Part 13

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Ar·eÏna¶tion (?), n. [L. arenatio, fr. arena sand.] (Med.) A sand bath; application of hot sand to the body. Dunglison. Ø Ar·enÏda¶tor (?), n. [LL. arendator, arrendator, fr. arendare, arrendare, to pay rent, fr. arenda yearly rent; ad + renda, F. rente, E. rent. Cf. Arrentation and Rent.] In some provinces of Russia, one who farms the rents or revenues. µ A person who rents an estate belonging to the crown is called crown arendator. Tooke. Ø AÏreng¶ (?), Ø AÏren¶ga (?), n. [Malayan.] A palm tree (Saguerus saccharifer) which furnishes sago, wine, and fibers for ropes; the gomuti palm. Ar·eÏnic¶oÏlite (?), n. [L. arena sand + colere to cherish or live.] (Paleon.) An ancient wormhole in sand, preserved in the rocks. Dana. AÏren·iÏlit¶ic (?), a. [L. arena sand + Gr. ? stone.] Of or pertaining to sandstone; as, arenilitic mountains. Kirwan. Ar¶eÏnose (?), a. [L. arenosus, fr. arena sand.] Sandy; full of sand. Johnson. AÏren¶uÏlous (?), a. [L. arenula fine sand, dim. of arena.] Full of fine sand; like sand. [Obs.] AÏre¶oÏla (?), n.; pl. Areol‘ (?). [L. areola, dim. of area: cf. F. ar‚ole. See Area.] 1. An interstice or small space, as between the cracks of the surface in certain crustaceous lichens; or as between the fibers composing organs or vessels that interlace; or as between the nervures of an insect's wing. 2. (Anat. & Med.) The colored ring around the nipple, or around a vesicle or pustule. AÏre¶oÏlar (?), a. Pertaining to, or like, an areola; filled with interstices or areol‘. ÷ tissue (Anat.), a form of fibrous connective tissue in which the fibers are loosely arranged with numerous spaces, or areol‘, between them. AÏre¶oÏlate (?), AÏre¶oÏlaÏted, } a. [L. areola: cf. F. ar‚ole.] Divided into small spaces or areolations, as the wings of insects, the leaves of plants, or the receptacle of compound flowers. A·reÏoÏla¶tion (?), n. 1. Division into areol‘. Dana. 2. Any small space, bounded by some part different in color or structure, as the spaces bounded by the nervures of the wings of insects, or those by the veins of leaves; an areola. A¶reÏole (?), n. Same as Areola. AÏre¶oÏlet (?), n. [Dim. of L. areola.] (Zo”l.) A small inclosed area; esp. one of the small spaces on the wings of insects, circumscribed by the veins. A·reÏom¶eÏter (?; 277), n. [Gr. ? ??in, rare + Ïmeter: cf. F. ar‚omŠtre.] (Physics) An instrument for measuring the specific gravity of fluids; a form hydrometer. A·reÏoÏmet¶ric (?), A·reÏoÏmet¶ricÏal (?), } a. Pertaining to, or measured by, an areometer. A·reÏom¶eÏtry (?), n. [Gr. ? thin, rare + Ïmetry.] The art or process of measuring the specific gravity of fluids. Ar·eÏop¶aÏgist (?), n. See Areopagite. Ar·eÏop¶aÏgite (?), n. [L. Areopagites, Gr. ?.] A member of the Areopagus. Acts xvii. 34. Ar·eÏop·aÏgit¶ic (?), a. [L. Areopagiticus, Gr. ?.] Pertaining to the Areopagus. Mitford. Ar·eÏop¶aÏgus , n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, and ? ?, hill of Ares (Mars' Hill).] The highest judicial court at Athens. Its sessions were held on Mars' Hill. Hence, any high court or tribunal AÏre¶oÏstyle (?), a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Ar‘ostyle. AÏre·oÏsys¶tyle (?), a. & n. See Intercolumniation, and Ar‘osystyle. AÏrere¶ (?), v. t. & i. Arear. [Obs.] Ellis. AÏrest¶ (?), n. A support for the spear when couched for the attack. [Obs.] Chaucer. AÏret¶ (?), v. t. [OE. aretten, OF. areter; a (L. ad) + OF. reter, L. reputare. See Repute.] To reckon; to ascribe; to impute. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ar·eÏta¶ics (?), n. [Gr. ? virtue.] The ethical theory which excludes all relations between virtue and happiness; the science of virtue; Ð contrasted with eudemonics. J. Grote. Ar·eÏtol¶oÏgy (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? virtue + ? discourse, ? to speak: cf. F. ar‚tologie.] That part of moral philosophy which treats of virtue, its nature, and the means of attaining to it. AÏrew¶ . adv. [See Arow, Row.] In a row. [Obs.] ½All her teeth arew.¸ Spenser. Ar¶gal (?), n. Crude tartar. See Argol. Ar¶gal, adv. A ludicrous corruption of the Latin word ergo, therefore. Shak. Ø Ar¶gal (?), Ø Ar¶gaÏli , } n. [Mongolian.] (Zo”l.) A species of wild sheep (Ovis ammon, or O. argali), remarkable for its large horns. It inhabits the mountains of Siberia and central Asia. µ The bearded argali is the aoudad. See Aoudad. The name is also applied to the bighorn sheep of the Rocky Mountains. See Bighorn. Ø Ar¶gaÏla (?), n. [Native name.] (Zo”l.) The adjutant bird. Ar¶gand lamp·(?) . [Named from the inventor, Aim‚ Argand of Geneva.] A lamp with a circular hollow wick and glass chimney which allow a current of air both inside and outside of the flame. Argand burner, a burner for and Argand lamp, or a gas burner in which the principle of that lamp is applied. Ø Ar¶gas (?), n. A genus of venomous ticks which attack men and animals. The famous Persian Argas, also called Miana bug, is A. Persicus; that of Central America, called talaje by the natives, is A. Talaje. ArÏge¶an (?), a. Pertaining to the ship Argo. See Argo. Ar¶gent (?), n. [F. argent, fr. L. argentum, silver; akin to Gr. ? silver, ?, ?, white, bright, Skr. rajata white, silver, raj to shine, Ir. arg white, milk, airgiod silver, money, and L. arguere to make clear. See Argue.] 1. Silver, or money. [Archaic] 2. (Fig. & Poet.) Whiteness; anything that is white. The polished argent of her breast. Tennyson. 3. (Her.) The white color in coats of arms, intended to represent silver, or, figuratively, purity, innocence, beauty, or gentleness; Ð represented in engraving by a plain white surface. Weale. Ar¶gent, a. Made of silver; of a silvery color; white; shining. Yonder argent fields above. Pope. ArÏgen¶tal (?), a. Of or pertaining to silver; resembling, containing, or combined with, silver. Ar¶genÏtan , n. An alloy of nicked with copper and zinc; German silver. Ar¶genÏtate , a. [L. argentatus silvered.] (Bot.) Silvery white. Gray. Ar·genÏta¶tion , n. [L. argentare to silver, fr. argentum silver. See Argent.] A coating or overlaying with silver. [R.] Johnson. ArÏgen¶tic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, silver; Ð said of certain compounds of silver in which this metal has its lowest proportion; as, argentic chloride. Ar·genÏtif¶erÏous (?), a. [L. argentum silver + Ïferous: cf. F. argentifŠre.] Producing or containing silver; as, argentiferous lead ore or veins. Ar¶genÏtine (?; in the 2d sense, commonly ?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or resembling, silver; made of, or sounding like, silver; silvery. Celestial Dian, goddess argentine. Shak. 2. Of or pertaining to the Argentine Republic in South America. Ar¶genÏtine, n. [Cf. F. argentin, fr. L. argentum silver.] 1. (Min.) A siliceous variety of calcite, or carbonate of lime, having a silveryÐwhite, pearly luster, and a waving or curved lamellar structure. 2. White metal coated with silver. Simmonds. 3. (Zo”l.) A fish of Europe (Maurolicus Pennantii) with silvery scales. The name is also applied to various fishes of the genus Argentina. 4. A citizen of the Argentine Republic. Ar¶genÏtite (?), n. [L. argentum silver.] (Min.) Sulphide of silver; Ð also called vitreous silver, or silver glance. It has a metallic luster, a leadÐgray color, and is sectile like lead. ArÏgen¶tous (?), a. (Chem.) Of, pertaining to, or containing, silver; Ð said of certain silver compounds in which silver has a higher proportion than in argentic compounds; as, argentous chloride. Ar¶gentÏry (?), n. [F. argenterie, fr. argent silver, L. argentum.] Silver plate or vessels. [Obs.] Bowls of frosted argentry. Howell. Ar¶gil (?), n. [F. argile, L. argilla white clay, akin to Gr. ? or ? ~, ? white. See Argent.] (Min.) Clay, or potter's earth; sometimes pure clay, or alumina. See Clay. Ar·gilÏla¶ceous (?), a. [L. argillaceus, fr. argilla.] Of the nature of clay; consisting of, or containing, argil or clay; clayey. ÷ sandstone (Geol.), a sandstone containing much clay. Ð ÷ iron ore, the clay ironstone. Ð ÷ schist or state. See Argillite. Ar·gilÏlif¶erÏous (?), a. [L. argilla white clay + Ïferous.] Producing clay; Ð applied to such earths as abound with argil. Kirwan. Ar¶gilÏlite (?), n. [Gr. ? clay + Ïlite.] (Min.) Argillaceous schist or slate; clay slate. Its colors is bluish or blackish gray, sometimes greenish gray, brownish red, etc. Ð Ar·gilÏlit¶ic , a. ArÏgil·loÐare·eÏna¶ceous (?), a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and sand, as a soil. ArÏgil·loÐcalÏca¶reÏous (?), a. Consisting of, or containing, clay and calcareous earth. ArÏgil·loÐferÏru¶giÏnous (?), a. Containing clay and iron. ArÏgil¶lous (?), a. [L. argillosus, fr. argilla. See Argil.] Argillaceous; clayey. Sir T. Browne. Ar¶give (?), a. [L. Argivus, fr. Argos, Argi.] Of or performance to Argos, the capital of Argolis in Greece. Ð n. A native of Argos. Often used as a generic term, equivalent to Grecian or Greek. Ø Ar¶go (?), n. [L. Argo, Gr. ?.] 1. (Myth.) The name of the ship which carried Jason and his fiftyfour companions to Colchis, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2. (Astron.) A large constellation in the southern hemisphere, called also Argo Navis. In modern astronomy it is replaced by its three divisions, Carina, Puppis, and Vela. ArÏgo¶an (?), a. Pertaining to the ship Argo. Ar¶goile (?), n. Potter's clay. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ar¶gol (?), n. [Cf. Argal, Orgal. Of unknown origin.] Crude tartar; an acidulous salt from which cream of tartar is prepared. It exists in the juice of grapes, and is deposited from wines on the sides of the casks. Ure. ArÏgol¶ic (?), a. [L. Argolicus, Gr. ?.] Pertaining to Argolis, a district in the Peloponnesus. Ar¶gon (?), n. [Gr. ? inactive.] (Chem.) A substance regarded as an element, contained in the atmosphere and remarkable for its chemical inertness. Rayleigh and Ramsay. Ar¶goÏnaut (?), n. [L. Argonauta, Gr. ?; ? + ? sailor, ? ship. See Argo.] 1. Any one of the legendary Greek heroes who sailed with Jason, in the Argo, in quest of the Golden Fleece. 2.