Chapter Iii., Pp. 83-88.

The name Paratheria has been suggested for this proposed subclass.

In some few Armadillos the suture between the premaxilla and maxilla passes behind the first upper tooth; but in all other known members of the order all the teeth are implanted in the maxilla.

See Flower, “On the Mutual Affinities of the Animals composing the Order Edentata,” Proceedings of the Zoological Society, 1882, p. 358.

An attempt has been made to represent these views by the following classification:

Order EDENTATA. Suborder PILOSA. Bradypodidæ. Megatheriidæ. Myrmecophagidæ. Suborder LORICATA. Dasypodidæ. Suborder SQUAMATA. Manidæ. Suborder TUBULIDENTATA. Orycteropodidæ.

It may be objected to this arrangement that the present divergence between the Sloths and Anteaters is hardly sufficiently indicated by their association in one suborder.—Flower, “On the Arrangement of the Orders and Families of Mammals,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 178.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 50 (1766).

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 108 (1811).

Burmeister, Sitzb. Ak. Berlin, vol. xxviii. p. 613 (1882).

Lydekker, in Nicholson and Lydekker’s Manual of Palæontology, vol. ii. p. 1299 (1889). Originally described under the preoccupied name Cœlodon.

Cuvier, Tableau Élém. d’Hist. Nat. des Animaux, p. 146 (1798).

An excellent figure of this skeleton, which unfortunately was incorrectly articulated, and wanted the greater part of the tail, was published by Pander and D’Alton in 1821, and has been frequently reproduced in subsequent works.

See E. D. Cape, Amer. Naturalist, vol. xxiii. p. 152 (1889).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 51 (1766).

Professor Cope has recently come to the conclusion that there are three species; but further evidence is required in support of this view.

Gray, Annals of Philosophy, new series, vol. x. p. 343 (1825).

Gray, Annals of Philosophy, new series, vol. x. p. 343 (1825).

Harlan, Ann. New York Lyceum Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 237 (1824).—Amended from Chiamyphorus.

Linn. Syst. Nat., 12th ed. vol. i. p. 54 (1766).

Wagler, Syst. Amphibien, etc., p. 36 (1830).

F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (1822).—Priodontes.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 111 (1811).

Lesson, Man. de Mammalogie, p. 309 (1827); ex. F. Cuvier, Tatusie.

A single imperfect skin, brought from the province of Ceara in Brazil, indicates a very remarkable form of Armadillo, named by A. Milne-Edwards Scleropleura brunetti (Ann. Sc. Nat. xvi. p. 8, 1872). The dermal scutes are said to be much less developed than in other members of the family, and confined to the sides, all the median portion of the back being clothed with a flexible hairy skin. The head is broad and short, the ears small and far apart. The tail is long, and almost entirely devoid of scutes. The feet are unknown.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 52 (1766).

Mammalian Descent, p. 95.

Mammalian Descent, p. 99.

Forsyth-Major, Comptes Rendus, vol. cvii. p. 1180 (1888).

Geoffroy, Décade Philosophique, 1795 (teste Agassiz).

Proceedings of the Royal Society; vol. xlvii. p. 246 (1890).

Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 41 (1780).

Zool. Jahrbuch, vol. i. p. 1 (1886).

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 140 (1811).

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 141 (1811).—Amended from Rytina.

Nordenskiöld, during his voyage in the Vega, obtained some information from the natives of Behring Island which led him to believe that a few individuals may have survived to a much later date, even to 1854; but this conclusion is disputed by later writers.

Kaup, Neues Jahrbuch, 1838, pp. 319 and 536.

This is an important distinction from the Sirenia, but a character common to nearly all other mammals. It is doubtful whether there is any foundation for the statement that these epiphyses remain ununited for an exceptionally long period in the Cetacea.

A character repeated in some of the Seals.

These have been described in detail by Professor Struthers in the Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, 1881.

The ankylosed mass of cervical vertebræ, on which the genus Palæocetus was established, was regarded by its describer as having probably come from the Kimeridge Clay, but the mineral condition of the specimen points to the Red Crag as the place of origin.

There is much resemblance in the larynx of the Hippopotamus, but none in that of the Seal, to the same organ in the Cetacea.

German Meerschwein, whence the French Marsouin. “Porpoise” is said to be derived from “Porc-poisson.”

Icel. hvalr; Dan. and Swed. hval; Anglo-Saxon hwæl; Germ. wal, walfisch. The meaning apparently is “roller,” the word being closely allied to “wheel” (Skeat).

These were discovered in the Greenland Whale by Geoffroy St. Hilaire, whose observations were confirmed and extended to other genera by Eschricht. They have been very fully described in Balænoptera rostrata by Julin (Archives de Biologie, i. 1880).

For the structure of whalebone see Hunter, “Observations on the Structure and Economy of Whales,” Phil. Trans. 1787; Eschricht and Reinhardt, On the Greenland Right Whale, English translation by the Ray Society, 1866, pp. 67-78; and Sir W. Turner, in Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 1870.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 105 (1766).

Gray, Suppl. Cat. Seals and Whales in Brit. Mus. p. 39 (1871).

Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1869, p. 15.

Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 16 (1846).

See J. Struthers, “On the Anatomy of Megaptera longimana,” Journ. Anatomy and Physiology, 1887-89.

Lacépède, “Table des Ordres,” Hist. Nat. des Cétacés, p. xxxvi. (1804).

See P. J. Van Beneden, “Histoire Naturelles des Balénoptères,” Mém. Acad. Belgique, xli. 1887.

In a recent memoir Professor D’Arcy Thompson has brought forward some arguments to show that the Zeuglodonts have no direct affinities with the Cetacea, but have on the other hand the strongest possible relation with the Pinnipede Carnivora. “On the Systematic position of Zeuglodon,” Studies from the Museum of Zoology, Dundee, vol. i. No. 9, 1890.

An appearance in one specimen has been described by C. G. Carus as indicating a vertical succession of the teeth, but the evidence upon which this rests is by no means satisfactory, and appears to admit of another explanation.

A mutilated humerus of Zeuglodon cetoides has given rise to many conjectures, appearing to some anatomists to indicate seal-like freedom of motion at the elbow-joint, while to others its characters appear to be truly Cetacean.

See Trans. Geol. Soc. ser. 2, vol. vi. p. 67.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 107 (1766).

Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 22 (1846). Usually spelt Kogia.

Lacépède, “Table des Ordres,” Hist. Nat. des Cétacés, p. xliv. (1804).

See the figures in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, pp. 728, 729.

Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, 2d ed. vol. v. p. 352 (1823).

Gervais, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, vol. xiv. p. 16 (1850). For the very complicated synonymy of this genus, see Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. viii. p. 208.

Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat.-Zoologie, sér. 3, vol. xv. p. 41 (1851).

Duvernoy, op. cit. p. 61.

Grateloup, Act. Ac. R. Sci. Bordeaux, 1840, p. 208.

Wagler, Syst. Amphib. etc., p. 35 (1830).

The anatomy of Platanista is fully described by J. Anderson, Zoological Results of Two Expeditions to Western Yunnan, 1878.

D’Orbigny, Nouv. Ann. Mus. Paris, vol. iii. p. 31 (1834).

Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 46 (1846).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 105 (1766).

Lacépède, Hist. Nat. des Cétacés, p. xli. (1804).

Cuvier, Règne Animal, vol. i. p. 279 (1817).

Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 30 (1846). The name is preoccupied by Lamarck for a genus of Polyzoa (1816).

Gray, Cat. Cetacea Brit. Mus. p. 106 (1850).

Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales in Brit. Mus. p. 285 (1866).

Anatomical and Zoological Researches, comprising an Account of the Zoological Results of the two Expeditions to Western Yunnan, in 1868 and 1875 (1878).

Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 33 (1846).

Reinhardt, Overs. Dan. Sezsk. Forh. 1862, p. 151.

Lesson, N. Tab. d. Règne Animal—Mamm. p. 200 (1842).

Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 30 (1846).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 77.

Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 35 (1846).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 108 (1766).

Gervais, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères, vol. ii. p. 323 (1855).

Gervais, Ostéographie des Cétacés, p. 604 (1880).

Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, p. 43 (1846).

Gray, Cat. Seals and Whales Brit. Mus. 2d ed. p. 393 (1866).

Since this was in type the discovery of transient rudimentary clavicles in the embryo of the Sheep has been announced by Wineza (Morpholog. Jahrb. xvi. p. 647).

Also known as Diplarthra.

The pollex is present in the manus of the extinct Cotylops.

In the table on p. 89 the Peccaries are included in the Suidæ.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 101 (1766).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 102 (1766).

If from any accidental circumstances these teeth are not constantly worn down by friction, they grow into a complete circle, the point penetrating the bone of the jaw close to the root of the tooth. The natives of the Fiji Islands avail themselves of this circumstance to produce one of their most valued ornaments—a circular boar’s tusk: the upper canines being extracted, the lower ones are allowed to grow to the desired form.

See Garson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1883, p. 413.

Lesson, Man. d. Mamm., p. 337 (1827), “Babirusa.”

Cuvier, Règne-Animal, vol. i. p. 236 (1817).

Cuvier, Règne Animal, vol. i. p. 237 (1817).

Professor Cope considers that there is a third species, for which he has proposed the name D. angularis.

This name (Leidy, 1851) is preoccupied by Orodus (Agassiz, 1838).

The stomach of the Camel inhabiting the Arabian desert is commonly looked upon as a striking example of specialised structure, adapted or modified in direct accordance with a highly specialised mode of life; it is therefore very remarkable to find an organ exactly similar, except in some unessential details, in the Llamas of the Peruvian Andes and the Guanacos of the Pampas. No hypothesis except that of a common origin will satisfactorily account for this, and, granting that this view is correct, it becomes extremely interesting to find for how long a time two genera may be isolated and yet retain such close similarities in parts which in other groups appear readily subject to adaptive modifications.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 90 (1766).

There is much confusion as to the proper use of the names Camel and Dromedary. It is now generally accepted that the former is the common term for all the members of the genus, and that Dromedary should be confined to the lighter and swifter breeds of the one-humped species. One of the oldest pictures of the two-humped Camel extant, painted on the wall of the Chapter House of Westminster Abbey, has, however, “Dromedary” inscribed under it.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 103 (1811).

Natural History of the Strait of Magellan, 1871.

Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, vol. xiii. p. 27 (1779).

