct seals, 606.

Suborder CREODONTA 606

Hyænodontidæ, 608; Proviverridæ, 608; Arctocyonidæ and Mesonychidæ, 609.

CHAPTER XII

THE ORDER INSECTIVORA 610

Suborder DERMOPTERA 614

Family GALEOPITHECIDÆ, 614; Galeopithecus, 614.

Suborder INSECTIVORA VERA 616

Family TUPAIIDÆ, 617; Tupaia, 617; Ptilocercus, 618; Extinct genera, 618. Family MACROSCELIDIDÆ, 618; Macroscelides, 618; Rhynchocyon, 618. Family ERINACEIDÆ, 619; Gymnura, 619; Erinaceus, 620; Extinct genera, 621; Family SORICIDÆ, 621; Sorex, 622; Soriculus, 624; Notiosorex, 624; Blarina, 624; Crossopus, 625; Myosorex, 625; Crocidura, 626; Diplomesodon, 626; Anurosorex, 626; Chimarrogale, 626; Nectogale, 627; Fossil Soricidæ, 627. Family TALPIDÆ, 628; Myogale, 628; Urotrichus, 629; Uropsilus, 629; Scalops, 630; Scapanus, 630; Condylura, 630; Scaptonyx, 630; Talpa, 630; Extinct genera, 634. Family ADAPISORICIDÆ, 634. Family POTAMOGALIDÆ, 634; Potamogale, 635; Geogale, 635. Family SOLENODONTIDÆ, 635; Solenodon, 636; Centetes, 637; Hemicentetes, 637; Ericulus, 638; Microgale, 638; Oryzorictes, 638; Chrysochloris, 639. EXTINCT TYPES, 640. Bibliography, 640.

CHAPTER XIII

THE ORDER CHIROPTERA 641

Suborder MEGACHIROPTERA 650

Family PTEROPODIDÆ, 650; Epomophorus, 650; Pteropus, 651; Xantharpyia, 652; Boncia, 653; Cynopterus, 653; Harpyia, 653; Cephalotes, 653; Pteralopex, 654; Notopteris, 654; Eonycteris, 654; Carponycteris and Melonycteris, 654; Nesonycteris, 655; Callinycteris, 655; Trygenycteris, 655.

Suborder MICROCHIROPTERA 655

Section VESPERTILIONINA, 655. Family RHINOLOPHIDÆ, 656; Rhinolophus, 656; Hipposiderus, 657; Anthops, 657; Rhinonycteris and Triænops, 658; Cœlops, 658; Megaderma, 658. Family VESPERTILIONIDÆ, 660; Plecotus, 660; Synotus, 661; Otonycteris, 661; Nyctophilus, 661; Antrozous, 661; Vesperugo, 661; Chalinolobus, 662; Scotophilus, 662; Nycticejus, 663; Atalapha, 663; Harpyiocephalus, 663; Vespertilio, 663; Cerivoula, 664; Natalus, 664; Miniopterus, 664; Thyroptera, 665; Myxopoda, 665; Fossil Vespertilionidæ, 665. Section EMBALLONURINA, 666. Family EMBALLONURIDÆ, 666; Furipterus and Antorphochilus, 666; Emballonura, 667; Coleüra, 667; Rhynchonycteris, 667; Saccopteryx, 667; Taphozous, 667; Diclidurus, 668; Noctilio, 668; Rhinopoma, 669; Chiromeles, 669; Molossus, 670; Nyctinomus, 670; Mystacops, 671. Family PHYLLOSTOMATIDÆ, 672; Chilonycteris, 672; Mormops, 672; Lonchorhina, Otopterus and Dolichophyllum, 673; Vampyrus, etc., 673; Desmodus, 677; Diphylla, 678.

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