ÿ(Zo”l.) A cephalopod of the genus Argonauta. Ø Ar·goÏnau¶ta (?), n. (Zo”l.) A genus of Cephalopoda. The shell is called paper nautilus or paper sailor. µ The animal has much resemblance to an Octopus. It has eight arms, two of which are expanded at the end and clasp the shell, but are never elevated in the air for sails as was formerly supposed. The creature swims beneath the surface by means of a jet of water, like other cephalopods. The male has no shell, and is much smaller than the female. See He???ocotylus. Ar¶goÏnaut¶ic (?), a. [L. Argonauticus.] Of or pertaining to the Argonauts. Ar¶goÏsy (?), n.; pl. Argosies (?). [Earlier ragusy, fr. ragusa meaning orig. a vessel of Ragusa.] A large ship, esp. a merchant vessel of the largest size. Where your argosies with portly sail... Do overpeer the petty traffickers. Shak. Ø Ar·got¶ (?), n. [F. Of unknown origin.] A secret language or conventional slang peculiar to thieves, tramps, and vagabonds; flash. Ar¶guÏaÏble (?), a. Capable of being argued; admitting of debate. Ar¶gue (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Argued (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arguing.] [OE. arguen, F. arguer, fr. L. argutare, freq. of arguere to make clear; from the same root as E. argent.] 1. To invent and offer reasons to support or overthrow a proposition, opinion, or measure; to use arguments; to reason. I argue not Against Heaven's hand or will. Milton. 2. To contend in argument; to dispute; to reason; Ð followed by with; as, you may argue with your friend without convincing him. Ar¶gue, v. t. 1. To debate or discuss; to treat by reasoning; as, the counsel argued the cause before a full court; the cause was well argued. 2. To prove or evince; too manifest or exhibit by inference, deduction, or reasoning. So many laws argue so many sins. Milton. 3. To persuade by reasons; as, to argue a man into a different opinion. 4. To blame; to accuse; to charge with. [Obs.] Thoughts and expressions... which can be truly argued of obscenity, profaneness, or immorality. Dryden. Syn. - to reason; evince; discuss; debate; expostulate; remonstrate; controvert. Ð To Argue, Dispute, Debate. These words, as here compared, suppose a contest between two parties in respect to some point at issue. To argue is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of one's cause or position. To dispute is to call in question or deny the statements or arguments of the opposing party. To debate is to strive for or against in a somewhat formal manner by arguments. Men of many words sometimes argue for the sake of talking; men of ready tongues frequently dispute for the sake of victory; men in public life often debate for the sake of opposing the ruling party, or from any other motive than the love of truth. Crabb. Unskilled to argue, in dispute yet loud, Bold without caution, without honors proud. Falconer. Betwixt the dearest friends to raise debate. Dryden. Ar¶guÏer (?), n. One who argues; a reasoner; a disputant. Ar¶guÏfy (?), v. t. & i. [Argue + Ïfly.] 1. To argue pertinaciously. [Colloq.] Halliwell. 2. To signify. [Colloq.] Ø Ar¶guÏlus (?), n. [NL., dim of Argus.] (Zo”l.) A genus of copepod Crustacea, parasitic of fishes; a fish louse. See Branchiura. Ar¶guÏment (?), n. [F. argument, L. argumentum, fr. arguere to argue.] 1. Proof; evidence. [Obs.] There is.. no more palpable and convincing argument of the existence of a Deity. Ray. Why, then, is it made a badge of wit and an argument of parts for a man to commence atheist, and to cast off all belief of providence, all awe and reverence for religion? South. 2. A reason or reasons offered in proof, to induce belief, or convince the mind; reasoning expressed in words; as, an argument about, concerning, or regarding a proposition, for or in favor of it, or against it. 3. A process of reasoning, or a controversy made up of rational proofs; argumentation; discussion; disputation. The argument is about things, but names. Locke. 4. The subject matter of a discourse, writing, or artistic representation; theme or topic; also, an abstract or summary, as of the contents of a book, chapter, poem. You and love are still my argument. Shak. The abstract or argument of the piece. Jeffrey. [Shields] with boastful argument portrayed. Milton. 5. Matter for question; business in hand. [Obs.] Sheathed their swords for lack of argument. Shak. 6. (Astron.) The quantity on which another quantity in a table depends; as, the altitude is the argument of the refraction. 7. (Math.) The independent variable upon whose value that of a function depends. Brande & C.

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Ar¶guÏment (?), v. i. [L. argumentari.] To make an argument; to argue. [Obs.] Gower. Ar·guÏmen¶taÏble (?), a. [L. argumentabilis.] Admitting of argument. [R.] Chalmers. Ar·guÏmen¶tal (?), a. [L. argumentalis.] Of, pertaining to, or containing, argument; argumentative. Ar·guÏmenÏta¶tion (?), n. [L. argumentatio, from argumentari: cf. F. argumentation.] 1. The act of forming reasons, making inductions, drawing conclusions, and applying them to the case in discussion; the operation of inferring propositions, not known or admitted as true, from facts or principles known, admitted, or proved to be true. Which manner of argumentation, how false and naught it is,... every man that hath with perceiveth. Tyndale. 2. Debate; discussion. Syn. - Reasoning; discussion; controversy. See Reasoning. Ar·guÏmen¶taÏtive (?), a. 1. Consisting of, or characterized by, argument; containing a process of reasoning; as, an argumentative discourse. 2. Adductive as proof; indicative; as, the adaptation of things to their uses is argumentative of infinite wisdom in the Creator. [Obs.] 3. Given to argument; characterized by argument; disputatious; as, an argumentative writer. Ð Ar·guÏmen¶taÏtiveÏly, adv. Ð Ar·guÏmen¶taÏtiveÏness, n. Ar¶guÏmenÏtize (?), v. i. To argue or discuss. [Obs.] Wood. Ø Ar¶gus (?), n. [L. Argus, Gr. ?.] 1. (Myth.) A fabulous being of antiquity, said to have had a hundred eyes, who has placed by Juno to guard Io. His eyes were transplanted to the peacock's tail. 2. One very vigilant; a guardian always watchful. 3.ÿ(Zo”l.) A genus of East Indian pheasants. The common species (A. giganteus) is remarkable for the great length and beauty of the wing and tail feathers of the male. The species A. Grayi inhabits Borneo. Ar¶gusÐeyed (?), a. Extremely observant; watchful; sharpÐsighted. Ar¶gus shell· (?) . (Zo”l.) A species of shell (Cypr‘a argus), beutifully variegated with spots resembling those in a peacock's tail. Ar·guÏta¶tion (?), n. [L. argutatio. See Argue.] Caviling; subtle disputation. [Obs.] ArÏgute¶ (?), a. [L. argutus, p. p. of arguere. See Argue.] 1. Sharp; shrill. [Obs.] Johnson. 2. Sagacious; acute; subtle; shrewd. The active preacher... the argue schoolman. Milman. ArÏgute¶ly, adv. In a subtle; shrewdly. ArÏgute¶ness, n. Acuteness. Dryden. AÏrhi¶zal (?), AÏrhi¶zous (?), AÏrhyth¶Ïmic (?), AÏrhyth¶mous (?), a. See Arrhizal, Arrhizous, Arrhythmic, Arrhythmous. Ø A¶riÏa (?), n. [It., fr. L. a‰r. See Air.] (Mus.) An air or song; a melody; a tune. µ The Italian term is now mostly used for the more elaborate accompanied melodies sung by a single voice, in operas, oratorios, cantatas, anthems, etc., and not so much for simple airs or tunes. Ar¶ian (?), a. & n. (Ethnol.) See Aryan. A¶riÏan (?), a. [L. Arianus.] Pertaining to Arius, a presbyter of the church of Alexandria, in the fourth century, or to the doctrines of Arius, who held Christ to be inferior to God the Father in nature and dignity, though the first and noblest of all created beings. Ð n. One who adheres to or believes the doctrines of Arius. Mosheim. A¶riÏanÏism (?), n. The doctrines of the Arians. A¶riÏanÏize (?), v. i. To admit or accept the tenets of the Arians; to become an Arian. A¶riÏanÏize, v. t. To convert to Arianism. Ar¶iÏcine (?), n. [From Arica, in Chile.] (Chem.) An alkaloid, first found in white cinchona bark. Ar¶id (?), a. [L. aridus, fr. arere to be dry: cf. F. aride.] Exhausted of moisture; parched with heat; dry; barren. ½An arid waste.¸ Thomson. AÏrid¶iÏty (?), n.; pl. Aridities (?). [L. ariditas, fr. aridus.] 1. The state or quality of being arid or without moisture; dryness. 2. Fig.: Want of interest of feeling; insensibility; dryness of style or feeling; spiritual drought. Norris. Ar¶idÏness (?), n. Aridity; dryness. A¶riÏel (?), n., or A¶riÏel gaÏzelle¶ (?). [Ar. aryil, ayyil, stag.] (Zo”l.) A) A variety of the gazelle (Antilope, or Gazella, dorcas), found in Arabia and adjacent countries. (b) A squirrelÐlike Australian marsupial, a species of Petaurus. (c) A beautiful Brazilian toucan Ramphastos ariel). Ø A¶riÏes , n. [L.] 1. (Astron.) (a) The Ram; the first of the twelve signs in the zodiac, which the sun enters at the vernal equinox, about the 21st of March. (b) A constellation west of Taurus, drawn on the celestial globe in the figure of a ram. 2. (Rom. Antiq.) A batteringÐram. Ar¶iÏtate (?), v. i. [L. arietatus, p. p. of arietare, fr. aries ram.] To butt, as a ram. [Obs.] Ar·iÏeÏta¶tion (?), n. [L. arietatio.] 1. The act of butting like a ram; act of using a batteringÐram. [Obs.] Bacon. 2. Act of striking or conflicting. [R.] Glanvill. Ø A·riÏet¶ta (?), Ar·iÏette¶ (?), } n. [It. arietta, dim. of aria; F. ariette.] (Mus.) A short aria, or air. ½A military ariette.¸ Sir W. Scott. AÏright¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + right.] Rightly; correctly; in a right way or form; without mistake or crime; as, to worship God aright. Ar¶il (?), Ø AÏril¶lus (?), n. [From LL. arilli dry grapes, perh. fr. L. aridus dry: cf. F,. arille.] (Bot.) A exterior covering, forming a false coat or appendage to a seed, as the loose, transparent bag inclosing the seed or the white water lily. The mace of the nutmeg is also an aril. Gray. Ar¶ilÏlate (?). Ar¶lÏla·ted (?), Ar¶iled (?), a. [Cf. NL. arillatus, F. arill‚.] Having an aril. A¶riÏman (?), n. See Ahriman. Ar·iÏoÏla¶tion (?), n. [L. ariolatio, hariolatio, fr. hariolari to prophesy, fr. hariolus soothsayer.] A soothsaying; a foretelling. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. Ar¶iÏose (?), a. [It. arioso, fr. aria.] Characterized by melody, as distinguished from harmony. Mendelssohn wants the ariose beauty of Handel; vocal melody is not his forte; the interest of his airs harmonic.