Kaup, Ossemens Fossiles de Darmstadt, pt. 5, p. 92 (1836). This name, which was proposed for a fossil species, antedates Hyomoschus, Gray, applied to the living form.

For the anatomy of this group see A. H. Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 2.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 91 (1766).

For the anatomy of Moschus see Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 159; and Garrod, ibid. 1877, p. 287.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1878, p. 889.

De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 74.

Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. du Muséum, vol. vii. Bull. p. 93 (1872).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 92 (1766).

Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 304 (1827).

Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 303 (1827).

Scott, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1885, p. 181.

Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 313 (1827).

Swinhoe, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 90.

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 237.

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1850, p. 242.

This accessory column is shown in the figure of the molar of Boselaphus on p. 311.

Zimmermann, Geograph. Geschichte, vol. ii. p. 125 (1780).

Ord. Journ. de Physique, vol. lxxxvii. p. 149 (1818).

Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75.

Lichtenstein, Berlin Ges. Natuforsch. Freunde Magazin, vol. vi. pp. 152, 165 (1814).

F. E. Blaauw, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 2.

Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. iv. p. 258 (1827). Taken to include Grimmia, Terphone, etc., of Gray.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiv. p. 524 (1823).

Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. iv. p. 269 (1827).

Geology and Zoology of Abyssinia, p. 268.

Sundevall, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. for 1844, p. 191. Taken to include Calotragus, Scopophorus, Nesotragus, Pediotragus, and Oreotragus of Gray.

See V. Brooke, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, pp. 642 and 875.

Gray, Cat. Ungulate Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 90 (1852).

Andrew Smith, Illustrations of Zoology of South Africa, No. 12 (1840), “Kobus.” Is taken to include Adenota and Onotragus of Gray.

De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75. Syn. Eleotragus.

Pallas, Spicilegia Zoologica, vol. i. p. 3 (1767).

Sundevall, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. for 1845, p. 271.

Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 160 (1843).

Hodgson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 81.

De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75. Is taken to include Procapra and Tragops.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 537. Three species subsequently described are here added to the list.

Sundevall, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. for 1844, p. 196.

De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75.

Rafinesque, Anal. Nat. 1815, p. 56.

De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75. Syn. Portax, Hamilton-Smith.

De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75. Includes Euryceros, Gray.

Gray, List. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 155 (1843).

Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 471 (1822).

De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75.

Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 352 (1827).

Hamilton-Smith, in Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 354 (1827). Amended from “Aplocerus.”

Hodgson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xix. p. 65 (1850).

See A. O. Hume, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, pp. 483-486.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 94 (1766).

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 314; and 1887, p. 552.

Specimens referred by Dinnik to C. caucasica have been made the types of another species—C. severtzovi.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 97 (1766).

There may be a beard on the throat, as in O. cycloceros.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 326.

De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 76.

Zoologist, September 1877.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 98 (1766).

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 474.

Sir V. Brooke states that this species is distinguished from B. pumilus by the absence of a fringe to the ears, but specimens in the British Museum show that this is not the case.

The Extirpation of the American Bison, 1889.

The late Mr. Alston, Fauna of Scotland, “Mammalia” (Glasgow, 1880), p. 25, considers that the Chillingham cattle are descendants of a race which had escaped from domestication.

Wanting in the aberrant Chalicotherium.

See W. N. Parker, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 775.

Cuvier, Tableau Élément. de l’Hist. Nat. p. 152 (1798); ex Brisson.

See J. Murie, Journ. Anat. and Physiol. vol. vi. p. 131, 1871; W. N. Parker. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 768; and F. E. Beddard, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 252.

The Swiss P. siderolithicus has only one cusp in the last upper premolar.

Leidy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1858, p. 26.

Christol, Ann. Sci. Indust. Mid. France, vol. i. p. 180 (1832).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 100 (1766).

Darwin, Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, 1868, vol. i. chap. ii.

See Nature, 21st August 1884, and Zool. Garten. vol. xxviii. p. 453.

See Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 542.

See Blanford, Zoology and Geology of Eastern Persia (Journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission), p. 84.

This must not be confounded with the navicular of the tarsus.

Want of space and of the necessary illustrations rendered it impossible to give an account of mammalian myology in the earlier chapters of this work.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 104 (1766).

Many authors use Cuvier’s name, R. indicus, in preference to this, on the ground that there are more than one species with one horn, forgetting that the name substituted is equally inconvenient, as more than one species live in India. The fact of a specific name being applicable to several members of a genus is no objection to its restriction to the first to which it was applied; otherwise changes in old and well-received names would constantly have to be made in consequence of new discoveries.

Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xii.; see also Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 9.

See Beddard and Treves, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 9.

For the internal anatomy of R. sumatrensis see Garrod, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 92; and Beddard and Treves, loc. cit.

Those external points of distinction from R. simus are taken from a paper by Sclater in the Proc. Zool. Soc. 1886, p. 143.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 726.

This name is the earliest, but is preoccupied.

Hermann, Tab. Affinit. Anim. p. 115 (1783). It has recently been proposed to substitute the earlier name Procavia in lieu of Hyrax. The anatomy of Hyrax was first described by Pallas (Spicilegia Zoologica). Besides minor memoirs, two detailed accounts of its structure have appeared—one by Brandt, in Mém. Acad. Nat. Scien. St. Pétersbourg, 7ⁱᵉᵐᵉ sér. vol. xiv. No. 2, 1869; and another by George, in Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 6ⁱᵉᵐᵉ sér. tom. i. 1874, in which references to all the previous literature will be found. The mechanism by which the sole of the foot is enabled to adhere to smooth surfaces is fully described by G. E. Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 526.

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4. vol. i. p. 48 (1868).

See a paper by J. V. Barboza du Bocage, in the Jorn. Sci. Phys. Nat. Lisboa (2), vol. i. p. 186 (1889), where a list of all the known species will be found.

These teeth are by some writers classed as canines, as their roots are implanted in the maxillæ; but, as in Rodents, they are originally developed in the gum covering the premaxillæ, in which bones their primitive alveoli are sunk. As growth proceeds, however, firm support for such massive and weighty bodies can only be obtained by their roots gradually sinking through the premaxillæ into the great and specially modified alveolar processes of the maxillæ, but this does not vitiate their homology with the incisors of other mammals.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 48 (1766).

In the Gulf of Cambay,—not the island of the same name in the Red Sea.

The word Mammoth was introduced into the languages of Western Europe about two centuries ago from the Russian, and is thought by Pallas and Nordenskiöld to be of Tartar origin, but others, as Witzen, Strahlenburg, and Howorth, have endeavored to prove that it is a corruption of the Arabic word Behemoth, or great beast.

The best known of these is the etching upon a portion of tusk found in the cave of La Madelaine in the Dordogne, figured in Lartet and Christy’s Reliquiæ Aquitanicæ, and in many other works bearing on the subject of the antiquity of man.

Cuvier, Ann. du Muséum, vol. viii. p. 270 (1806).

This, and the larger number of ridges in the latter, are the only absolute distinctions which Falconer could find between Mastodon and Elephas (Palæont. Memoirs, ii. p. 9), and it is clear that they are somewhat arbitrary. The line between the two genera is drawn at this point more as a matter of convenience for descriptive purposes than as indicating any great natural break in the sequence of modifications of the same type.

Also found beyond the extreme north-western frontier of India.

Kaup, Isis, vol. xxii. p. 401 (1829).

Leidy, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1872, p 169.

For detailed descriptions and figures of this group, see Marsh, “Monograph of the Dinocerata,” Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. vol. x. (1884).

Owen, Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds, p. 299 (1846).

See G. E. Dobson, Journ. Anat. Phys. vol. xvii.

Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1842, p. 124.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1882, p. 8.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 86 (1766).

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 3, vol. xx. p. 272 (1867).

Hemprich and Ehrenberg, Symbol. Phys. Mamm. vol. i. (1832).

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 83 (1811).

Some American zoologists have recently proposed to raise a large number of the forms usually regarded as local races to the rank of species.

Cuvier, Leçons d’Anatomie Comp. (1800).

Cuvier, Ann. du Muséum, vol. x. p. 126 (1825).

O. Thomas, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. lvii. p. 256 (1888).

Schreber, Säugethiere, vol. iv. p. 721 (1792).

Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. vol. ii. p. 45 (1817).

F. Cuvier, Mém. du Muséum, vol. vi. p. 293 (1822).

Richardson, Zool. Journ. vol. iv. p. 334 (1829). Amended.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 78 (1766).

For a monograph of the Myoxidæ, see C. L. Reuvens, Die Myoxidæ, etc., 4to, Leyden, 1890.

Schreber, Säugethiere, vol. iv. p. 824 (1792).

Wagner, Abh. baier. Akad. vol. iii. p. 179 (1843).

F. Cuvier, Mammifères, 60ᵐᵉ livr. (1845).

Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. x. p. 41 (1888).

Kaup, Entwickl. Europ. Thierwelt, p. 139 (1829).

A. Milne-Edwards, L’Institut, vol. xxxv. p. 46 (1867).

Sminthus is referred to the Dipodidæ.

Geoffrey, Ann. du Muséum, vol. vi. p. 81 (1805).

For the anatomy of this animal see B. C. A. Windle, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 53.

O. Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 247.

Blyth, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxviii. p. 289 (1859).

Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxiv. p. 22 (1804).

Lataste, Le Nat. vol. i. p. 314 (1880).

Wagner, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1841, p. 132.

F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammifères, p. 168 (1825).

Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1875, p. 12.

A. Milne-Edwards, Bull. Soc. Philom. sér. 6, vol. xi. p. 9 (1877).

Nesocia was included by Alston in this subfamily.

Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 108.

Andrew Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. vol. ii. p. 158 (1834).

Peters, Reise n. Mossambique, vol. i. p. 162 (1852).

Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1874, p. 234.

Cuvier, Règne Animal, vol. i. p. 198 (1817).

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 133.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 451.

Brandt, Mém. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, sér. 3, iii. p. 428 (1835).

Say and Ord, Journ. Acad. Philad. vol. iv. p. 352 (1825).

Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 29.

Coues, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1874, p. 184.

Say and Ord, Journ. Acad. Philad. vol. iv. p. 346 (1825).

Grandidier, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1869, p. 388.

Peters, Sitzber. Ges. Nat. Freunde, 1870, p. 54 (1871).

Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1875, p. 79.

Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. i. p. 107, note 27 (1879).

Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 6, vol. xx. art. 1, bis, p. 1 (1886).

Merriam, Fauna of North America, No. 2, p. 28 (1889).

Lacépède, Mém. de l’Institut, vol. iii. p. 495 (1801). Many writers employ the earlier name Microtus for the true Voles.

Baird, Mamm. North America, pp. xliv. 558 (1857).

Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat. vol. i. p. 173 (1811).

Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 1220.

Cuvier, Leçons d’Anatomie Compar. tab. 1 (1800).

True, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. vol. vii. p. 170 (1884).

Fischer, Zoognosia, vol. iii. p. 72 (1814).

Brants, Het. Geslact der Muizen, p. 20 (1827).

O. Thomas. Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 130.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 79 (1766).

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 264 (1842). Amended from Nesokia.

Gray, Charlesworth’s, Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 586 (1837). Syn. Pelomys, Peters (1852).

Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1867, p. 343.

O. Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 237.

Lichtenstein, Darst. neu. Säugethiere, pt. iv. pl. 29 (1829).

O. Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. ix. p. 413 (1882).

Geoffroy, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, vol. x. p. 126 (1840). Acomys.

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 599. Amended from Echimys.

Milne-Edwards, Bull. Soc. Philom. sér. 6, vol. xi. p. 9 (1877).

Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1840, p. 2.

Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1846, p. 258.

Güldenstädt, Nov. Comment. Petrop. vol. xiv. art. i. p. 409 (1770).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1830, p. 95.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 86 (1811).

Illiger, loc. cit. p. 87.

O. Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 448 = Heliophobius; Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1846, p. 243.—Preoccupied.

Rüppel, Mus. Senkenb. vol. i. Säugeth. p. 99 (1834).

Including the Saccomyidæ of Coues.

Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. vol. ii. p. 45 (1817).

Wied, Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car. vol. xix. pt. i. p. 383 (1839).

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. vii. p. 521 (1840).

Wied, Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car. vol. xix. pt. i. p. 369 (1839).

Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 313 (1820).

Keyserling und Blasius, Wirbelthiere Europ. p. 38 (1840).

Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs. ser. 2, No. 5, p. 253 (1873). Syn. Jaculus, Wagler.

Gmelin, Syst. Nat., vol. i. p. 157 (1788).

F. Cuvier, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 141.

Brandt, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersbourg, 1844, p. 209.

= A. jaculus, Auct.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 81 (1811).

Gray, Spicilegia Zoologica, p. 10 (1830).

Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxiv. p. 294 (1855).

Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 46.

Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 30. Amended from Abrocoma.

Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1841, p. 91.

De Blainville, Bull. Soc. Philom. 1826, p. 62.

Wagler, ibid. p. 1219.

Andrew Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. vol. ii. p. 2 (1831).

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. vi. p. 81 (1805).

Desmarest, Mém. Soc. d’Hist. Nat. vol. i. p. 44 (1822).

For description and anatomy of this species see Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1884, p. 233.

Temminck, Monographies des Mammifères, vol. i. p. 245 (1827).

Cuvier, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, vol. vi. p. 347 (1836). Amended.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 90 (1811).

Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. x. p. 45 (1817). Amended from Echimys.

Wagner, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1845, pt. 2, p. 145.

Geoffroy, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, vol. x. p. 126 (1838).

F. Cuvier, Mammifères, 6ᵐᵉ livr. (1829).

Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. of Mamm. vol. ii. p. 351 (1848).

F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammifères, p. 256 (1825).

F. Cuvier, Mém. du Muséum, vol. ix. p. 413 (1822). “Sinéthère.”

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 21.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 76 (1766).

Cuvier, Règne-Animal, 2d ed. vol. i. p. 215 (1829). “Atherure.”

Günther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1876, p. 739.

Bennett, Gardens, etc. Zool. Soc. pt. i. p. i. (1829).

Meyer, Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car. vol. xvi. p. 576 (1833).

Brooks, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xvi. p. 102 (1828).

Foster, Second Rep. Geol. of Ohio, p. 81 (1838).

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 93 (1811).

F. Cuvier, Ann. du Muséum, vol. x. p. 203 (1807).

Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1873, p. 551.

Pallas, Misc. Zool. p. 30 (1766); ex Klein.

Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 360 (1822).

Erxleben, Syst. Règ. Animal, p. 191 (1777); ex Brisson.

Cuvier, Tabl. Élément. de l’Hist. Nat. p. 132 (1798).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 77 (1766).

From the absence of the Common Hare in Scandinavia it is considered probable that the name L. timidus was really applied to the Mountain Hare, and some writers accordingly use the name L. europæus for the former.

Variations of Animals and Plants, 2d ed. vol. i. p. 119.

The Feræ of Linnæus included all the then known species of the modern orders Carnivora, Insectivora, and Marsupialia.

The tusks of the Walrus, altogether so aberrant in its dentition, are partial exceptions to this statement, but in old individuals the pulp-cavity fills up, and they cease to grow.

See Flower, “On the Value of the Characters of the Base of the Cranium in the Classification of the Order Carnivora,” Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 4; Mivart, “On the Classification and Distribution of the Æluroidea,” ibid. 1882, pp. 135 and 459; see also The Cat, an Introduction to the Study of Backboned Animals, especially Mammals, by the same author, 1881.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 60 (1766).

The Cat, pp. 392-426 (1881).

Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” pp. 56-90 (1888).

Zoology and Geology of Eastern Persia (1876).

See Blanford, Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 57 (1883).

Transactions of the Zoological Society, vol. i. p. 165 (1835).

A Hunter’s Wanderings in Africa, 1881, p. 258.

Mr. Selous, whose opportunities for obtaining evidence upon this subject were very large, says that in the region of South Africa, between the Zambesi and the Limpopo rivers, he never saw a lion with any long hair under the body, and that the manes of the wild lions of that district are far inferior in development to those commonly seen in menageries in Europe.

The Lion and the Elephant, 1873, p. 19.

Hon. W. H. Drummond, The Large Game and Natural History of South and South-East Africa, 1875, p. 278.

Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 59 (1888).

See W. T. Blanford, Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 69 (1888).

Monographs of the Palæontographical Society, 1872.

Syn. F. macrocelis.

Syn. F. maniculata and caligata.

Wagler, Syst. Amphib. etc. p. 30 (1830).

Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. i. p. 137 (1833).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 63 (1766).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 518.

Cuvier, Règne-Animal, vol. i. p. 156 (1817).

Horsfield, Zool. Research. Java (1824).—Prionodontidæ.

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 520.

F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères, No. 186 (1821).

See W. T. Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 780.

Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 108 (1888).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 542, ex Petero.

Jourdan, Comptes Rendus, vol. v. p. 442 (1837). Amended.

Temminck, Prospectus de Monographies des Mammifères, March 1824; Monographies, vol. i. p. xxi. (1827).

Gray, List of Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 54 (1843).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1836, p. 88.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. p. 135 (1811).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1861, p. 308.

Peters, Mith. Ges. Nat. Freunde Berlin, 19th November 1850.

Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1833, p. 48.

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 573.

F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères, No. 199 (1825).

Desmarest, “Tabl. Méth. Mamm.” in Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xxiv. (1804).

Geoffroy, Comptes Rendus, 1837, p. 578.

Geoffroy, Mag. de Zool. 1839, pp. 27, 37.

Doyère, Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. iv. p. 281 (1835).

Jourdan, Comptes Rendus, 1837, p. 422. Amended.

Geoffroy, Mém. du Muséum, vol. xi. p. 354 (1824).

For Anatomy of Proteles see Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1869, p. 474.

Zimmermann, Specimen Zoologiæ Geographicæ, p. 365 (1777).

Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 133 (1888).

The anatomical peculiarities of Hyæna crocuta have been fully elucidated in a series of papers by Morrison Watson in the Proceedings of the Zoological Society for 1877, 1878, 1879, and 1881, in which references to previous authors on the subject will be found.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 56 (1766).

In Domestic Dogs a hallux is frequently developed, though often in a rudimentary condition, the phalanges and claw being suspended loosely in the skin, without direct connection with the other bones of the foot; it is called by dog-fanciers the “dew claw.”

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 238. See also Mivart, Dogs, Jackals, Wolves, and Foxes; a Monograph of the Canidæ (1890).

Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” pp. 153, 154 (1888).

Brookes, Griffith’s Animal Kingdom, vol. v. p. 151 (1827).

Lund, K. Danks. Vid. Selsk. Afhand. vol. xi. p. 62 (1845).

Lichtenstein, Wiegmann’s Archiv. 1838, vol. i. p. 290.

Arch. Mus. Lyon. vol. iii. art. 1, p. 85 (1881).

Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. xviii. p. 452 (1880).

For full details of the Arctoidea see Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 340.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 69 (1766).

Meyer, Uebersicht d. neu. Zool. Entdeckungen, etc. p. 155 (1793).

A. Milne-Edwards, Nouv. Arch. du Muséum, vol. vii. Bull. p. 88 (1871). Amended from “Ailuropus.”

F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (1825). Amended from “Ailurus.” For anatomy, see Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1870, p. 752.

Fauna of British India, “Mammalia,” p. 189 (1888).

Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 35 (1780).

A corruption of the North American Indian “arrathkune” or “arathcone.” The French raton or raton laveur, German Waschbär, and other European names are derived from a curious habit the Raccoon has of dipping or washing its food in water before eating it.

Lichtenstein, Isis, 1831, p. 512.

Allen, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1876, p. 20.

Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 35 (1780).

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 127 (1811).

Also in two other species noticed below. One extinct Otter has two upper molars.

Erxleben, Syst. Règn. Animal, p. 445 (1777).

See Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1889, p. 190.

The synonymy of this species is not settled, and the adoption of the name given here only preliminary.

Gloger, Nova Acta Ac. Cæs. Leop.-Car. vol. xiii. pt. 2, p. 511 (1827): Syn. Enhydra; Fleming, Philosophy of Zoology, vol. ii. p. 187 (1822). Preoccupied by Enhydris, Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amphib. p. 140 (1820).

Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in Leçons d’Anat. Compar. vol. i. (1800).

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. i. p. 581 (1837).

F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (1825).

Possibly the name should be Bálu-soor (Sand-pig).

F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (1825).

Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 34 (1780).

Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1838, p. 154.

Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 34 (1780).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1831, p. 94.

Garrod, ibid. 1879, pl. xxix.

Kaup, Thierreich, vol. i. p. 352 (1835).

Bell, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 45.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 66 (1766).

By all old authors of authority, as Ray, Pennant, Shaw, and Fleming, the word is written “Martin,” but this form of spelling is now generally reserved by way of distinction for the bird. The term “Marten-Cat,” often used, is a misnomer.