Foreign Quart. Rev. Ø A·riÏo¶so (?), adv. & a. [It.] (Mus.) In the smooth and melodious style of an air; ariose. AÏrise¶ (?), v. i. [ imp. Arose (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arising; p. p. Arisen (?). [AS. ¾rÆsan; ¾ (equiv. to Goth. usÏ, urÏ, G. erÏ, orig. meaning out) + rÆsan to rise; cf. Goth. urreisan to arise. See Rise.] 1. To come up from a lower to a higher position; to come above the horizon; to come up from one's bed or place of repose; to mount; to ascend; to rise; as, to arise from a kneeling posture; a cloud arose; the sun ariseth; he arose early in the morning. 2. To spring up; to come into action, being, or notice; to become operative, sensible, or visible; to begin to act a part; to present itself; as, the waves of the sea arose; a persecution arose; the wrath of the king shall arise. There arose up a new king... which knew not Joseph. Ex. i. 8. The doubts that in his heart arose. Milton. 3. To proceed; to issue; to spring. Whence haply mention may arise Of something not unseasonable to ask. Milton. AÏrise¶, n. Rising. [Obs.] Drayton. AÏrist¶ (?), 3d sing. pres. of Arise, for ariseth. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ø AÏris¶ta (?), n. [L.] (Bot.) An awn. Gray. Ar¶isÏtarch (?), n. [From Aristarchus, a Greek grammarian and critic, of Alexandria, about 200 b. c.] A severe critic. Knowles. Ar·isÏtar¶chiÏan (?), a. Severely critical. Ar¶isÏtar·chy (?), n. Severely criticism. Ar¶isÏtar·chy (?), n. Severe criticism. [Obs.] Sir J. Harrington. AÏris¶tate (?), a. [L. aristatus, fr. arista. See Arista.] 1. (Bot.) Having a pointed, beardlike process, as the glumes of wheat; awned. Gray. 2. (Zo”l.)ÿHaving a slender, sharp, or spinelike tip. Ar·isÏtoc¶raÏcy (?), n.; pl. Aristocracies (?). [Gr. ?; ? best + ? to be strong, to rule, ? strength; ? is perh. from the same root as E. arm, and orig. meant fitting: cf. F. aristocratie. See Arm, and Create, which is related to Gr. ?.] 1. Government by the best citizens. 2. A ruling body composed of the best citizens. [Obs.] In the Senate Right not our quest in this, I will protest them To all the world, no aristocracy. B. Jonson. 3. A form a government, in which the supreme power is vested in the principal persons of a state, or in a privileged order; an oligarchy. The aristocracy of Venice hath admitted so many abuses, trough the degeneracy of the nobles, that the period of its duration seems approach. Swift. 4. The nobles or chief persons in a state; a privileged class or patrician order; (in a popular use) those who are regarded as superior to the rest of the community, as in rank, fortune, or intellect. AÏris¶toÏcrat (?; 277), n. [F. aristocrate. See Aristocracy.] 1. One of the aristocracy or people of rank in a community; one of a ruling class; a noble. 2. One who is overbearing in his temper or habits; a proud or haughty person. A born aristocrat, bred radical. Mrs. Browning. 3. One who favors an aristocracy as a form of government, or believes the aristocracy should govern. His whole family are accused of being aristocrats. Romilly. Ar·isÏtoÏcrat¶ic (?), Ar·isÏtoÏcrat¶icÏal (?), } a. [Gr. ?: cf. F. aristocratique.] 1. Of or pertaining to an aristocracy; consisting in, or favoring, a government of nobles, or principal men; as, an aristocratic constitution. 2. Partaking of aristocracy; befitting aristocracy; characteristic of, or originating with, the aristocracy; as, an aristocratic measure; aristocratic pride or manners. Ð Ar·isÏtoÏcrat¶icÏalÏly, adv. Ð Ar·isÏtoÏcrat¶icÏalÏness, n. Ar¶isÏtoÏcrat·ism (?), n. 1. The principles of aristocrats. Romilly. 2. Aristocrats, collectively. [R.] Ar·isÏtol¶oÏgy (?), n. [Gr. ? dinner + Ïlogy.] The science of dining. Quart. Rev. Ar·isÏtoÏphan¶ic (?), a. Of or pertaining to Aristophanes, the Athenian comic poet. Ar·isÏtoÏte¶liÏan (?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Aristotle, the famous Greek philosopher (384Ð322 b. c.). Ð n. A follower of Aristotle; a Peripatetic. See Peripatetic. Ar·isÏtoÏte¶liÏanÏism (?). The philosophy of Aristotle, otherwise called the Peripatetic philosophy. Ar·isÏtoÏtel¶ic (?), a. Pertaining to Aristotle or to his philosophy. ½Aristotelic usage.¸ Sir W. Hamilton. Ar¶isÏto·tle's lan¶tern (?). (Zo”l.) The five united jaws and accessory ossicles of certain sea urchins. AÏris¶tuÏlate (?; 135), a. [Dim. fr. arista.] (Bot.) Pertaining a short beard or awn. Gray. Ar¶ithÏman·cy (?), n. [Gr. ? number + Ïmancy.] Divination by means of numbers. AÏrith¶meÏtic (?), n. [OE. arsmetike, OF. arismetique, L. arithmetica, fr. Gr. ? (sc. ?), fr. ? arithmetical, fr. ? to number, fr. ? number, prob. fr. same root as E. arm, the idea of counting coming from that of fitting, attaching. See Arm. The modern Eng. and French forms are accommodated to the Greek.] 1. The science of numbers; the art of computation by figures. 2. A book containing the principles of this science. ÷ of sines, trigonometry. Ð Political ~, the application of the science of numbers to problems in civil government, political economy, and social science. Ð Universal ~, the name given by Sir Isaac Newton to algebra. Ar·ithÏmet¶icÏal (?), a. Of or pertaining to arithmetic; according to the rules or method of arithmetic. ÷ complement of a logarithm. See Logarithm. Ð ÷ mean. See Mean. Ð ÷ progression. See Progression. Ð ÷ proportion. See Proportion. Ar·ithÏmet¶icÏalÏly, adv. Conformably to the principles or methods of arithmetic. AÏrith·meÏti¶cian (?), n. [Cf. F. arithm‚ticien.] One skilled in arithmetic. AÏrith¶moÏman¶cy (?), n. Arithmancy. Ar·ithÏmom¶eÏter (?), n. [Gr. ? number + Ïmeter: cf. F. arithmomŠtre.] A calculating machine. Ark (?), n. [OE. ark, arke, arche, AS. arc, earc, earce, fr. L. arca, fr. arcere to inclose, keep off; akin to Gr. ? to keep off.] 1. A chest, or coffer. [Obs.] Bearing that precious relic in an ark. Spenser. 2. (Jewish Hist.) The oblong chest of acacia wood, overlaid with gold, which supported the mercy seat with its golden cherubs, and occupied the most sacred place in the sanctuary. In it Moses placed the two tables of stone containing the ten commandments. Called also the Ark of the Covenant. 3. The large, chestlike vessel in which Noah and h?? family were preserved during the Deluge. Gen. vi. Hence: Any place of refuge. 4. A large flatboat used on Western American rivers to transport produce to market. Ark¶ite (?), a. Belonging to the ark. [R.] Faber. Ark¶ shell· (?). (Zo”l.) A marine bivalve shell belonging to the genus Arca and its allies. Arles (?), n. pl. [Cf. F. arrhes, Scot. airles. Cf. Earles penny.] An earnest; earnest money; money paid to bind a bargain. [Scot.] ÷ penny, earnest money given to servants. Kersey. Arm (?), n. [AS. arm, earm; akin to OHG. aram, G., D., Dan., & Sw. arm, Icel. armr, Goth. arms, L. armus arm, shoulder, and prob. to Gr. ? joining, joint, shoulder, fr. the root ? to join, to fit together; cf. Slav. rame. ?. See Art, Article.] 1. The limb of the human body which extends from the shoulder to the hand; also, the corresponding limb of a monkey. 2. Anything resembling an arm; as, (a) The fore limb of an animal, as of a bear. (b) A limb, or locomotive or prehensile organ, of an invertebrate animal. (c) A branch of a tree. (d) A slender part of an instrument or machine, projecting from a trunk, axis, or fulcrum; as, the arm of a steelyard. (e) (Naut) The end of a yard; also, the part of an anchor which ends in the fluke. (f) An inlet of water from the sea. (g) A support for the elbow, at the side of a chair, the end of a sofa, etc. 3. Fig.: Power; might; strength; support; as, the secular arm; the arm of the law. To whom is the arm of the Lord revealed? Isa. lii. 1. Arm's end, the end of the ~; a good distance off. Dryden. Ð Arm's length, the length of the ~. Ð Arm's reach, reach of the ~; the distance the ~ can reach. Ð To go (or walk) ~ in ~, to go with the ~ or hand of one linked in the ~ of another. ½When arm in armwe went along.¸ Tennyson. Ð To keep at arm's length, to keep at a distance (literally or figuratively); not to allow to come into close contact or familiar intercourse. Ð To work at arm's length, to work disadvantageously. Arm, n. [See Arms.] (Mil.) (a) A branch of the military service; as, the cavalry arm was made efficient. (b) A weapon of offense or defense; an instrument of warfare; Ð commonly in the pl. Arm, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Armed (?) p. pr. & vb. n. Arming.] [OE. armen, F. armer, fr. L. armare, fr. arma, pl., arms. See arms.] 1. To take by the arm; to take up in one's arms. [Obs.] And make him with our pikes and partisans A grave: come, arm him. Shak. Arm your prize; I know you will not lose him. Two N. Kins. 2. To furnish with arms or limbs. [R.] His shoulders broad and strong, Armed long and round. Beau. & Fl. 3. To furnish or equip with weapons of offense or defense; as, to arm soldiers; to arm the country. Abram... armed his trained servants. Gen. xiv. 14. 4. To cover or furnish with a plate, or with whatever will add strength, force, security, or efficiency; as, to arm the hit of a sword; to arm a hook in angling. 5. Fig.: To furnish with means of defense; to prepare for resistance; to fortify, in a moral sense. Arm yourselves... with the same mind. 1 Pet. iv. 1. To ~ a magnet, to fit it with an armature. Arm, v. i. To provide one's self with arms, weapons, or means of attack or resistance; to take arms. ½ 'Ti? time to arm.¸ Shak.