See Rolleston, “On the Domestic Cats, Felis domesticus and Mustela foina, of Ancient and Modern Times,” Journal of Anatomy and Physiology, vol. ii. p. 47, 1868.

O. Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xi. p. 370 (1883).

Gervais, Dict. Univ. d’Hist. Nat. t. iv. p. 685 (1849).

Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. p. 34 (1780).

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 497.

Péron, Voyage aux Terres Australes, vol. ii. p. 37 note (1816).

“On the structure of Hooker’s Sea-Lion (Arctocephalus hookeri),” Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. xii. p. 369 (1890).

Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 49 (1766).

The former word is a modification of the Scandinavian vallross or hvalros (“whale-horse”), the latter an adaptation of the Russian name for the animal.

Nilsson, Faun. Scandinav. vol. i. p. 377 (1820).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 55 (1766).

Fleming, Philosophy of Zoology, vol. ii. p. 187 (1822).

For details of these and the other genera see Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1885, p. 486, et seq.

Peters, Monatsb. K. P. Akad. Wissensch. zu Berlin, p. 393 (1875), substituted for Stenorhynchus, F. Cuvier; preoccupied for a genus of Crustacea.

Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, vol. i. p. 5 (1844).

New name, Syn. Leptonyx, Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. i. p. 582 (1837); preoccupied by Swainson, 1821.

Gray, Zoology of Erebus and Terror, vol. i. p. 7 (1844).

Nilsson, Faun. Scandinav. vol. i. p. 382 (1820).

F. Cuvier, Mém. du Muséum, vol. xi. p. 200 (1824), “Macrorhine.”

Pallas, Acta Acad. Sci. Imp. Petropolis, vol. iv. pt. 1, p. 208 (1780).

Ueber die Säugethiergattung Galeopithecus. Sv. Ak. Handl. vol. xxi. pt. xi. (1886).

Raffles, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 256 (1822).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1848, p. 23.

Andrew Smith, S. African Quart. Journ. vol. ii. No. 1, p. 64 (1833).

The above correct formula of the dentition of this family has been recently worked out by O. Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, pp. 445, 446.

Peters, Bericht k. preuss. Ak. Wiss. 1847, p. 36.

Horsfield and Vigors, Zool. Journ. vol. iii. p. 246 (1828).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 75 (1766).

Originally given incorrectly as Neurogymnurus.

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1890, p. 49.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 73 (1766).

Syn. S. minutus.

Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxiv. p. 36 (1855).

Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terrs. vol. iii. p. 646 (1877).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 124.

Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 275.

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1837, p. 124.

Wagler, Isis, 1832, p. 275.

Brandt, in Lehmann’s Reise.-Zool. Anh. p. 299 (1852).

Milne-Edwards, Comptes Rendus, vol lxx. p. 341 (1870).

Anderson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlvi. p. 262 (1877).

Milne-Edwards, Comptes Rendus, vol. lxx. p. 341 (1870).

Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in Leçons d’Anat. Compar. vol. i. (1800).

Temminck, Fauna Japonica, vol. i. p. 22 (1842).

Milne-Edwards, Arch. du Muséum, vol. vii. Bull. p. 92 (1872).

Cuvier, “Tabl. de Classif.” in Leçon d’Anat. Comp. vol. i. (1800).

Pomel, Arch. Sci. Phys. Nat. vol. ix. p. 247 (1848).

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium. p. 125 (1811).

Milne-Edwards, N. Arch. du Muséum, vol. vii. Bull. p. 92 (1872).

Linn, Syst. Nat. 12th ed. p. 73 (1766).

The following account is taken almost entirely from Dr. Dobson.

Du Chaillu, Proc. Boston Soc. Hist. Nat. vol. vii. p. 363 (1860).

Milne-Edwards, Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. xv. p. 5 (1872).

Brandt, Mém. Ac. Imp. St. Pétersbourg, 1833, vol. ii. p. 459.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 124 (1811).

Mivart, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1871, p. 72.

I. Geoffroy, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, vol. viii. p. 60 (1837).

Thomas, Journ. Linn. Soc.—Zool. vol. xvi. p. 319 (1882).

Grandidier, Rev. and Mag. Zool. 1870, p. 50.

Lacépède, Mém. de l’Institut, vol. iii. p. 493 (1801—read 1799).

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1888, p. 473.

Bennett, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. ii. p. 38 (1835).

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xv. p. 90 (1810).—Ex. Brisson.

Gray, List. Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pp. 37, 38 (1843): Syn. Cynonycteris.

Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. i. p. 117 (1879).—Amended.

F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammifères, p. 39 (1825).

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 118 (1811).

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xvi. p. 99 (1810).

O. Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 155 (1888).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1859, p. 36.

Dobson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xlii. p. 204 (1873).

New name: Syn. Macroglossus, F. Cuvier, Dents des Mammifères, p. 40 (1825). Preoccupied by Macroglossum, Scopoli, 1777.

Dobson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 119.

O. Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 5, vol. xix. p. 417 (1887).

Jentink, Notes Leyd. Mus. vol. xi. p. 209 (1889).

New name: Syn. Megaloglossus; Pagenstecher, J. B. Mus. Hamburg, vol. ii. p. 125 (1885). Preoccupied by Megaglossa, Rond., 1865.

Geoffroy, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xix. p. 383 (1803).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1834, p. 53. The Bats of this genus are usually described as Phyllorhina, but this use has been shown to be incorrect; see Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1887, p. 637.

O. Thomas, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6, vol. i. p. 156 (1888).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1847, p. 16.

Dobson, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xl. p. 455 (1871).

Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Bengal, vol. xvii. p. 251 (1848).

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xv. p. 197 (1810).

Geoffroy, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. vol. xv. p. 501 (1803).

Geoffroy, Descript. de l’Egypte, vol. ii. p. 112 (1812).

Keyserling and Blasius, Wirbelthiere Europ. p. 55 (1840).

Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1859, p. 222.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 78 (1822).

Allen, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1862, p. 247.

Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1839, p. 312.

Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1866, p. 672.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 71 (1822).

See O. Thomas, Ann. Mus. Genova (2), vol. ix. pp. 84-88 (1890).

Rafinesque, Journ. de Physique, vol. lxxxviii. p. 417 (1819).

Rafinesque, Précis des Decouvértes et Trav. Somiol. p. 12 (1814).

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 259 (1842).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 46 (1766).

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. x. p. 258 (1842), Kerivoula.

Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. vol. ii. p. 496 (1838).

Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, fasc. xxi. (1837).

Spix, Sim. and Vesp. Bresil, p. 61 (1823).

A. Milne-Edwards, Bull. Soc. Philom. sér. 7, vol. ii. p. 1 (1878).

Bonaparte, Faun. Ital. vol. i. (1832-41): Syn. Furia, F. Cuvier, Mém. du Muséum, vol. xvi. p. 150 (1828). Preoccupied by Linn. 1766.

Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1877, p. 185.

Temminck (Van der Hoeven), Tijdsch. Nat. Ges. 1839, p. 22.

Peters, Monatsber. Ak. Berlin, 1867, p. 479.

Peters, loc. cit. p. 477.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 121 (1811).

Geoffroy, Descript. de l’Egypte, vol. ii. p. 126 (1812).

Wied, Isis, 1819, p. 1629.

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 88 (1766).

Geoffroy, Descript. de l’Egypte, vol. ii. p. 123 (1812).

Horsfield, Zool. Research Java (1824).

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. vi. p. 154 (1805).

Geoffroy, Descript. de l’Egypte, vol. ii. p. 114 (1812).

New name: Syn. Mystacina; Gray, Voyage of the “Sulphur,” “Mamm.” p. 23 (1843). Preoccupied by Mystacina, Boie, 1822.

Gray, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. iv. p. 4 (1839).

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii. p. 76 (1820-22).—Amended.

Tomes, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1863, p. 81.

New name: Syn. Macrotus; Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1843, p. 21. Preoccupied by Macrotis, Dej. 1833.

New name: Syn. Macrophyllum; Gray, Mag. Zool. Bot. vol. ii. p. 489 (1838). Preoccupied by Macrophylla, Hope, 1837.

Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xiii. pp. 74, 75 (1822). For the references to the other genera see Dobson, Cat. Chiropt. Brit. Mus.

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1866, p. 113. Syn. Schizostoma; Gervais, 1855. Preoccupied by Broun, 1835.

New name: Syn. Tylostoma; Gervais, 1855. Preoccupied by Sharpe, 1849.

Gervais, Castlenau’s Exped.-Zool. p. 43 (1855): Syn. Carollia, Gray, 1838. Preoccupied by Carolia, Cantraine, 1837.

The references to the genera of this and the following division will be found in Dobson’s Catalogue.

New name: Syn. Ischnoglossa, Saussure, 1860. Preoccupied by Kraatz, 1856.

Wied, Beitr. Natgesch. Brasil, vol. ii. p. 231 (1826).

Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Brasil, p. 68 (1823).

For the arguments in favour of placing the Lemurs in a separate order see Milne-Edwards, “Observations sur quelques points de l’embryologie des Lemuriens et sur les affinités zoologiques de ces animaux,” in the Ann. des Sciences Nat. October 1871; and P. Gervais, “Encephale des Lemures,” in Journ. de Zoologie, tom. i. p. 7. For those for retaining them among the Primates, see Mivart, “On Lepilemur and Chirogaleus, and on the Zoological Rank of the Lemuroidea,” in Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 484.

Geoffroy, Mag. Encyclop. 2d ann. vol. i. p. 46 (1796), “Indri.”

Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1832, p. 20.

Jourdan, Mém. de l’Institut, vol. ii. p. 231 (1834).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 44 (1766).

Proc. Zool. Soc. 1879, p. 132.

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1870, p. 829.

I. Geoffroy, Cat. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 75 (1851). Amended from Lepilemur.

Monatsb. Ak. Berlin, 1874, p. 690.

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xix. p. 171 (1812).

Geoffroy, Mag. Encyclop. 2d ann. vol. i. p. 49 (1796).

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xix. pp. 162, 163 (1812).

For the anatomy of this genus, see J. L. C. Shroeder van der Kolk and W. Vrolik, “Recherches d’Anatomie comparée sur le genre Stenops d’Illiger,” in Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde, Part 1, Amsterdam, 1848-54.

Geoffroy, Mag. Encyclop. 2d ann. vol. i. p. 48 (1796).

Mammalia of British India, p. 48 (1888).