<-- p. 82 -->

ArÏma¶da (?), n. [Sp. armada, L. as if armata (sc. classic fleet), fr. armatus, p. p. of armare. See Arm, v. t. Army.] A fleet of armed ships; a squadron. Specifically, the Spanish fleet which was sent to assail England, a. d. 1558. Ar·maÏdil¶lo (?), n.; pl. Armadillos (?). [Sp. armadillo, dim. of armado armed, p. p. of armar to arm. Do called from being armed with a bony shell.] (Zo”l.) (a) Any edentate animal if the family Dasypid‘, peculiar to America. The body and head are incased in an armor composed of small bony plates. The armadillos burrow in the earth, seldom going abroad except at night. When attacked, they curl up into a ball, presenting the armor on all sides. Their flesh is good food. There are several species, one of which (the peba) ? found as far north as Texas. See Peba, Poyou, Tatouay. (b) A genus of small isopod Crustacea that can roll themselves into a ball. ArÏma¶do (?), n. Armada. [Obs.] Ar¶maÏment (?), n. [L. armamenta, pl., utensils, esp. the tackle of a ship, fr. armare to arm: cf. LL. armamentum, F. armement.] 1. A body of forces equipped for war; Ð used of a land or naval force. ½The whole united armament of Greece.¸ Glover. 2. (Mil. & Nav.) All the cannon and small arms collectively, with their equipments, belonging to a ship or a fortification. 3. Any equipment for resistance. Ar·maÏmen¶taÏry (?), n. [L. armamentarium, fr. armamentum: cf. F. armamentaire.] An armory; a magazine or arsenal. [R.] Ar¶maÏture (?), n. [L. armatura, fr. armare to arm: cf. F. armature. See Arm, v. t., Armor.] 1. Armor; whatever is worn or used for the protection and defense of the body, esp. the protective outfit of some animals and plants. 2. (Magnetism) A piece of soft iron used to connect the two poles of a magnet, or electroÐmagnet, in order to complete the circuit, or to receive and apply the magnetic force. In the ordinary horseshoe magnet, it serves to prevent the dissipation of the magnetic force. 3. (Arch.) Iron bars or framing employed for the consolidation of a building, as in sustaining slender columns, holding up canopies, etc. Oxf. Gloss. Arm¶chair· (?), n. A chair with arms to support the elbows or forearms. Tennyson. Armed (?), a. 1. Furnished with weapons of offense or defense; furnished with the means of security or protection. ½And armed host.¸ Dryden. 2. Furnished with whatever serves to add strength, force, or efficiency. A distemper eminently armed from heaven. De Foe. 3. (Her.) Having horns, beak, talons, etc; Ð said of beasts and birds of prey. ÷ at all points (Blazoning), completely incased in armor, sometimes described as armed capÐ…Ðpie. Cussans. Ð ÷ en flute. (Naut.) See under Flute. Ð ÷ magnet, a magnet provided with an armature. Ð ÷ neutrality. See under Neutrality. ArÏme¶niÏan (?), a. [Cf. F. Arm‚nien, L. Armenias, fr. Armenia.] Of or pertaining to Armenia. ÷ bole, a soft clayey earth of a bright red color found in Armenia, Tuscany, etc. Ð ÷ stone. (a) The commercial name of lapis lazurit. (b) Emery. ArÏme¶niÏan, n. 1. A native or one of the people of Armenia; also, the language of the Armenians. 2. (Eccl. Hist.) An adherent of the ÷ Church, an organization similar in some doctrines and practices to the Greek Church, in others to the Roman Catholic. Arm¶et (?), n. [F., dim. of arme arm, or corrupted for healmet helmet.] A kind of helmet worn in the 14th, 15th, and 16th centuries. Arm¶ful (?), n.; pl. Armfulus (?). As much as the arm can hold. Arm¶gaunt· (?), a. With gaunt or slender legs (?) ½An armgaunt steed.¸ Shak. µ This word is peculiar to Shakespeare. Its meaning has not yet been satisfactorily explained. Arm¶Ðgret· (?), a. Great as a man's arm. [Obs.] A wreath of gold, armÐgret. Chaucer. Arm¶hole· (?), n. [Arm + hole.] 1. The cavity under the shoulder; the armpit. Bacon. 2. A hole for the arm in a garment. ArÏmif¶erÏous (?), a. [L. armifer; arma arms + ferre to bear.] Bearing arms or weapons. [R.] Ar¶miÏger (?), n. [L. armiger armor bearer; arma arms + gerere to bear.] Formerly, an armor bearer, as of a knight, an esquire who bore his shield and rendered other services. In later use, one next in degree to a knight, and entitled to armorial bearings. The term is now superseded by esquire. Jacob. ArÏmig¶erÏous (?), a. Bearing arms. [R.] They belonged to the armigerous part of the population, and were entitled to write themselves Esquire. De Quincey. Ar¶mil (?), n. [L. armilla a bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. OF. armille.] 1. A bracelet. [Obs.] 2. An ancient astronomical instrument. µ When composed of one ring placed in the plane of the equator for determining the time of the equinoxes, it is called an equinoctial armil; when of two or more rings, one in the plane of the meridian, for observing the solstices, it is called a solstitial armil. Whewell. Ø ArÏmil¶la (?), n.; pl. E. Armillas (?), L. Armill‘ (?). [L., a bracelet.] 1. An armil. 2. (Zo”l.) A ring of hair or feathers on the legs. Ar¶milÏlaÏry (?), a. [LL. armillarius, fr. L. armilla arm ring, bracelet, fr. armus arm: cf. F. armillaire. See Arm, n.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a bracelet or ring; consisting of rings or circles. ÷ sphere, an ancient astronomical machine composed of an assemblage of rings, all circles of the same sphere, designed to represent the positions of the important circles of the celestial sphere. Nichol. Arm¶ing (?), n. 1. The act of furnishing with, or taking, arms. The arming was now universal. Macaulay. 2. (Naut.) A piece of tallow placed in a cavity at the lower end of a sounding lead, to bring up the sand, shells, etc., of the sea bottom. Totten. 3. pl. (Naut.) Red dress cloths formerly hung fore and aft outside of a ship's upper works on holidays. ÷ press (Bookbinding), a press for stamping titles and designs on the covers of books. ArÏmin¶iÏan (?; 277), a. Of or pertaining to Arminius of his followers, or to their doctrines. See note under Arminian, n. ArÏmin¶iÏan, n. (Eccl. Hist.) One who holds the tenets of Arminius, a Dutch divine (b. 1560, d. 1609). The ~ doctrines are: 1. Conditional election and reprobation, in opposition to absolute predestination. 2. Universal redemption, or that the atonement was made by Christ for all mankind, though none but believers can be partakers of the benefit. 3. That man, in order to exercise true faith, must be regenerated and renewed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, which is the gift of God. 4. That man may resist divine grace. 5. That man may relapse from a state of grace. ArÏmin¶iÏanÏism (?), n. The religious doctrines or tenets of the Arminians. ArÏmip¶oÏtence (?), n. [L. armipotentia, fr. armipotents.] Power in arms. [R.] Johnson. ArÏmip¶oÏtent (?), a. [L. armipotents; arma arms + potens powerful, p. pr. of posse to be able.] Powerful in arms; mighty in battle. The temple stood of Mars armipotent. Dryden. ArÏmis¶oÏnant (?), ArÏmis¶oÏnous (?), } a. [L. armisonus; arma arms + sonare (p. pr. sonans) to sound.] Rustling in arms; resounding with arms. [Obs.] Ar¶misÏtice (?), n. [F. armistice, fr. (an assumed word) L. armistitium; arma arms + stare, statum (combining form, Ïstitum), to stand still.] A cessation of arms for a short time, by convention; a temporary suspension of hostilities by agreement; a truce. Arm¶less (?), a. 1. Without any arm or branch. 2. Destitute of arms or weapons. Arm¶let (?), n. [Arm + Ïlet.] 1. A small arm; as, an armlet of the sea. Johnson. 2. An arm ring; a bracelet for the upper arm. 3. Armor for the arm. ArÏmo¶niÏac (?), a. Ammoniac. [Obs.] Ar¶mor (?), n. [OE. armure, fr. F. armure, OF. armeure, fr. L. armatura. See Armature.] [Spelt also armour.] 1. Defensive arms for the body; any clothing or covering worn to protect one's person in battle. µ In English statues, armor is used for the whole apparatus of war, including offensive as well as defensive arms. The statues of armor directed what arms every man should provide. 2. Steel or iron covering, whether of ships or forts, protecting them from the fire of artillery. Coat ~, the escutcheon of a person or family, with its several charges and other furniture, as mantling, crest, supporters, motto, etc. Ð Submarine , a waterÐtight dress or covering for a diver. See under Submarine. Ar¶morÐbear·er (?), n. One who carries the armor or arms of another; an armiger. Judg. ix. 54. Ar¶mored (?), a. Clad with armor. Ar¶morÏer (?), n. [OE. armurer, armerer, fr. F. armurter, fr. armure armor.] 1. One who makes or repairs armor or arms. 2. Formerly, one who had care of the arms and armor of a knight, and who dressed him in armor. Shak. 3. One who has the care of arms and armor, cleans or repairs them, etc. ArÏmo¶riÏal (?), a. [F. armorial, fr. armoiries arms, coats of arms, for armoieries, fr. OF. armoier to paint arms, coats of arms, fr. armes, fr. L. arma. See Arms, Armory.] Belonging to armor, or to the heraldic arms or escutcheon of a family. Figures with armorial signs of race and birth. Wordsworth. ÷ bearings. See Arms, 4. ArÏmor¶ic (?), ArÏmor¶iÏcan (?), } a. [L. Armoricus, fr. Celtic ar on, at + mor sea.] Of or pertaining to the northwestern part of France (formerly called Armorica, now Bretagne or Brittany), or to its people. Ð n. The language of the Armoricans, a Celtic dialect which has remained to the present times. ArÏmor¶iÏcan, n. A native of Armorica. Ar¶morÏist (?), n. [F. armoriste.] One skilled in coat armor or heraldry. Cussans. Ar¶morÐplat·ed (?), a. Covered with defensive plates of metal, as a ship of war; steelÐclad. This day will be launched... the first armorÐplated steam frigate in the possession of Great Britain. Times (Dec. 29, 1860). Ar¶moÏry (?), n.; pl. Armories (?). [OF. armaire, armarie, F. armoire, fr. L. armarium place for keeping arms; but confused with F. armoiries. See Armorial, Ambry.] 1. A place where arms and instruments of war are deposited for safe keeping. 2. Armor: defensive and offensive arms. Celestial armory, shields, helms, and spears. Milton. 3. A manufactory of arms, as rifles, muskets, pistols, bayonets, swords. [U.S.] 4. Ensigns armorial; armorial bearings. Spenser. 5. That branch of heraldry which treats of coat armor. The science of heraldry, or, more justly speaking, armory, which is but one branch of heraldry, is, without doubt, of very ancient origin. Cussans. Ar·moÏzeen¶, Ar·moÏzine¶ } (?), n. [F. armosin, armoisin.] A thick plain silk, generally black, and used for clerical. Simmonds. Arm¶pit· (?), n. [Arm + pit.] The hollow beneath the junction of the arm and shoulder; the axilla. Arm¶rack· (?), n. A frame, generally vertical, for holding small arms. Arms (?), n. pl. [OE. armes, F. arme, pl. armes, fr. L. arma, pl., arms, orig. fittings, akin to armus shoulder, and E. arm. See Arm, n.] 1. Instruments or weapons of offense or defense. He lays down his arms, but not his wiles. Milton. Three horses and three goodly suits of arms. Tennyson. 2. The deeds or exploits of war; military service or science. ½Arms and the man I sing.¸ Dryden. 3. (Law) Anything which a man takes in his hand in anger, to strike or assault another with; an aggressive weapon. Cowell. Blackstone. 4. (Her.) The ensigns armorial of a family, consisting of figures and colors borne in shields, banners, etc., as marks of dignity and distinction, and descending from father to son. 5. (Falconry) The legs of a hawk from the thigh to the foot. Halliwell. Bred to ~, educated to the profession of a soldier. Ð In ~, armed for war; in a state of hostility. Ð Small ~, portable firearms known as muskets, rifles, carbines, pistols, etc. Ð A stand of ~, a complete set for one soldier, as a musket, bayonet, cartridge box and belt; frequently, the musket and bayonet alone. Ð To ~! a summons to war or battle. Ð Under ~, armed and equipped and in readiness for battle, or for a military parade. Arm's end, Arm's length, Arm's reach. See under Arm. Ar¶mure (?), n. [F. See Armor.] 1. Armor. [Obs.] Chaucer. 2. A variety of twilled fabric ribbed on the surface. Ar¶my (?), n. [F. arm‚e, fr. L. armata, fem. of armatus, p. p. of armare to arm. Cf. Armada.] 1. A collection or body of men armed for war, esp. one organized in companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, and divisions, under proper officers. 2. A body of persons organized for the advancement of a cause; as, the Blue Ribbon Army. 3. A great number; a vast multitude; a host. An army of good words. Shak. Standing ~, a permanent ~ of professional soldiers, as distinguished from militia or volunteers. Ar¶my worm· (?). (Zo”l.) (a) A lepidopterous insect, which in the larval state often travels in great multitudes from field to field, destroying grass, grain, and other crops. The common army worm of the northern United States is Leucania unipuncta. The name is often applied to other related species, as the cotton worm. (b) The larva of a small twoÐwinged fly (Sciara), which marches in large companies, in regular order. See Cotton worm, under Cotton. Ø Ar¶na (?), Ø Ar¶nee (?), } n. (Zo”l.) The wild buffalo of India (Bos, or Bubalus, arni), larger than the domestic buffalo and having enormous horns. ArÏnat¶to (?), n. See Annotto. Ar¶niÏca (?), n. [Prob. a corruption of ptarmica.] (Bot.) A genus of plants; also, the most important species (Arnica montana), native of the mountains of Europe, used in medicine as a narcotic and stimulant. µ The tincture of arnica is applied externally as a remedy for bruises, sprains, etc. Ar¶niÏcin (?), n. [See Arnica.] (Chem.) An active principle of Arnica montana. It is a bitter resin. Ar¶niÏcine (?), n. (Chem.) An alkaloid obtained from the arnica plant. Ar¶not (?), Ar¶nut (?), } n. [Cf. D. aardnoot, E. earthut.] The earthnut. [Obs.] ArÏnot¶to (?), n. Same as Annotto. A¶roid (?), AÏroid¶eÏous (?), a. [Arum + Ïoid.] (Bot.) Belonging to, or resembling, the Arum family of plants. AÏroint¶ (?), interj. [Cf. Prov. E. rynt, rynt thee, roynt, or runt, terms used by milkmaids to a cow that has been milked, in order to drive her away, to make room for others; AS. r?man to make room or way, fr. r?m room. The final t is perh. for ta, for thou. Cf. Room space.] Stand off, or begone. [Obs.] Aroint thee, witch, the rumpÐfed ronyon cries. Shak. AÏroint¶, v. t. To drive or scare off by some exclamation. [R.] ½Whiskered cats arointed flee.¸ Mrs. Browning. AÏro¶ma (?), n. [L. aroma, Gr. ?: cf. OE. aromaz, aromat, spice, F. aromate.] 1. The quality or principle of plants or other substances which constitutes their fragrance; agreeable odor; as, the aroma of coffee. 2. Fig.: The fine diffusive quality of intellectual power; flavor; as, the subtile aroma of genius. Ar·oÏmat¶ic (?), Ar·oÏmat¶icÏal (?), } a. [L. aromaticus, Gr. ?: cf. F. aromatique. See Aroma.] Pertaining to, or containing, aroma; fragrant; spicy; strongÐscented; odoriferous; as, aromatic balsam. <-- p. 83 -->

Aromatic compound (Chem.), one of a large class of organic substances, as the oils of bitter almonds, wintergreen, and turpentine, the balsams, camphors, etc., many of which have an aromatic odor. They include many of the most important of the carbon compounds and may all be derived from the benzene group, C6H6. The term is extended also to many of their derivatives. Ð Aromatic vinegar. See under Vinegar. Ar·oÏmat¶ic (?), n. A plant, drug, or medicine, characterized by a fragrant smell, and usually by a warm, pungent taste, as ginger, cinnamon spices. Ar·oÏmat·iÏza¶tion (?), n. [Cf. F. aromatisation.] The act of impregnating or secting with aroma. AÏro¶maÏtize (?; 277), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aromatized (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aromatizing.] [ L. aromatizare, Gr. ?: cf. F. aromatiser.] To impregnate with aroma; to render aromatic; to give a spicy scent or taste to; to perfume. Bacon. AÏro¶maÏti·zer (?), n. One who, or that which, aromatizes or renders aromatic. Evelyn. AÏro¶maÏtous (?), a. Aromatic. [Obs.] Caxton. Ar¶oph (?), n. [A contraction of aroma philosophorum.] A barbarous word used by the old chemists to designate various medical remedies. [Obs.] AÏrose¶ (?). The past or preterit tense of Arise. AÏround¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + round.] 1. In a circle; circularly; on every side; round. 2. In a circuit; here and there within the surrounding space; all about; as, to travel around from town to town. 3. Near; in the neighborhood; as, this man was standing around when the fight took place. [Colloq. U. S.] µ See Round, the shorter form, adv. & prep., which, in some of the meanings, is more commonly used. AÏround¶, prep. 1. On all sides of; encircling; encompassing; so as to make the circuit of; about. A lambent flame arose, which gently spread Around his brows. Dryden. 2. From one part to another of; at random through; about; on another side of; as, to travel around the country; a house standing around the corner. [Colloq. U. S.] AÏrous¶al (?), n. The act of arousing, or the state of being aroused. Whatever has associated itself with the arousal and activity of our better nature. Hare. AÏrouse¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aroused (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arousing.] [Pref. aÏ + rouse.] To excite to action from a state of rest; to stir, or put in motion or exertion; to rouse; to excite; as, to arouse one from sleep; to arouse the dormant faculties. Grasping his spear, forth issued to arouse His brother, mighty sovereign on the host. Cowper. No suspicion was aroused. Merivale. AÏrow¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + row.] In a row, line, or rank; successively; in order. Shak. And twenty, rank in rank, they rode arow. Dryden. AÏroynt¶ (?), interj. See Aroint. Ø ArÏpeg¶gio (?), n. [It., fr. arpeggiare to play on the harp, fr. arpa harp.] (Mus.) The production of the tones of a chord in rapid succession, as in playing the harp, and not simultaneously; a strain thus played. Ar¶pent (?), Ar¶pen (?), } n. [F. arpent, fr. L. arepennis, arapennis. According to Columella, a Gallic word for a measure equiv. to half a Roman jugerum.] Formerly, a measure of land in France, varying in different parts of the country. The arpent of Paris was 46o88 sq. yards, or nearly five sixths of an English acre. The woodland arpent was about 1 acre, 1 rood, 1 perch, English. Ar·penÏta¶tor (?), n. [See Arpent.] The Anglicized form of the French arpenteur, a land surveyor. [R.] Ar¶pine (?), n. An arpent. [Obs.] Webster (1623). Ar¶quaÏted (?), a. Shaped like a bow; arcuate; curved. [R.] Ar¶queÏbus, Ar¶queÏbuse } (?; 277), n. [F. arquebuse, OF. harquebuse, fr. D. haakÐbus; cf. G. hakenbchse a gun with a hook. See Hagbut.] A sort of hand gun or firearm a contrivance answering to a trigger, by which the burning match was applied. The musket was a later invention. [Written also harquebus.] Ar·queÏbusÏade¶ (?), n. [F. arquebusade shot of an arquebus; eau d'arquebusade a vulnerary for gunshot wounds.] 1. The shot of an arquebus. Ash. 2. A distilled water from a variety of aromatic plants, as rosemary, millefoil, etc.; Ð originally used as a vulnerary in gunshot wounds. Parr. Ar·queÏbusÏier (?), n. [F. arquebusier.] A soldier armed with an arquebus. Soldiers armed with guns, of whatsoever sort or denomination, appear to have been called arquebusiers. E. Lodge. Ar¶quiÏfoux (?), n. Same as Alquifou. Ar¶rach (?), n. See Orach. Ar¶rack (?; 277), n. [Ar. araq sweat, juice, spirituous liquor, fr. araqa to sweat. Cf. Rack arrack.] A name in the East Indies and the Indian islands for all ardent spirits. Arrack is often distilled from a fermented mixture of rice, molasses, and palm wine of the cocoanut tree or the date palm, etc. ArÏrag¶oÏnite (?), n. See Aragonite. ArÏraign¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arraigned (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arraigning.] [OE. arainen, arenen, OF. aragnier, aranier, araisnier, F. arraisonner, fr. LL. arrationare to address to call before court; L. ad + ratio reason, reasoning, LL. cause, judgment. See Reason.] 1. (Law) To call or set as a prisoner at the bar of a court to answer to the matter charged in an indictment or complaint. Blackstone. 2. To call to account, or accuse, before the bar of reason, taste, or any other tribunal. They will not arraign you for want of knowledge. Dryden. It is not arrogance, but timidity, of which the Christian body should now be arraigned by the world. I. Taylor. Syn. - To accuse; impeach; charge; censure; criminate; indict; denounce. See Accuse. ArÏraign¶, n. Arraignment; as, the clerk of the arraigns. Blackstone. Macaulay.

ArÏraign¶ (?), v. t. [From OF. aramier, fr. LL. adhramire.] (Old Eng. Law) To appeal to; to demand; as, to arraign an assize of novel disseizin. ArÏraign¶er (?), n. One who arraigns. Coleridge. ArÏraign¶ment (?), n. [Cf. OF. arraynement, aresnement.] 1. (Law) The act of arraigning, or the state of being arraigned; the act of calling and setting a prisoner before a court to answer to an indictment or complaint. 2. A calling to an account to faults; accusation. In the sixth satire, which seems only an Arraignment of the whole sex, there is a latent admonition. Dryden. ArÏrai¶ment, ArÏray¶ment (?), n. [From Array, v. t.] Clothes; raiment. [Obs.] ArÏrange¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arranged ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arranging (?).] [OE. arayngen, OF. arengier, F. arranger, fr. a (L. ad) + OF. rengier, rangier, F. ranger. See Range, v. t.] 1. To put in proper order; to dispose (persons, or parts) in the manner intended, or best suited for the purpose; as, troops arranged for battle. So came to the market place, and there he arranged his men in the streets. Berners. were beginning to arrange their hampers. Boswell. A mechanism previously arranged. Paley. 2. To adjust or settle; to prepare; to determine; as, to arrange the preliminaries of an undertaking. Syn. - Adjust; adapt; range; dispose; classify. ArÏrange¶ment (?), n. [Cf. F. arrangement.] 1. The act of arranging or putting in an orderly condition; the state of being arranged or put in order; disposition in suitable form. 2. The manner or result of arranging; system of parts disposed in due order; regular and systematic classification; as, arrangement of one's dress; the Linn‘an arrangement of plants. 3. Preparatory proceeding or measure; preparation; as, we have made arrangement for receiving company. 4. Settlement; adjustment by agreement; as, the parties have made an arrangement between themselves concerning their disputes; a satisfactory arrangement. 5. (Mus.) (a) The adaptation of a composition to voices or instruments for which it was not originally written. (b) A piece so adapted; a transcription; as, a pianoforte arrangement of Beethoven's symphonies; an orchestral arrangement of a song, an opera, or the like. ArÏran¶ger (?), n. One who arranges. Burke. Ar¶rant (?), a. [OE. erraunt, errant, errand, equiv. to E. errant wandering, which was first applied to vagabonds, as an errant rogue, an errant thief, and hence passed gradually into its present and worse sense. See Errant.] Notoriously or pre‰minently bad; thorough or downright, in a bad sense; shameless; unmitigated; as, an arrant rogue or coward. I discover an arrant laziness in my soul. Fuller. 