Bennett, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 109.

For the anatomy of P. potto, see Van der Hoeven and Van Campen (Ontleedkundige Onderzoek van den Potto van Bosman, 1859) for P. calabarensis, Huxley, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1864, p. 314.

Storr, Prodromus Meth. Mamm. (1780).

H. Burmeister, Beiträge zur nähreren Kenntniss der gattung Tarsius, 1846.

Cuvier, “Table de Class.” in Leçons d’Anat. Comp. vol. i. (1800).

It was first named Daubentonia by Geoffroy; but this name was withdrawn by its author in favour of Chiromys, as it had been previously given to a genus in the vegetable kingdom. This would not, however, constitute preoccupation according to the modern rules of nomenclature.

R. Owen, “On the Aye-aye,” in Trans. Zool. Soc. 1862, vol. v. p. 33; W. Peters, “Ueber die Säugethiergattung Chiromys,” in Abhand. Königl. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1865, p. 79.

One specimen has been seen with only three lower premolars.

Article Ape, Encyclopædia Britannica, ninth edition.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 71 (1811).

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xix. p. 120 (1812).

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 70 (1811).

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xix. p. 115 (1812).

Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1849, p. 9. Amended from Ouakaria: Syn. Brachyurus; Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Brasil, p. 11 (1823). Preoccupied by Fischer, 1814.

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xix. p. 112 (1812).

Kaup, Thierreich, vol i. p. 51 (1835).

Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Brasil, p. 25 (1823).

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. vii. p. 260 (1806).

I. Geoffroy, Dict. Class. vol. xv. p. 443 (1829).

Geoffrey, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xix. p. 106 (1812).

Erxleben, Syst. Règne Animal, p. 44 (1777).

Lacépède, “Nouv. tabl. méth.” (1799) in Mém. de l’Institut, vol. iii. p. 490 1801.

“‘Mandrill’ seems to signify a ‘man-like Ape,’ the word ‘Drill’ or ‘Dril’ having been anciently employed in England to denote an Ape or Baboon. Thus in the fifth edition of Blount’s ‘Glossographia, or a dictionary interpreting the hard words of whatsoever language now used in our refined English tongue ... very useful for all such as desire to understand what they read,’ published in 1681, I find ‘Dril, a stonecutter’s tool wherewith he bores little holes in marble, etc. Also a large overgrown Ape and Baboon, so called.’ ‘Drill’ is used in the same sense in Charlton’s Onomasticon Zoicon, 1668. The singular etymology of the word given by Buffon seems hardly a probable one.”—Huxley’s Man’s Place in Nature, p. 10, 1863.

I. Geoffroy, Arch. du Muséum, vol. ii. p. 576 (1841).

I. Geoffroy, Voyage de Belanger, p. 66 (1834).

Lacépède, Mém. de l’Institut, vol. iii. p. 450 (1801). Amended.

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xix. p. 97 (1812).

Erxleben, Syst. Règne. Animal, p. 22 (1777).

Or Colobinæ.

Geoffroy, Ann. du Muséum, vol. xix. p. 90 (1812).

F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammifères (1821), “Semno-pithèque.”

Separated generically by some writers as Rhinopithecus.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 69 (1811).

Wagner, Gelehrte Anzeigen, vol. viii. No. 38, p. 310 (1839).

Depéret, Comptes Rendus, vol. cix. p. 982 (1889); see also Mém. Soc. Géol. France, “Palæontologie,” vol. i. (1890).

Gervais, Comptes Rendus, vol. lxxiv. p. 1217 (1872).

Scimmie Fossili Italiane, Boll. Comm. Geol. 1890.

Illiger, Prodromus Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 67 (1811).

Linn. Syst. Nat. 12th ed. vol. i. p. 34 (1766).

A Malay word, signifying “Man of the Woods.”

One skeleton in the Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons has five lumbar vertebræ, and has thus given rise to the statement that the number of vertebræ in the Orang is the same as in Man.

I. Geoffroy, Comptes Rendus, vol. xxxiv. p. 84 (1852).

De Blainville, Leçons Orales (1839). The Chimpanzees have been very generally described under the name of Troglodytes, but since this name is preoccupied for a genus of birds, it is incumbent to follow the strict rule, and adopt the name Anthropopithecus, although both the present writers have elsewhere expressed the opposite opinion.

Lartet, Comptes Rendus, vol. xliii. p. 219 (1856).

Mém. Soc. Géol. France, “Palæontologie,” vol. i. Mém. No. 1 (1890).

Man’s Place in Nature, 1863, and Anatomy of Vertebrated Animals, 1871. See also the more recent investigations of Broca into the comparative structure of Man and the higher Apes, published mostly in the Revue d’Anthropologie.

“On the Classification of the Varieties of the Human Species,” by W. H. Flower, Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, May 1885.

The Malay of Blumenbach was a strange conglomeration of the then little known Australian, Papuan, and true Malay types.

No one can have seen a group of Botocudos from Brazil or of natives of Tierra del Fuego without being struck by their markedly Mongolian external characteristics.

INDEX

Aard-Wolf, 540

Aard-Vark, 211

Absorbent system, 63

Acanthoglossus, 125

Acanthomys, 476

Aceratherium, 411

Achænodon, 292

Achyrodon, 114

Acrobates, 155

Acrotherium, 440

Adapis, 697

Adapisorex, 634

Adapisoricidæ, 634

Adapisoriculus, 634

Addax, 345

Adenota, 339

Adinotherium, 440

Ælurictis, 524

Ælurodon, 562

Æluroidea, 501

Æluropus, 560

Ælurus, 562

Æpyceros, 341

Æpyprymnus, 164

Agabelus, 260

Agouti, 488

Agriochœrus, 293

Ai, 182

Air-sacs, 68

Alactaga, 480

Albinism, 10

Alcelaphus, 334

Alces, 326

Allantois, 77

Allodon, 111

Allops, 413

Allotheria, 109

Alpaca, 303

Amblotherium, 114

Amblypoda, 436

Amorphochilus, 666

Amphictis, 539

Amphicyon, 555

Amphidozotherium, 634

Amphilestes, 114

Amphiperatherium, 135

Amphisorex, 628

Amphitherium, 114

Amphitragulus, 330

Amynodon, 412

Anaptomorphus, 697

Anchilophus, 376

Anchippodus, 441

Anchitherium, 376

Ancylopoda, 413

Ancylotherium, 413

Anoa, 361

Anomaluridæ, 449

Anomalurus, 449

Anoplotheriidæ, 293

Anoplotherium, 294

Anteater, 191 Scaly, 205

Antebrachium, 47

Antechinomys, 139

Antelopes, 334

Anthops, 657

Anthorhina, 674

Anthracotheriidæ, 292

Anthropoidea, 699

Anthropopithecus, 736

Antilocapra, 333

Antilocapridæ, 333

Antilope, 340

Antlers, 308

Antrozous, 661

Anurosorex, 626

Aoudad, 356

Apar, 199

Ape, 699

Aphelops, 411

Aphelotherium, 697

Archælurus, 524

Archæoceti, 246

Archæomys, 484

Archizonurus, 157

Arctictis, 534

Arctocebus, 693

Arctocephalus, 595

Arctocyon, 609

Arctocyonidæ, 609

Arctogale, 533

Arctoidea, 556

Arctomyinæ, 454

Arctomys, 454

Arctonyx, 574

Arctotherium, 561

Argali, 355

Armadillo, 195

Artibeus, 676

Artiodactyla, 275

Arvicola, 466

Arvicolinæ, 465

Ass, 383

Atalapha, 663

Ateles, 715

Atherura, 487

Auchenia, 298

Aulacodus, 483

Aulaxinuus, 723

Aurochs, 367

Australasian region, 102

Avahis, 686

Axis, 320

Aye-aye, 695

Babirusa, 287

Baboon, 719

Bachitherium, 307

Badger, 575 American, 576 Sand, 575

Balæna, 236

Balænidæ, 234

Balænodon, 251

Balænoidea, 234

Balænoptera, 242

Balænotus, 240

Bandicoot, 141

Banteng, 365

Bassaricyon, 566

Bassaris, 566

Bats, 641

Bathyergus, 478

Bdeogale, 537

Bear, 558

Beaver, 458

Beisa, 343

Beluga, 262

Berardius, 256

Bettongia, 163

Bharal, 356

Bibos, 360

Bighorn, 355

Binturong, 534

Bison, 362

Black-Fish, 269

Bladder, 69

Blarina, 624

Blastomeryx, 330

Blaubok, 343

Blessbok, 335

Blood, 63

Bolodon, 111

Boncia, 653

Bontebok, 334

Bosch-Vark, 286

Boselaphus, 345

Bothriolabis, 291

Bottlenose, 253, 270

Bovidæ, 334

Brachium, 47

Brachyphylla, 675

Brachytarsomys, 465

Brachyurus, 712

Bradypodidæ, 179

Bradypus, 181

Brain, 69

Bramatherium, 333

Brocket, 330

Brontotherium, 413

Bruta, 176

Bubalus, 361

Budorcas, 351

Buffalo, 361

Bush-dog, 553

Cachalot, 249

Cadurcotherium, 412

Cæcum, 59

Cælogenys, 489

Cænopithecus, 696

Cænotheriidæ, 294

Cænotherium, 294

Callinycteris, 655

Callithrix, 713

Callophoca, 606

Calomys, 463

Caloprymnus, 164

Calotragus, 339

Camel, 296

Camelidæ, 295

Camelus, 296

Canidæ, 544

Canis, 546

Capra, 352

Capreolus, 327

Capromys, 482

Capybara, 491

Caracal, 518

Cardiatherium, 491

Cardiomys, 491

Cariacus, 329

Caribou, 324

Carnivora, 496

Carollia, 674

Carponycteris, 654

Carpus, 48

Carterodon, 484

Castor, 457

Castoridæ, 457

Castoroididæ, 488

Castoroides, 488

Cat, 517

Cavia, 489

Caviidæ, 489

Cavy, 490

Cayluxotherium, 621

Cebidæ, 711

Cebochœrus, 292

Cebus, 717

Cement, 15

Centetes, 637

Centetidæ, 637

Centurio, 676

Cephalogale, 562

Cephalophus, 338

Cephalorhynchus, 266

Cephalotes, 653

Cercocebus, 723

Cercoleptes, 567

Cercomys, 483

Cercopithecidæ, 718

Cercopithecus, 724

Cerivoula, 664

Cervalces, 327

Cervicapra, 340

Cervidæ, 313

Cervinæ, 316

Cervulus, 316

Cervus, 319

Cetacea, 225

Cetotherium, 245

Chænohyus, 291

Chætomys, 486

Chalcochloris, 639

Chalicomys, 458

Chalicotheriidæ, 413

Chalicotherium, 413

Chalinolobus, 662

Chamois, 349

Champsodelphis, 259

Cheeta, 523

Chevrotain, 305 Water, 306

Chilonycteris, 672

Chimarrogale, 626

Chimpanzee, 736

Chinchilla, 487

Chinchillidæ, 487

Chirogaleus, 689

Chiromeles, 669

Chiromyidæ, 694

Chiromys, 695

Chironectes, 134

Chiroptera, 641

Chiru, 341

Chiruromys, 476

Chlamydophorinæ, 196

Chlamydophorus, 196

Chlamydotherium, 201

Chœronycteris, 674

Chœropotamidæ, 292

Chœropotamus, 292

Chœropsis, 280

Chœropus, 143

Cholœpus, 182

Chorion, 77

Chrysochloridæ, 638

Chrysochloris, 639

Chrysothrix, 714

Cimoliomys, 113

Circulation, 63

Civet, 526 Palm, 532

Classification, 84, 88

Claviglis, 460

Claws, 12

Coati, 566

Cobus, 339

Cœlodon, 184

Cœlops, 658

Cogia, 250

Coleüra, 667

Colobus, 727

Colour, 8

Comphotherium, 621

Condylarthra, 438

Condylura, 630

Conepatus, 574

Connochætes, 336

Contracavia, 491

Coryphodon, 437

Coryphodontidæ, 438

Cotylophora, 307

Cotylopidæ, 293

Cotylops, 293

Coypu, 482

Cranium, 35

Crassitherium, 223

Creodonta, 606

Cricetodipus, 479

Cricetodon, 464

Cricetomys, 477

Cricetus, 463

Criotherium, 349

Crocidura, 626

Crossarchus, 537

Crossopus, 625

Crusta Petrosa, 15

Cryptophractus, 201

Cryptopithecus, 699

Cryptoprocta, 525

Ctenacodon, 112

Ctenodactylus, 481

Ctenomys, 482

Cuniculus, 470

Cuscus, 149

Cyclopidius, 293

Cycloturus, 193

Cynælurus, 523

Cynictis, 537

Cynocephalus, 719

Cynodictis, 555

Cynogale, 534

Cynohyænodon, 608

Cynoidea, 544

Cynomys, 455

Cynonycteris, 652

Cynopithecus, 722

Cynopterus, 653

Cyon, 551

Cystophora, 605

Dacrytherium, 294

Dactylomys, 483

Dactylopsila, 152

Damalis, 351

Daphœnus, 555

Dasymys, 462

Dasypodidæ, 194

Dasypodinæ, 197

Dasypotherium, 201

Dasyprocta, 488

Dasyproctidæ, 488

Dasypus, 197

Dasyuridæ, 136

Dasyurus, 138

Daubentonia, 695

Deer, 317, 319

Delphinapterus, 262

Delphinidæ, 260

Delphinoidea, 247

Delphinus, 271

Dendrohyrax, 418

Dendrolagus, 165

Dendromys, 463

Dental system, 13

Dentine, 14

Deomys, 473

Dermoptera, 614

Desman, 629

Desmodus, 677

Desmotylus, 223

Diaphragm, 67

Diceratherium, 411

Dichobunus, 294

Dichodon, 294

Dichodontidæ, 294

Diclidurus, 668

Dicolpomys, 484

Dicotyles, 289

Dicotylidæ, 289

Didelphia, 128

Didelphyidæ, 133

Didelphys, 134

Didymictis, 539

Digestive system, 53

Dinictis, 523

Dinoceras, 437

Dinocyon, 556

Dinomyidæ, 489

Dinomys, 489

Dinotheriidæ, 435

Dinotherium, 435

Dinoziphius, 251

Diobroticus, 458

Dioplotherium, 223

Diphylla, 678

Diphyodont, 20

Diplarthra, 275

Diplomesodon, 626

Dipodidæ, 479

Dipodomys, 479

Dipodops, 479

Diprotodon, 171

Diprotodontia, 144

Diprotodontidæ, 171

Dipus, 480

Distœchurus, 155

Dœdicurus, 203

Dog, 551

Dolichophyllum, 673

Dolichopithecus, 728

Dolichotis, 490

Dolphin, 270

Dorcatherium, 306

Dorcopsis, 166

Dormouse, 459

Douroucouli, 714

Dremotherium, 330

Dromatherium, 113

Dromicia, 154

Dryolestes, 114

Dryopithecus, 738

Duck-bill, 120

Ductless glands, 65

Dugong, 221

Duikerbok, 338

Duplicidentata, 491

Echidna, 125

Echidnidæ, 124

Echinogale, 634

Echinomys, 483

Echinothrix, 477

Edentata, 176

Effodientia, 178

Eland, 348

Elaphodus, 318

Elasmognathus, 371

Elasmotherium, 411

Eleotragus, 340

Elephant, 424

Elephantidæ, 423

Elephas, 424

Eleutherocercus, 203

Eliomys, 459

Eliurus, 465

Elk, 326

Ellobius, 472

Elotherium, 292

Emballonura, 667

Emballonuridæ, 666

Enamel, 15

Enhydra, 570

Enhydriodon, 570

Enhydrocyon, 562

Entomophaga, 178

Eohippus, 374

Eomys, 464

Eonycteris, 654

Eotherium, 224

Epiblema, 488

Epiglottis, 67

Epihippus, 374

Epomophorus, 650

Eporeodon, 293

Equidæ, 376

Equus, 381

Erethizon, 484

Ericulus, 638

Erinaceidæ, 619

Erinaceus, 620

Eriodes, 715

Ermine, 590

Eschatius, 303

Ethiopian region, 98

Eucastor, 458

Eucetus, 251

Eupetaurus, 454

Eupleres, 538

Euryceros, 346

Euryurus, 203

Eusmilus, 524

Eutatus, 201

Eutheria, 173

Evotomys, 467

Eye, 72

Fallow Deer, 323

Felidæ, 502

Felis, 502

Felsinotherium, 223

Fennec, 553

Fennecus, 553

Feresia, 270

Fiber, 470

Flying Fox, 651 Lemur, 615 Squirrel, 453

Foot, 52

Fossa, 527

Foussa, 525

Fox, 552

Fox-Bat, 651

Furia, 666

Furipterus, 666

Galago, 690

Galeopithecidæ, 614

Galeopithecus, 614

Galera, 579

Galictis, 579

Galidea, 538

Galidictis, 538

Gaur, 365

Gayal, 365

Gazella, 341

Gelocus, 294