2. Thorough or downright, in a good sense. [Obs.] An arrant honest woman. Burton. Ar¶rantÏly, adv. Notoriously, in an ill sense; infamously; impudently; shamefully. L'Estrange. Ar¶ras (?), n. [From Arras the capital of Artois, in the French Netherlands.] Tapestry; a rich figured fabric; especially, a screen or hangings of heavy cloth with interwoven figures. Stateliest couches, with rich arras spread. Cowper. Behind the arras I'll convey myself. Shak. Ar¶ras, v. t. To furnish with an ~. Chapman. Ar·rasÏene¶ (?), n. [From Arras.] A material of wool or silk used for working the figures in embroidery. Ø ArÏras¶tre (?), n. [Sp.] A rude apparatus for pulverizing ores, esp. those containing free gold. Ar¶rasÏwise· (?), Ar¶rasÏways· , adv. [Prob. a corruption of arriswise. See Arris.] Placed in such a position as to exhibit the top and two sides, the corner being in front; Ð said of a rectangular form. Encyc. Brit. Cussans. ArÏraught¶ (?). [The past tense of an old v. areach or arreach. Cf. Reach, obs. pret. raught.] Obtained; seized. Spenser. ArÏray¶ (?), n. [OE. arai, arrai, OF. arrai, arrei, arroi, order, arrangement, dress, F. arroi; a (L. ad) + OF. rai, rei, roi, order, arrangement, fr. G. or Scand.; cf. Goth. raidjan, garaidjan, to arrange, MHG. gereiten, Icel. rei?i rigging, harness; akin to E. ready. Cf. Ready, Greith, Curry.] 1. Order; a regular and imposing arrangement; disposition in regular lines; hence, order of battle; as, drawn up in battle array. Wedged together in the closest array. Gibbon. 2. The whole body of persons thus placed in order; an orderly collection; hence, a body of soldiers. A gallant array of nobles and cavaliers. Prescott. 3. An imposing series of things. Their long array of sapphire and of gold. Byron. 4. Dress; garments disposed in order upon the person; rich or beautiful apparel. Dryden. 5. (Law) (a) A ranking or setting forth in order, by the proper officer, of a jury as impaneled in a cause. (b) The panel itself. (c) The whole body of jurors summoned to attend the court. To challenge the ~ (Law), to except to the whole panel. Cowell. Tomlins. Blount. Ð Commission of ~ (Eng. Hist.), a commission given by the prince to officers in every county, to muster and array the inhabitants, or see them in a condition for war. Blackstone. ArÏray¶, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arraying.] [OE. araien, arraien, fr. OE. arraier, arreier, arreer, arroier, fr. arrai. See Array, n.] 1. To place or dispose in order, as troops for battle; to marshal. By torch and trumpet fast arrayed, Each horseman drew his battle blade. Campbell. These doubts will be arrayed before their minds. Farrar. 2. To deck or dress; to adorn with dress; to cloth to envelop; Ð applied esp. to dress of a splendid kind. Pharaoh... arrayed him in vestures of fine linen. Gen. xli. ?. In gelid caves with horrid glo?m arrayed. Trumb?ll. 3. (Law) To set in order, as a jury, for the trial of a cause; that is, to call them man by man. Blackstone. To ~ a panel, to set forth in order the m?n that are impaneled. Cowell. Tomlins. Syn. - To draw up; arrange; dispose; set in order. ArÏray¶er , n. One who arrays. In some early English statutes, applied to an officer who had care of the soldiers' armor, and who saw them duly accoutered. ArÏrear¶ (?), adv. [OE. arere, OF. arere, ariere, F. arriŠre, fr. L. ad + retro backward. See Rear.] To or in the rear; behind; backwards. [Obs.] Spenser. ArÏrear¶, n. That which is behind in payment, or which remains unpaid, though due; esp. a remainder, or balance which remains due when some part has been paid; arrearage; Ð commonly used in the plural, as, arrears of rent, wages, or taxes. Locke. For much I dread due payment by the Greeks Of yesterday's arrear. Cowper. I have a large arrear of letters to write. J. D. Forbes. In ~ or In arrears, behind; backward; behindhand; in debt. ArÏrear¶age (?), n. [F. arr‚rage, fr. arriŠre, OF. arere. See Arrear.] That which remains unpaid and overdue, after payment of a part; arrears. The old arrearages... being defrayed. Howell. ArÏrect¶ (?), ArÏrect¶ed, } a. [L. arrectus, p. p. of arrigere to raise, erect; ad + regere to lead straight, to direct.] 1. Lifted up; raised; erect. 2. Attentive, as a person listening. [Obs.] God speaks not the idle and unconcerned hearer, but to the vigilant and arrect. Smalridge. ArÏrect¶, v. t. 1. To direct. [Obs.] My supplication to you I arrect. Skelton. 2. [See Aret.] To impute. [Obs.] Sir T. More. ArÏrect¶aÏry (?), n. [L. arrectarius, fr. arrigere o set up.] An upright beam. [Obs.] Bp. Hall. Ar·reÏnot¶oÏkous (?), a. [Gr. ? bearing males; ? a male + ? a bringing forth.] (Zo”l.) Producing males from unfertilized eggs, as certain wasps and bees. Ar·renÏta¶tion (?)(?). [Cf. F. arrenter to give or take as rent. See Arendator.] (O. Eng. Law) A letting or renting, esp. a license to inclose land in a forest with a low hedge and a ditch, under a yearly rent. ArÏrep¶tion (?), n. [L. arripere, arreptum, to seize, snatch; ad + rapere to snatch. See Rapacious.] The act of taking away. [Obs.] ½This arreption was sudden.¸ Bp. Hall. Ar·repÏti¶tious (?), a. [L. arreptitius.] Snatched away; seized or possessed, as a demoniac; raving; mad; crackÐbrained. [Obs.] Odd, arreptitious, frantic extravagances. Howell. ArÏrest¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrested; p. pr. & vb. n. Arresting.] [OE. aresten, OF. arester, F. arrˆter, fr. LL. arrestare; L. ad + restare to remain, stop; re + stare to stand. See Rest remainder.] 1. To stop; to check or hinder the motion or action of; as, to arrest the current of a river; to arrest the senses. Nor could her virtues the relentless hand Of Death arrest. Philips. 2. (Law) To take, seize, or apprehend by authority of law; as, to arrest one for debt, or for a crime. µ After his word Shakespeare uses of (½I arrest thee of high treason¸) or on; the modern usage is for. 3. To seize on and fix; to hold; to catch; as, to arrest the eyes or attention. Buckminster. 4. To rest or fasten; to fix; to concentrate. [Obs.] We may arrest our thoughts upon the divine mercies. Jer. Taylor. Syn. - To obstruct; delay; detain; check; hinder; stop; apprehend; seize; lay hold of. ArÏrest¶, v. i. To tarry; to rest. [Obs.] Spenser. ArÏrest¶, n. [OE. arest, arrest, OF. arest, F. arrˆt, fr. arester. See Arrest, v. t., Arr?t.] 1. The act of stopping, or restraining from further motion, etc.; stoppage; hindrance; restraint; as, an arrest of development. As the arrest of the air showeth. Bacon. 2. (Law) The taking or apprehending of a person by authority of law; legal restraint; custody. Also, a decree, mandate, or warrant. William... ordered him to be put under arrest. Macaulay. [Our brother Norway] sends out arrests On Fortinbras; which he, in brief, obeys. Shak. µ An ~ may be made by seizing or touching the body; but it is sufficient in the party be within the power of the officer and submit to the ~. In Admiralty law, and in old English practice, the term is applied to the seizure of property. 3. Any seizure by power, physical or moral. The sad stories of fire from heaven, the burning of his sheep, etc.,.. were sad arrests to his troubled spirit. Jer. Taylor. 4. (Far.) A scurfiness of the back part of the hind leg of a horse; Ð also named ratÏtails. White. ÷ of judgment (Law), the staying or stopping of a judgment, after verdict, for legal cause. The motion for this purpose is called a motion in arrest of judgment. Ar·resÏta¶tion (?), n. [F. arrestation, LL. arrestatio.] Arrest. [R.] The arrestation of the English resident in France was decreed by the National Convention. H. M. Williams. Ar·resÏtee¶ (?), n. [See Arrest, v.] (Scots Law) The person in whose hands is the property attached by arrestment. ArÏrest¶er (?), n. 1. One who arrests. 2. (Scots Law) The person at whose suit an arrestment is made. [Also written arrestor.]

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ArÏrest¶ing (?), a. Striking; attracting attention; impressive. This most solemn and arresting occurrence. J. H. Newman. ArÏrest¶ive (?), a. Tending to arrest. McCosh. ArÏrest¶ment , n. [OF. arrestement.] 1. (Scots Law) The arrest of a person, or the seizure of his effects; esp., a process by which money or movables in the possession of a third party are attached. 2. A stoppage or check. Darwin. Ø ArÏrˆt (?), n. [F. See Arrest, n.] (F. Law) (a) A judgment, decision, or decree of a court or high tribunal; also, a decree of a sovereign. (b) An arrest; a legal seizure. ArÏret¶ (?), v. t. Same as Aret. [Obs.] Spenser. Ar·rhaÏphos¶tic (?), a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to sew together.] Seamless. [R.] ArÏrhi¶zal (?), ArÏrhi¶zous (?), } a. [Gr. ? not rooted; ? priv. + ? a root.] (Bot.) Destitute of a true root, as a parasitical plant. ArÏrhyth¶mic (?), ArÏrhyth¶mous (?), } a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? rhythm.] (Med.) Being without rhythm or regularity, as the pulse. Ar¶rhytÏmy (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? rhythm.] Want of rhythm. [R.] ArÏride¶ (?), v. t. [L. arridere; ad + ridere to laugh.] To please; to gratify. [Archaic] B. Jonson. Above all thy rarities, old Oxenford, what do most arride and solace me are thy repositories of moldering learning. Lamb. ArÏriere¶ (?), n. [F. arriŠre. See Arrear.] ½That which is behind¸; the rear; Ð chiefly used as an adjective in the sense of behind, rear, subordinate. ÷ fee, ÷ fief, a fee or fief dependent on a superior fee, or a fee held of a feudatory. Ð ÷ vassal, the vassal of a vassal. ArÏriere¶Ðban· (?), n. [F., fr. OE. arban, heriban, fr. OHG. hariban, heriban, G. heerbann, the calling together of an army; OHG. heri an army + ban a public call or order. The French have misunderstood their old word, and have changed it into arriŠreÐban, though arriŠre has no connection with its proper meaning. See Ban, Abandon.] A proclamation, as of the French kings, calling not only their immediate feudatories, but the vassals of these feudatories, to take the field for war; also, the body of vassals called or liable to be called to arms, as in ancient France. Ar¶ris (?), n. [OF. areste, F. arˆte, fr. L. arista the top or beard of an ear of grain, the bone of a fish.] (Arch.) The sharp edge or salient angle formed by two surfaces meeting each other, whether plane or curved; Ð applied particularly to the edges in moldings, and to the raised edges which separate the flutings in a Doric column. P. Cyc. ÷ fillet, a triangular piece of wood used to raise the slates of a roof against a chimney or wall, to throw off the rain. Gwilt. Ð ÷ gutter, a gutter of a V form fixed to the eaves of a building. Gwilt. Ar¶rish (?), n. [See Eddish.] The stubble of wheat or grass; a stubble field; eddish. [Eng.] [Written also arish, ersh, etc.] The moment we entered the stubble or arrish. Blackw. Mag. Ar¶risÏwise· (?), adv. Diagonally laid, as ??es; ridgewise. ArÏriv¶al (?), n. [From Arrive.] 1. The act of arriving, or coming; the act of reaching a place from a distance, whether by water (as in its original sense) or by land. Our watchmen from the towers, with longing eyes, Expect his swift arrival. Dryden. 2. The attainment or reaching of any object, by effort, or in natural course; as, our arrival at this conclusion was wholly unexpected. 3. The person or thing arriving or which has arrived; as, news brought by the last arrival. Another arrival still more important was speedily announced. Macaulay. 4. An approach. [Obs.] The house has a corner arrival. H. Walpole. ArÏriv¶ance (?), n. Arrival. [Obs.] Shak. ArÏrive¶ (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Arrived (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arriving.] [OE. ariven to arrive, land, OF. ariver, F. arriver, fr. LL. arripare, adripare, to come to shore; L. ad + ripa the shore or sloping bank of a river. Cf. Riparian.] 1. To come to the shore or bank. In present usage: To come in progress by water, or by traveling on land; to reach by water or by land; Ð followed by at (formerly sometimes by to), also by in and from. ½Arrived in Padua.