Gemsbok, 343

Genet, 528

Genetta, 528

Geogale, 635

Geographical distribution, 93

Geological distribution, 107

Geomyidæ, 478

Geomys, 478

Georychus, 478

Gerbillinæ, 462

Gerbillus, 462

Gibbon, 728

Giraffa, 331

Giraffidæ, 330

Glands, 12

Glauconycteris, 662

Globicephalus, 268

Glossonycteris, 674

Glossophaga, 674

Glutton, 591

Glyptodon, 203

Glyptodontidæ, 202

Gnu, 336

Golunda, 476

Goat, 352

Gopher, 478

Goral, 351

Gorilla, 734

Grampus, 267

Grampus, 270

Graphiurus, 459

Greenland Whale, 236

Grimmia, 338

Grisonia, 579

Ground Sloth, 184

Gryphoca, 606

Grypotherium, 189

Guanaco, 301

Guib, 347

Guinea-Pig, 490

Gulo, 591

Gymnobelideus, 154

Gymnoptychus, 454

Gymnura, 619

Habrocoma, 482

Habrothrix, 464

Hair, 7

Halichœrus, 601

Halicore, 220

Halicoridæ, 220

Halitheriidæ, 222

Halitherium, 222

Hallomys, 465

Hamster, 463

Hapale, 710

Hapalemur, 689

Hapalidæ, 709

Hapalotis, 476

Haploceros, 351

Haplodon, 457

Haplodontidæ, 457

Hare, 492

Harpyia, 653

Harpyiocephalus, 663

Harte-beest, 335

Hearing, 73

Heart, 63

Hedgehog, 620

Helicophora, 340

Helictis, 578

Heliophobius, 478

Helladotherium, 333

Helogale, 537

Hemiauchenia, 303

Hemicentetes, 637

Hemiderma, 674

Hemigale, 533

Hemigalidea, 538

Hemitragus, 354

Herpestes, 535

Herpetocetus, 245

Herpetotherium, 135

Heterocephalus, 478

Heterocetus, 245

Heterodont, 23

Heterohyrax, 418

Heteromys, 479

Hipparion, 380

Hippodactylus, 381

Hippohyus, 291

Hippopotamidæ, 278

Hippopotamus, 278

Hipposiderus, 657

Hippotigris, 384

Hippotragus, 343

Holochilus, 464

Holomeniscus, 303

Homalodontotherium, 412, 414

Hominidæ, 740

Homo, 739

Homodont, 22

Hoofs, 12

Hoolock, 729

Hoplocetus, 251

Hoplophoneus, 524

Hoplophorus, 202

Horns, 310

Horse, 382

Hunting dog, 553

Hyæna, 540

Hyænarctus, 561

Hyænidæ, 540

Hyænocyon, 562

Hyænodon, 608

Hyænodontidæ, 608

Hydaspitherium, 333

Hydrochœrus, 490

Hydromyinæ, 461

Hydromys, 461

Hydropotes, 328

Hylobates, 728

Hylomys, 619

Hyoid, 39

Hyomoschus, 306

Hyopotamus, 292

Hyopsodus, 698

Hyotherium, 291

Hypertragulus, 307

Hypogeomys, 465

Hypsiprymnodon, 162

Hypsiprymnodontinæ, 162

Hypsiprymnopsis, 111

Hypsiprymnus, 163

Hyrachyus, 373

Hyracidæ, 415

Hyracodon, 412

Hyracodontotherium, 439

Hyracoidea, 415

Hyracotherium, 373

Hyrax, 417

Hystricidæ, 484

Hystricomorpha, 480

Hystrix, 486

Ibex, 353

Ichneumon, 535

Icticyon, 553

Ictitherium, 539

Ictonyx, 579

Ictops, 640

Indris, 684

Indrodon, 699

Inia, 259

Insectivora, 610

Intestine, 59

Inuus, 723

Ischnoglossa, 674

Isectolophus, 374

Issiodoromys, 491

Ivory, 14

Ixacanthus, 259

Jackal, 550

Jaguar, 521

Jerboa, 480

Kangaroo, 159

Kerivoula = Cerivoula

Kidney, 69

Killer, 267

Kinkajou, 567

Koala, 156

Koalemus, 157

Kobus = Cobus

Kogia = Cogia

Kudu, 348

Kusimanse, 538

Lagenorhynchus, 270

Lagidium, 488

Lagomyidæ, 491

Lagomys, 491

Lagorchestes, 166

Lagostomus, 488

Lagostrophus, 165

Lagothrix, 716

Lambdotheriidæ, 413

Lambdotherium, 413

Langur, 727

Lantanotherium, 618

Larynx, 67

Lasionycteris, 661

Latax, 570

Leg, 51

Lemming, 467

Lemur, 687

Lemuridæ, 683

Lemuroidea, 682

Leopard, 514

Lepidolemur, 689

Leporidæ, 492

Leptictidæ, 640

Leptictis, 640

Leptobos, 367

Leptomeryx, 307

Leptonycteris, 674

Leptonyx, 605

Leptotragulus, 304

Lepus, 492

Lestodon, 189

Leucocyon, 553

Limnosyops, 413

Linsang, 530

Lion, 504

Liotomus, 113

Listriodon, 291

Liver, 60

Llama, 299, 302

Lobodon, 605

Loncheres, 483

Lonchoglossa, 674

Lonchorhina, 673

Lophiodon, 373

Lophiodontidæ, 373

Lophiomeryx, 294

Lophiomyidæ, 460

Lophiomys, 460

Lophiotherium, 374

Lophocetus, 259

Lophostoma, 673

Loricata, 179

Loris, 692

Loxolophodon, 437

Lungs, 68

Lutra, 567

Lycalopex, 552

Lycaon, 553

Lymphatics, 65

Lyncodon, 590

Lynx, 518

Macacus, 722

Machærodus, 524

Macrauchenia, 414

Macraucheniidæ, 414

Macroglossus, 654

Macrophyllum, 673

Macropodidæ, 158

Macropodinæ, 164

Macropus, 167

Macrorhinus, 606

Macroscelides, 618

Macroscelididæ, 618

Macrotherium, 413

Macrotus, 673

Malacomys, 462

Mammary glands, 75

Mammoth, 428

Man, 739

Manatee, 215

Manatidæ, 215

Manatus, 215

Mandrill, 719

Manidæ, 204

Manis, 204

Manus, 48

Maral, 322

Markhoor, 354

Marmoset, 709

Marmot, 454 Prairie, 456

Marsupialia, 128

Marten, 580

Martes, 580

Mastacomys, 476

Mastodon, 431

Megachiroptera, 650

Megaderma, 658

Megaloglossus, 655

Megamys, 488

Megaptera, 241

Megatheriidæ, 183

Megatherium, 185

Melanism, 9

Meles, 575

Mellivora, 576

Melonycteris, 654

Melursus, 560

Menacodon, 115

Meniscoëssus, 113

Meniscomys, 454

Meniscotherium, 439

Menodus, 413

Mephitis, 572

Merychippus, 380

Merycochœrus, 293

Mesodectes, 640

Mesohippus, 376

Mesomys, 483

Mesonychidæ, 609

Mesonyx, 609

Mesopithecus, 727

Mesoplodon, 254

Mesotaria, 606

Mesotherium, 440

Mesozoic mammals, 108

Metacarpus, 49

Metamynodon, 412

Metatheria, 128

Metriotherium, 294

Miacidæ, 539

Miacis, 539

Microcavia, 491

Microcebus, 690

Microchœrus, 696

Microchiroptera, 655

Microconodon, 113

Microgale, 638

Microlestes, 111

Micromeryx, 330

Micronycteris, 673

Microsorex, 624

Microsyops, 698

Microtus, 466

Midas, 710

Milk-teeth, 20

Mimon, 674

Miniopterus, 664

Mink, 586

Miohippus, 376

Miosiren, 223

Mixodectes, 699

Mole, 630 Golden, 639 Star-nosed, 630

Mole-Rat, 477

Molossus, 670

Monachus, 604

Monatherium, 606

Monkey, 699

Monodelphia, 173

Monodon, 260

Monophylla, 674

Monophyodont, 20

Moose, 326

Morenia, 484

Mormops, 672

Moropus, 413

Morotherium, 413

Morse, 597

Moschinæ, 314

Moschus, 314

Moufflon, 356

Mouse, 475

Mouth, 54

Mulita, 201

Multituberculata, 109

Mungoose, 535

Muntjac, 316

Muridæ, 461

Mus, 473

Muscardinus, 460

Musk Deer, 314 Ox, 358 Rat, 470, 626

Musquash, 470

Mustela, 579

Mustelidæ, 567

Mycetes, 711

Mydaus, 575

Mylodon, 189

Myodes, 467

Myogale, 628

Myolagus, 492

Myomorpha, 459

Myopotamus, 482

Myoscalops, 478

Myosorex, 625

Myoxidæ, 459

Myoxus, 459

Myrmecobiinæ, 140

Myrmecobius, 140

Myrmecophaga, 190

Myrmecophagidæ, 190

Mysarachne, 634

Mystacina, 671

Mystacoceti, 234

Mystacops, 671

Mystromys, 462

Myxocebus, 689

Myxopoda, 665

Nails, 12

Nakong, 346

Nandinia, 534

Nanotragus, 339

Nares, 66

Narwhal, 261

Nasalis, 725

Nasua, 566

Natalus, 664

Nearctic region, 102

Necrogymnurus, 621

Necrolemur, 696

Necromantis, 679

Nectogale, 627

Nectomys, 464

Nemorhædus, 350

Neobalæna, 241

Neofiber, 472

Neomeris, 266

Neoplagiaulax, 113

Neosorex, 624

Neotoma, 464

Neotragus, 338

Neotropical region, 103

Nerves, 71

Nesocerodon, 491

Nesocia, 475

Nesodon, 439

Nesomys, 465

Nesonycteris, 655

Nesotragus, 339

Neurotrichus, 629

Nilghai, 345

Nimravus, 524

Noctilio, 668

Nostrils, 66

Notharctus, 698

Nothropus, 183

Nothrotherium, 184

Notiosorex, 624

Notopteris, 654

Nototheriidæ, 172

Nototherium, 171

Nyctereutes, 552

Nycteridæ, 658

Nycteris, 659

Nycticebus, 691

Nycticejus, 662

Nyctilestes, 665

Nyctinomus, 670

Nyctipithecus, 714

Nyctitherium, 665

Nyctophilus, 661

Ocelot, 521

Ochetodon, 464

Octodon, 481

Octodontidæ, 480

Odobænus, 597

Odontoceti, 247

Ogmorhinus, 605

Ommatophoca, 605

Onotragus, 339

Onychogale, 166

Onychomys, 463

Opossum, 133

Orang, 731

Orca, 267

Orcella, 267

Oreas, 348

Oreodon, 293

Oreopithecus, 728

Oreotragus, 339

Oriental region, 100

Ornithodelphia, 117

Ornithorhynchidæ, 119

Ornithorhynchus, 119

Orohippus, 374

Orotherium, 374

Orthaspidotherium, 634

Orthomys, 484

Orycteropodidæ, 208

Orycteropus, 208

Oryx, 343

Oryzomys, 463

Oryzorictes, 638

Otaria, 593

Otariidæ, 593

Otocyon, 554

Otomys, 462

Otonycteris, 661

Otopterus, 673

Otter, 568 Sea, 571

Ounce, 517

Ovaries, 75

Ovibos, 357

Oviduct, 75

Ovis, 354

Oxen, 360

Oxhyæna, 608

Oxymycterus, 464

Paca, 489

Pachyacanthus, 224

Pachydermata, 87

Pachynolophus, 374

Pachyuromys, 462

Paciculus, 465

Palæarctic region, 97

Palæocastor, 458

Palæocetus, 245

Palæoerinaceus, 621

Palæolemur, 697

Palæomanis, 208

Palæomeryx, 330

Palæonycteris, 657

Palæophoca, 606

Palæopontoporia, 259

Palæoprionodon, 539

Palæoreas, 348

Palæoryx, 344

Palæospalax, 629

Palæosyops, 413

Palæotapirus, 373

Palæotheriidæ, 375

Palæotherium, 375

Palæotragoceros, 349

Palauchenia, 303

Palhyæna, 544

Palla, 341

Palm-Civet, 532

Paloplotherium, 375

Palorchestes, 170

Panda, 562

Pangolin, 205

Panochthus, 203

Panther, 514

Pantholops, 341

Paradoxurus, 532

Paramys, 457

Parasorex, 618

Peccary, 289

Pecora, 307

Pectinator, 481

Pedetes, 480

Pediotragus, 339

Pelea, 339

Pellegrinia, 484

Pelvis, 50

Pelycodus, 699

Peragale, 143

Peralestes, 115

Peramelidæ, 141

Perameles, 142

Peratherium, 135

Periptychus, 439

Perissodactyla, 368

Perodicticus, 693

Perognathus, 479

Pes, 52

Petauroides, 152

Petaurus, 153

Petrodromus, 618

Petrogale, 167

Petromys, 482

Phacochœrus, 288

Phalanger, 149

Phalangeridæ, 147

Phalangerinæ, 149

Phalanges, 49

Phalangista, 149

Phascolarctinæ, 155

Phascolarctus, 156

Phascologale, 139

Phascolomyidæ, 144

Phascolomys, 145

Phascolonus, 146

Phascolotherium, 114

Phenacodus, 439

Phenacomys, 466

Phlœomyinæ, 462

Phlœomys, 462

Phloramys, 484

Phoca, 601

Phocæna, 263

Phocanella, 606

Phocidæ, 600

Phylloderma, 674

Phyllonycteris, 674

Phyllophaga, 178

Phyllorhina, 657

Phyllostoma, 674

Phyllostomatidæ, 672

Physeter, 248

Physeteridæ, 247

Physeterinæ, 248

Physeterula, 251

Physetodon, 251

Physodon, 251

Pica, 492

Pichiciago, 196

Pig, 282

Pilosa, 179

Pinnipedia, 592

Pithanotomys, 484

Pithechirus, 477

Pithecia, 712

Placenta, 75

Plagiaulacidæ, 113

Plagiaulax, 111

Plagiodon, 483

Platacanthomyinæ, 461

Platacanthomys, 462

Platanista, 258

Platanistidæ, 257

Platycercomys, 480

Platygonus, 291

Platyonyx, 188

Platyphoca, 606

Platypus, 120

Plecotus, 660

Plesiadapis, 698

Plesiarctomys, 457

Plesictis, 590

Plesiocetus, 245

Plesiometacarpalia, 316

Plesiosorex, 634

Plesispermophilus, 457

Pleuraspidotherium, 634

Pleurolichus, 479

Plexochœrus, 491

Pliauchenia, 304

Pliolagostomus, 488

Pliolophus, 374

Pliopithecus, 731

Poëbrotherium, 304

Pœcilogale, 590

Pœcilophoca, 605

Poëphagus, 360

Pogonodon, 524

Poiana, 531

Polecat, 587

Polymastodon, 113

Polyprotodontia, 133

Pontistes, 259

Pontoporia, 259

Porcupine, 486 Tree, 485

Porpoise, 263

Potamarchus, 488

Potamochœrus, 286

Potamogale, 635

Potamogalidæ, 634

Potamophilus, 534

Potamotherium, 570

Potoroinæ, 162

Potoroo, 163

Potorous, 163

Pouched-Rat, 478

Praopus, 201

Prehallux, 49

Prepollex, 49

Primates, 680

Priodon, 198

Prionodon, 530

Priscodelphinus, 259

Proælurus, 523

Proboscidea, 418

Probubalus, 361

Procamelus, 304

Procapra, 341

Procavia, 417

Procoptodon, 170

Procyon, 564

Procyonidæ, 562

Prodelphinus, 271

Prodremotherium, 307

Proechidna, 126

Prohalicore, 223

Prohyæna, 562

Prolagostomus, 488

Promegatherium, 189

Promylodon, 190

Prong-buck, 333

Prophoca, 606

Propithecus, 684

Prorastomatidæ, 224

Prorastomus, 224

Protechinomys, 484

Proteleidæ, 539

Proteles, 539

Proterotheriidæ, 414

Proterotherium, 414

Protoadapis, 698

Protohippus, 380

Protolabis, 304

Protoreodon, 293

Prototheria, 117

Protoxodon, 440

Protragelaphus, 349

Protragoceros, 349

Proviverra, 608

Proviverridæ, 608

Prox, 317

Pseudælurus, 523

Pseudalopex, 552

Pseudochirus, 151

Pseudois, 355

Pseudorca, 268

Pseudorhinolophus, 657

Pseudosciurus, 454

Psittacotherium, 442

Pteralopex, 654

Pterodon, 608

Pteromys, 453

Pteropodidæ, 650

Pteropus, 651

Ptilocercus, 618

Ptilodus, 113

Pudua, 330

Puma, 520

Putorius, 585

Quagga, 384

Rabbit, 494 Bandicoot, 143

Raccoon, 565

Rangifer, 324

Rasse, 527

Rat, 474

Ratel, 576

Rat-Kangaroo, 163

Red Deer, 322

Rehbok, 339

Reitbok, 349

Reproductive organs, 74

Respiratory system, 63

Rhabdosteus, 259

Rhachianectes, 241

Rhinoceros, 402

Rhinocerotidæ, 402

Rhinogale, 537

Rhinolophidæ, 656

Rhinolophus, 656

Rhinonycteris, 658

Rhinophylla, 674

Rhinopithecus, 726

Rhinopoma, 669

Rhipidomys, 463

Rhithrodon, 464

Rhithrosciurus, 452

Rhizomys, 477

Rhizoprion, 257

Rhogeëssa, 661

Rhynchocyon, 618

Rhynchonycteris, 667

Rhytina, 221

Rhytinidæ, 221

Ribs, 44

River-Hog, 286

Rock-Wallaby, 167

Rodentia, 443

Roe, 327

Rorqual, 242

Rosmarus, 597

Ruminants, 307

Rupicapra, 349

Rytiodus, 223

Sable, 584

Saccomys, 479

Saccopteryx, 667

Saccostomus, 477

Sacrum, 43

Saiga, 341

Saki, 712

Salivary glands, 55

Sambur, 320

Samotherium, 333

Sapajou, 717

Sarcophilus, 137

Scaldicetus, 251

Scales, 11

Scalops, 630

Scapanus, 630

Scapteromys, 464

Scaptochirus, 633

Scaptonyx, 630

Scelidotherium, 188

Schizodelphis, 259

Schizodon, 482

Schizostoma, 673

Sciuravus, 457

Sciuridæ, 450

Sciurodon, 454

Sciuroides, 454

Sciuromorpha, 448

Sciuropterus, 453

Sciurus, 450

Scopophorus, 339

Scotophilus, 662

Scotozous, 661

Sea-Leopard, 605

Sea-otter, 571

Seal, 600 Eared, 594

Selenacodon, 113

Semnopithecus, 726

Sense organs, 69

Serow, 351

Sheep, 354

Shoulder-girdle, 46

Shrew, 622 Tree, 617 Water, 625

Siamang, 728

Siamanga, 728

Sight, 72

Sigmodon, 464

Simia, 731

Simiidæ, 728

Simocyon, 562

Simplicidentata, 448

Siphneus, 472

Sirenia, 212

Sivatherium, 322

Skeleton, 33

Skull, 34

Skunk, 572

Sloth, 180

Sloth, Ground, 184

Smell, 72

Sminthopsis, 139

Sminthus, 479

Solenodon, 636

Solenodontidæ, 635

Sorex, 622

Soricidæ, 621

Soriculus, 624

Sotalia, 272

Souslik, 456

Spalacidæ, 477

Spalacopus, 482

Spalacotherium, 115

Spalax, 477

Spaniotherium, 294

Spermophilus, 456

Sperm Whale, 249

Spider Monkey, 715

Spilogale, 574

Spiny Anteater, 124

Spleen, 65

Squalodon, 257

Squalodontidæ, 257

Squamata, 179

Squirrel, 451

Stegodon, 427

Steneofiber, 458

Steno, 271

Stenoderma, 676

Stenoplesictis, 539

Stenops, 691

Stenorhynchus, 605

Stereognathus, 110

Sternum, 44

Sthenurus, 170

Stoat, 590

Stomach, 57

Strepsiceros, 347

Sturnira, 676

Stylacodon, 114

Stylinodon, 442

Styloceros, 317

Stylodon, 114

Stypolophus, 608

Subungulata, 414

Suidæ, 281

Suina, 278

Suricata, 538

Sus, 281

Syllophodus, 484

Symborodon, 413

Synaptomys, 467

Synetheres, 485

Synotus, 661

Systemodon, 374

Takin, 351

Talpa, 630

Talpidæ, 628

Tamandua, 192

Tamias, 452

Taphozous, 667

Tapir, 371

Tapiridæ, 370

Tapirulus, 294

Tapirus, 370

Tardigrada, 178

Tarsiidæ, 694

Tarsipedinæ, 148

Tarsipes, 148

Tarsius, 694

Taste, 72

Tatouay, 198

Tatusia, 200

Tatusiinæ, 200

Taxidea, 576

Tayra, 579

Teetee, 713

Teeth, 13

Tegument, 7

Teledu, 575

Telemetacarpalia, 323

Temnocyon, 555

Tenrec, 637

Terphone, 338

Tertiary mammals, 115

Tetraceros, 338

Tetraconodon, 292

Tetracus, 634

Tetrastylus, 488

Theridomyidæ, 484

Theridomys, 484

Theropithecus, 722

Thigh, 51

Thomomys, 478

Thoracophorus, 203

Thylacine, 137

Thylacinus, 136

Thylacoleo, 157

Thymus gland, 66

Thyroid body, 66

Thyroptera, 665

Tiger, 511

Tillodontia, 441

Tillotherium, 441

Tinoceras, 437

Titanomys, 492

Titanotheriidæ, 413

Titanotherium, 413

Tolypeutes, 199

Tomitherium, 698

Toxodon, 439

Toxodontia, 439

Touch, 72

Trachea, 67

Trachyops, 674

Trachytherium, 224

Tragelaphus, 346

Tragoceros, 349

Tragops, 341

Tragulidæ, 305

Tragulina, 305

Tragulus, 305

Trechomys, 484

Triacanthodon, 113

Triænops, 658

Trichechidæ, 596

Trichechus, 597

Trichosurus, 150

Trichys, 487

Triclis, 162

Triconodon, 113

Trilodon, 484

Trituberculism, 30

Tritylodon, 111

Trochictis, 570

Troglodytes, 736

Trogontherium, 458

Trygenycteris, 655

Tubulidentata, 179

Tupaia, 617

Tupaiidæ, 617

Tursiops, 271

Tylopoda, 295

Tylostoma, 674

Typhlomys, 477

Typotherium, 440

Uacaria, 712

Uakari, 712

Uintatheriidæ, 437

Uintatherium, 436

Umbilical vesicle, 77

Unau, 183

Ungulata, 273

Urinary organs, 69

Urocyon, 553

Uromys, 476

Uropsilus, 629

Urotrichus, 629

Ursidæ, 557

Ursus, 557

Urus, 367

Uses of mammals, 4

Uterus, 75

Vampyre, 676

Vampyrus, 673

Vertebræ, 39

Vesperimus, 463

Vespertiliavus, 666

Vespertilio, 663

Vespertilionidæ, 660

Vesperugo, 661

Vicugna, 300

Viscacha, 488

Vishnutherium, 332

Viverra, 526

Viverricula, 527

Viverridæ, 525

Vole, 465

Vulpes, 552

Vulpine Phalanger, 150

Wallaby, 169

Walrus, 597

Wapiti, 322

Wart-Hog, 288

Weasel, 589

Whale, 225

White Whale, 262

Wolf, 548

Wolverene, 591

Wombat, 145

Xantharpyia, 652

Xenurus, 198

Xeromys, 461

Xerus, 452

Xiphodon, 294

Yak, 364

Yapock, 134

Yolk-sac, 77

Zapus, 480

Zebra, 385

Zeuglodon, 246

Zeuglodontidæ, 246

Ziphiinæ, 251

Ziphius, 254

Zoological regions, 96

THE END

Printed by R. & R. CLARK, Edinburgh