¸ Shak. [’neas] sailing with a fleet from Sicily, arrived... and landed in the country of Laurentum. Holland. There was no outbreak till the regiment arrived at Ipswich. Macaulay. 2. To reach a point by progressive motion; to gain or compass an object by effort, practice, study, inquiry, reasoning, or experiment. To ~ at, or attain to. When he arrived at manhood. Rogers. We arrive at knowledge of a law of nature by the generalization of facts. McCosh. If at great things thou wouldst arrive. Milton. 3. To come; said of time; as, the time arrived. 4. To happen or occur. [Archaic] Happy! to whom this glorious death arrives. Waller. ArÏrive¶, v. t. 1. To bring to shore. [Obs.] And made the seaÐtrod ship arrive them. Chapman. 2. To reach; to come to. [Archaic] Ere he arrive the happy isle. Milton. Ere we could arrive the point proposed. Shak. Arrive at last the blessed goal. Tennyson. ArÏrive¶, n. Arrival. [Obs.] Chaucer. How should I joy of thy arrive to hear! Drayton. ArÏriv¶er (?), n. One who arrives. Ø ArÏro¶ba (?), n. [Sp. and Pg., from Ar. arrub, arÐrubu, a fourth part.] 1. A Spanish weight used in Mexico and South America ? 25736 lbs. avoir.; also, an old Portuguese weight, used in Brazil ? 32738 lbs. avoir. 2. A Spanish liquid measure for wine ? 3754 imp. gallons, and for oil ? 2.78 imp. gallons. Ar¶roÏgance (?), n. [F., fr. L. arrogantia, fr. arrogans. See Arrogant.] The act or habit of arrogating, or making undue claims in an overbearing manner; that species of pride which consists in exorbitant claims of rank, dignity, estimation, or power, or which exalts the worth or importance of the person to an undue degree; proud contempt of others; lordliness; haughtiness; selfÐassumption; presumption. i hate not you for her proud arrogance. Shak. Syn. - Haughtiness; hauteur; assumption; lordliness; presumption; pride; disdain; insolence; conceit; conceitedness. See Haughtiness. Ar¶roÏganÏcy (?), n. Arrogance. Shak. Ar¶roÏgant (?), a. [F. arrogant, L. arrogans, p. pr. of arrogare. See Arrogate.] 1. Making, or having the disposition to make, exorbitant claims of rank or estimation; giving one's self an undue degree of importance; assuming; haughty; Ð applied to persons. Arrogant Winchester, that haughty prelate. Shak. 2. Containing arrogance; marked with arrogance; proceeding from undue claims or selfÐimportance; Ð applied to things; as, arrogant pretensions or behavior. Syn. - Magisterial; lordly; proud; assuming; overbearing; presumptuous; haughty. See Magisterial. Ar¶roÏgantÏly, adv. In an arrogant manner; with undue pride or selfÐimportance. Ar¶roÏgantÏness, n. Arrogance. [R.] Ar¶roÏgate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arrogated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Arrogating (?).] [L. arrogatus, p. p. of adrogare, arrogare, to ask, appropriate to one's self; ad + rogare to ask. See Rogation.] To assume, or claim as one's own, unduly, proudly, or presumptuously; to make undue claims to, from vanity or baseless pretensions to right or merit; as, the pope arrogated dominion over kings. He arrogated to himself the right of deciding dogmatically what was orthodox doctrine. Macaulay. Ar·roÏga¶tion (?), n. [L. arrogatio, fr. arrogare. Cf. Adrogation.] 1. The act of arrogating, or making exorbitant claims; the act of taking more than one is justly entitled to. Hall. 2. (Civ. Law) Adoption of a person of full age. Ar¶roÏgaÏtive (?), a. Making undue claims and pretension; prone to arrogance. [R.] Dr. H. More. Ø Ar·ron·disse·ment¶ (?), n. [F., fr. arrondir to make round; ad + rond round, L. rotundus.] A subdivision of a department. [France] µ The territory of France, since the revolution, has been divided into departments, those into arrondissements, those into cantons, and the latter into communes. ArÏrose¶ (?), v. t. [F. arroser.] To drench; to besprinkle; to moisten. [Obs.] The blissful dew of heaven does arrose you. Two N. Kins. ArÏro¶sion (?), n. [L. arrodere, arrosum, to gnaw: cf. F. arrosion.] A gnawing. [Obs.] Bailey. Ar¶row (?), n. [OE. arewe, AS. arewe, earh; akin to Icel. ”r, ”rvar, Goth. arhwazna, and perh. L. arcus bow. Cf. Arc.] A missile weapon of offense, slender, pointed, and usually feathered and barbed, to be shot from a bow. Broad ~. (a) An ~ with a broad head. (b) A mark placed upon British ordnance and government stores, which bears a rude resemblance to a broad arrowhead. Ar¶row grass· (?), n. (Bot.) An herbaceous grasslike plant (Triglochin palustre, and other species) with pods opening so as to suggest barbed arrowheads. Ar¶rowÏhead· (?), n. 1. The head of an arrow. 2. (Bot.) An aquatic plant of the genus Sagittaria, esp. S. sagittifolia, Ð named from the shape of the leaves. Ar¶rowÏhead·ed, a. Shaped like the head of an arow; cuneiform. ÷ characters, characters the elements of which consist of strokes resembling arrowheads, nailheads, or wedges; Ð hence called also nailÐheaded, wedgeÐformed, cuneiform, or cuneatic characters; the oldest written characters used in the country about the Tigris and Euphrates, and subsequently in Persia, and abounding among the ruins of Persepolis, Nineveh, and Babylon. See Cuneiform. Ar¶rowÏroot· (?), n. 1. (Bot.) A west Indian plant of the genus Maranta, esp. M. arundinacea, now cultivated in many hot countries. It said that the Indians used the roots to neutralize the venom in wounds made by poisoned arrows. 2. A nutritive starch obtained from the rootstocks of Maranta arundinacea, and used as food, esp. for children an invalids; also, a similar starch obtained from other plants, as various species of Maranta and Curcuma. Ar¶rowÏwood· (?), n. A shrub (Viburnum dentatum) growing in damp woods and thickets; Ð so called from the long, straight, slender shoots. Ar¶rowÏworm· , n. (Zo”l.) A peculiar transparent worm of the genus Sagitta, living at the surface of the sea. See Sagitta. Ar¶rowÏy (?), a. 1. Consisting of arrows. How quick they wheeled, and flying, behind them shot Sharp sleet of arrowy showers. Milton. 2. Formed or moving like, or in any respect resembling, an arrow; swift; darting; piercing. ½His arrowy tongue.¸ Cowper. By the blue rushing of the arrowy Rhone. Byron. With arrowy vitalities, vivacities, and ingenuities. Carlyle. Ø ArÏroy¶o (?), n.; pl Arroyos (?). [Sp., fr. LL. arrogium; cf. Gr. ? river, stream, fr. ? to flow.] 1. A water course; a rivulet. 2. The dry bed of a small stream. [Western U. S.] Ø Ar¶schin (?), n. See Arshine. Arse , n. [AS. ears; ‘rs; akin to OHG. ars. G. arsch, D. aars, Sw. ars, Dan. arts, Gr. ? (cf. ? tail).] The buttocks, or hind part of an animal; the posteriors; the fundament; the bottom. Ar¶seÏnal , n. [Sp. & F. arsenal arsenal, dockyard, or It. arzanale, arsenale (cf. It. & darsena dock); all fr. Ar. d¾r?in¾'a house of industry or fabrication; d¾r house + ?in¾ art, industry.] A public establishment for the storage, or for the manufacture and storage, of arms and all military equipments, whether for land or naval service. Ar¶seÏnate (?), n. (Chem.) A salt of arsenic acid. ArÏse¶niÏate , n. See Arsenate. [R.] Ar¶seÏnic (?; 277), n. [L. arsenicum, Gr. ?, ?, yellow orpiment, perh. fr. ? or better Attic ? masculine, ? male, on account of its strength, or fr. Per. zernÆkh: cf. F. arsenic.] 1. (Chem.) One of the elements, a solid substance resembling a metal in its physical properties, but in its chemical relations ranking with the nonmetals. It is of a steelÐgray color and brilliant luster, though usually dull from tarnish. It is very brittle, and sublimes at 3560 Fahrenheit. It is sometimes found native, but usually combined with silver, cobalt, nickel, iron, antimony, or sulphur. Orpiment and realgar are two of its sulphur compounds, the first of which is the true arsenticum of the ancients. The element and its compounds are active poisons. Specific gravity from 5.7 to 5.9. Atomic weight. Symbol As. 2. (Com.) Arsenious oxide or arsenious anhydride; Ð called also arsenious acid, white arsenic, and ratsbane. ArÏsen¶ic , a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, ~; Ð said of those compounds of ~ in which this element hat its highest equivalence; as, arsenic acid. ArÏsen¶icÏal , a. Of or pertaining to, or containing, arsenic; as, arsenical vapor; arsenical wall papers. ~ silver, an ore of silver containing arsenic. ArÏsen¶iÏcate , v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arsenicated; p. pr. & vb. n. Arsenicating.] To combine with arsenic; to treat or impregnate with arsenic. ArÏsen¶iÏcism , n. (Med.) A diseased condition produced by slow poisoning with arsenic. Ar¶senÏide (?), n. (Chem.) A compound of arsenic with a metal, or positive element or radical; Ð formerly called arseniuret. Ar·senÏif¶erÏous (?), a. [Arsenic + Ïferous.] Containing or producing arsenic. ArÏse¶niÏous (?), a. [Cf. F. ars‚nieux.] 1. Pertaining to, consisting of, or containing, arsenic; as, arsenious powder or glass. 2. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived from, arsenic, when having an equivalence next lower than the highest; as, arsenious acid. Ar¶senÏite (?), n. [Cf. F. ars‚nite.] (Chem.) A salt formed by the union of arsenious acid with a base. Ar·seÏni¶uÏret (?), n. (Chem.) See Arsenide. Ar·seÏni¶uÏret·ed, a.ÿ(Chem.) Combined with arsenic; Ð said some elementary substances or radicals; as, arseniureted hydrogen. [Also spelt arseniuretted.] Ar·senÏoÏpyr¶ite (?), n. [Arsenic + pyrite.] (Min.) A mineral of a tinÐwhite color and metallic luster, containing arsenic, sulphur, and iron; Ð also called arsenical pyrites and mispickel. Arse¶smart (?), n. Smartweed; water pepper. Dr. Prior. Ø Ar¶shine (?), n. [Russ. arshin, of TurkishÐTartar origin; Turk. arshin, arsh?n, ell, yard.] A Russian measure of length = 2 ft. 4.246 inches. Ar¶sine (?), n. [From Arsenic.] (Chem.) A compound of arsenic and hydrogen, AsH3, a colorless and exceedingly poisonous gas, having and odor like garlic; arseniureted hydrogen. Ø Ar¶sis (?), n. [L. arsis, Gr. ? a raising or lifting, an elevation of the voice, fr. ? to raise or apprehension; originally and properly it denotes the lifting of the hand in beating time, and hence the unaccented part of the rhythm.] 1. (Pros.) (a) That part of a foot where the ictus is put, or which is distinguished from the rest (known as the thesis) of the foot by a greater stress of voice. Hermann. (b) That elevation of voice now called metrical accentuation, or the rhythmic accent. µ It is uncertain whether the arsis originally consisted in a higher musical tone, greater volume, or longer duration of sound, or in all combined. 2. (Mus.) The elevation of the hand, or that part of the bar at which it is raised, in beating time; the weak or unaccented part of the bar; Ð opposed to thesis. Moore. Ars·met¶rike (?), n. [An erroneous form of arithmetic, as if from L. ars metrica the measuring art.] Arithmetic. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ar¶son (?; 277), n. [OF. arson, arsun, fr. L. ardere, arsum, to burn.] (Law) The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another man, which by the common law is felony; the malicious and voluntary firing of a building or ship. Wharton. µ The definition of this crime is varied by statues in different countries and states. The English law of ~ has been considerably modified in the United States; in some of the States it has been materially enlarged, while in others, various degrees of ~ have been established, with corresponding punishment. Burrill. Art (?). The second person singular, indicative mode, present tense, of the substantive verb Be; but formed after the analogy of the plural are, with the ending Ït, as in thou shalt, witt, orig. an ending of the second person sing. pret. Cf. Be. Now used only in solemn or poetical style.

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Art (?), n. [F. art, L. ars, artis, orig., skill in joining or fitting; prob. akin to E. arm, aristocrat, article.] 1. The employment of means to accomplish some desired end; the adaptation of things in the natural world to the uses of life; the application of knowledge or power to practical purposes. Blest with each grace of nature and of art. Pope. 2. A system of rules serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions; a system of principles and rules for attaining a desired end; method of doing well some special work; Ð often contradistinguished from science or speculative principles; as, the art of building or engraving; the art of war; the art of navigation. Science is systematized knowledge... Art is knowledge made efficient skill. J. F. Genung. 3. The systematic application of knowledge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupation or business requiring such knowledge or skill. The fishermen can't employ their art with so much success in so troubled a sea. Addison. 4. The application of skill to the production of the beautiful by imitation or design, or an occupation in which skill is so employed, as in painting and sculpture; one of the fine arts; as, he prefers art to literature. 5. pl. Those branches of learning which are taught in the academical course of colleges; as, master of arts. In fearless youth we tempt the heights of arts. Pope. Four years spent in the arts (as they are called in colleges) is, perhaps, laying too laborious a foundation. Goldsmith. 6. Learning; study; applied knowledge, science, or letters. [Archaic] So vast is art, so narrow human wit. Pope. 7. Skill, dexterity, or the power of performing certain actions, asquired by experience, study, or observation; knack; a, a man has the art of managing his business to advantage. 8. Skillful plan; device. They employed every art to soothe... the discontented warriors. Macaulay. 9. Cunning; artifice; craft. Madam, I swear I use no art at all. Shak. Animals practice art when opposed to their superiors in strength. Crabb. 10 To black art; magic. [Obs.] Shak. ÷ and part (Scots Law), share or concern by aiding and abetting a criminal in the perpetration of a crime, whether by advice or by assistance in the execution; complicity. µ The arts are divided into various classes. The useful, mechanical, or industrial arts are those in which the hands and body are concerned than the mind; as in making clothes and utensils. These are called trades. The fine arts are those which have primarily to do with imagination taste, and are applied to the production of what is beautiful. They include poetry, music, painting, engraving, sculpture, and architecture; but the term is often confined to painting, sculpture, and architecture. The liberal arts (artes liberales, the higher arts, which, among the Romans, only freemen were permitted to pursue) were, in the Middle Ages, these seven branches of learning, Ð grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. In modern times the liberal arts include the sciences, philosophy, history, etc., which compose the course of academical or collegiate education. Hence, degrees in the arts; master and bachelor of arts. In America, literature and the elegant arts must grow up side by side with the coarser plants of daily necessity. Irving. Syn. - Science; literature; aptitude; readiness; skill; dexterity; adroitness; contrivance; profession; business; trade; calling; cunning; artifice; duplicity. See Science. Ø ArÏte¶miÏa (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, a Greek goddess.] (Zo”l.) A genus of phyllopod Crustacea found in salt lakes and brines; the brine shrimp. See Brine shrimp. Ar·teÏmi¶siÏa (?), n. [L. Artemisia, Gr. ?.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the plants called mugwort, southernwood, and wormwood. Of these A. absinthium, or common wormwood, is well known, and A. tridentata is the sage brush of the Rocky Mountain region. ArÏte¶riÏac (?), a. [L. arteriacus, Gr. ?. See Artery.] Of or pertaining to the windpipe. ArÏte¶riÏal (?), a. [Cf. F. art‚riel.] 1. Of or pertaining to an artery, or the arteries; as, arterial action; the arterial system. 2. Of or pertaining to a main channel (resembling an artery), as a river, canal, or railroad. ÷ blood, blood which has been changed and vitalized (arterialized) during passage through the lungs. ArÏte·riÏalÏiÏza¶tion (?), n. (Physiol.) The process of converting venous blood into arterial blood during its passage through the lungs, oxygen being absorbed and carbonic acid evolved; Ð called also a‰ration and hematosis. ArÏte¶riÏalÏize (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Arterialized ; p. pr. & vb. n. Arterializing.] To transform, as the venous blood, into arterial blood by exposure to oxygen in the lungs; to make arterial. ArÏte·riÏog¶raÏphy , n. [Gr. ? + Ïgraphy.] A systematic description of the arteries. ArÏte¶riÏole (?), n. [NL. arteriola, dim. of L. arteria: cf. F. art‚riole.] A small artery. ArÏte·riÏol¶oÏgy (?), n. [Gr. ? + Ïlogy.] That part of anatomy which treats of arteries. ArÏte·riÏot¶oÏmy (?), n. [L. arteriotomia, Gr. ?; ? + ? a cutting.] 1. (Med.) The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting. 2. That part of anatomy which treats of the dissection of the arteries. Ø Ar·teÏri¶tis (?), n. [Artery + Ïetis.] Inflammation of an artery or arteries. Dunglison. Ar¶terÏy (?), n.; pl. Arteries (?). [L. arteria windpipe, artery, Gr. ?.] 1. The trachea or windpipe. [Obs.] ½Under the artery, or windpipe, is the mouth of the stomach.¸ Holland. 2. (Anat.) One of the vessels or tubes which carry either venous or arterial blood from the heart. They have tricker and more muscular walls than veins, and are connected with them by capillaries. µ In man and other mammals, the arteries which contain arterialized blood receive it from the left ventricle of the heart through the aorta. See Aorta. The pulmonary artery conveys the venous blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, whence the arterialized blood is returned through the pulmonary veins. 3. Hence: Any continuous or ramified channel of communication; as, arteries of trade or commerce. ArÏte¶sian (?), a. [F. art‚sien, fr. Artois in France, where many such wells have been made since the middle of the last century.] Of or pertaining to Artois (anciently called Artesium), in France. ÷ wells, wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water, which, from internal pressure, flows spontaneously like a fountain. They are usually of small diameter and often of great depth. Art¶ful (?), a. [From Art.] 1. Performed with, or characterized by, art or skill. [Archaic] ½Artful strains.¸ ½Artful terms.¸ Milton. 2. Artificial; imitative. Addison. 3. Using or exhibiting much art, skill, or contrivance; dexterous; skillful. He too artful a writer to set down events in exact historical order. Dryden. 4. Cunning; disposed to cunning indirectness of dealing; crafty; as, an artful boy. [The usual sense.] Artful in speech, in action, and in mind. Pope. The artful revenge of various animals. Darwin. Syn. - Cunning; skillful; adroit; dexterous; crafty; tricky; deceitful; designing. See Cunning. Art¶fulÏly, adv. In an artful manner; with art or cunning; skillfully; dexterously; craftily. Art¶fulÏness, n. The quality of being artful; art; cunning; craft. Ar¶then (?), a. Same as Earthen. [Obs.] ½An arthen pot.¸ Holland. ArÏthrit¶ic (?), ArÏthrit¶icÏal (?), } a. [L. arthriticus, Gr. ?. See Arthritis.] 1. Pertaining to the joints. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. 2. Of or pertaining to arthritis; gouty. Cowper. Ø ArÏthri¶tis (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? (as if fem. of ? belonging to the joints, sc. ? disease) gout, fr. ? a joint.] (Med.) Any inflammation of the joints, particularly the gout. Ar¶throÏderm (?), n. [Gr. ? joint + 'derm.] (Zo”l.) The external covering of an Arthropod. Ø ArÏthro¶diÏa (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? well articulated; ? a joint + ? shape.] (Anat.) A form of diarthrodial articulation in which the articular surfaces are nearly flat, so that they form only an imperfect ball and socket. ArÏthro¶diÏal (?), ArÏthrod¶ic (?), } a. Of or pertaining to arthrodia. Ø Ar·throÏdyn¶iÏa (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ?? pain.] (Med.) An affection characterized by pain in or about a joint, not dependent upon structural disease. Ar·throÏdyn¶ic , a. Pertaining to arthrodynia, or pain in the joints; rheumatic. Ø Ar·throÏgas¶tra (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? stomach.] (Zo”l.) A division of the Arachnida, having the abdomen annulated, including the scorpions, harvestmen, etc.; pedipalpi. ArÏthrog¶raÏphy (?), n. [Gr. ? joint + Ïgraphy.] The description of joints. ArÏthrol¶oÏgy , n. [Gr. ? joint + Ïlogy.] That part of anatomy which treats of joints. Ar¶throÏmere (?), n. [Gr. ? joint + Ïmere.] (Zo”l.) One of the body segments of Arthropods. See Arthrostraca. Packard. Ø Ar·throÏpleu¶ra (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? the side.] (Zo”l.) The side or limbÐbearing portion of an arthromere. Ar¶throÏpod (?), n (Zo”l.) One of the Arthropoda. Ø ArÏthrop¶oÏda (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + Ïpoda.] (Zo”l.) A large division of Articulata, embracing all those that have jointed legs. It includes Insects, Arachnida, Pychnogonida, and Crustacea. Ð ArÏthrop¶oÏdal (?), a. Ø Ar·throÏpom¶aÏta (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? lid.] (Zo”l.) One of the orders of Branchiopoda. See Branchiopoda. Ø ArÏthro¶sis (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, fr. ? joint.] (Anat.) Articulation. Ø ArÏthros¶traÏca , n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? joint + ? a shell.] (Zo”l.) One of the larger divisions of Crustacea, so called because the thorax and abdomen are both segmented; Tetradecapoda. It includes the Amphipoda and Isopoda. Ar·throÏzo¶ic (?), a. [Gr. ? joint + ? animal, fr. ? an animal.] (Zo”l.) Of or pertaining to the Articulata; articulate. Ar¶tiÏad (?), a. [Gr. ? even, fr. ? exactly.] (Chem.) Even; not odd; Ð said of elementary substances and of radicals the valence of which is divisible by two without a remainder. Ar¶tiÏchoke (?), n. [It. articioc?o, perh. corrupted fr. the same word as carciofo; cf. older spellings archiciocco, archicioffo, carciocco, and Sp. alcachofa, Pg. alcachofra; prob. fr. Ar. alÐharshaf, alÐkharsh?f.] (Bot.) 1. The Cynara scolymus, a plant somewhat resembling a thistle, with a dilated, imbricated, and prickly involucre. The head (to which the name is also applied) is composed of numerous oval scales, inclosing the florets, sitting on a broad receptacle, which, with the fleshy base of the scales, is much esteemed as an article of food. 2. See Jerusalem artichoke. Ar¶tiÏcle (?), n. [F., fr. L. articulus, dim. of artus joint, akin to Gr. ?, fr. a root ar to join, fit. See Art, n.] 1. A distinct portion of an instrument, discourse, literary work, or any other writing, consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics; as, an article in the Constitution. Hence: A clause in a contract, system of regulations, treaty, or the like; a term, condition, or stipulation in a contract; a concise statement; as, articles of agreement. 2. A literary composition, forming an independent portion of a magazine, newspaper, or cyclopedia. 3. Subject; matter; concern; distinct. [Obs.] A very great revolution that happened in this article of good breeding. Addison. This last article will hardly be believed. De Foe. 4. A distinct part. ½Upon each article of human duty.¸ Paley. ½Each article of time.¸ Habington. The articles which compose the blood. E. Darwin. 5. A particular one of various things; as, an article of merchandise; salt is a necessary article. They would fight not for articles of faith, but for articles of food. Landor. 6. Precise point of time; moment. [Obs. or Archaic] This fatal news coming to Hick's Hall upon the article of my Lord Russell's trial, was said to have had no little influence on the jury and all the bench to his prejudice. Evelyn. 7. (Gram.) One of the three words, a, an, the, used before nouns to limit or define their application. A (or an) is called the indefinite article, the the definite article. 8. (Zo”l.) One of the segments of an articulated appendage. Articles of Confederation, the compact which was first made by the original thirteen States of the United States. They were adopted March 1, 1781, and remained the supreme law until March, 1789. Ð Articles of impeachment, an instrument which, in cases of impeachment, performs the same office which an indictment does in a common criminal case. Ð Articles of war, rules and regulations, fixed by law, for the better government of the army. Ð In the ~ of death [L. in articulo mortis], at the moment of death; in the dying struggle. Ð Lords of the articles (Scot. Hist.), a standing committee of the Scottish Parliament to whom was intrusted the drafting and preparation of the acts, or bills for laws. Ð The ThirtyÐnine Articles, statements (thirtyÐnine in number) of the tenets held by the Church of England. Ar¶tiÏcle, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Articled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Articling (?).] [Cf. F. articuler, fr. L. articulare. See Article, n., Articulate.] 1. To formulate in articles; to set forth in distinct particulars. If all his errors and follies were articled against him, the man would seem vicious and miserable. Jer. Taylor. 2. To accuse or charge by an exhibition of articles. He shall be articled against in the high court of admiralty. Stat. 33 Geo. III. 3. To bind by articles of covenant or stipulation; as, to article an apprentice to a mechanic. Ar¶tiÏcle, v. i. To agree by articles; to stipulate; to bargain; to covenant. [R.] Then he articled with her that he should go away when he pleased. Selden. Ar¶tiÏcled (?), a. Bound by articles; apprenticed; as, an articled clerk. ArÏtic¶uÏlar (?), a. [L. articularis: cf. F. articulaire. See Article, n.] Of or pertaining to the joints; as, an articular disease; an articular process. ArÏtic¶uÏlar (?), ArÏtic¶uÏlaÏry (?), } n. (Anat.) A bone in the base of the lower jaw of many birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes.

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ArÏtic¶uÏlarÏly , adv. In an articular or an articulate manner. Ø ArÏtic·uÏla¶ta (?), n. pl. [Neut. pl. from L. articulatus furnished with joints, distinct, p. p. of articulare. See Article, v.] (Zo”l.) 1. One of the four subkingdoms in the classification of Cuvier. It has been much modified by later writers. µ It includes those Invertebrata having the body composed of ringlike segments (arthromeres). By some writers, the unsegmented worms (helminths) have also been included; by others it is restricted to the Arthropoda. It corresponds nearly with the Annulosa of some authors. The chief subdivisions are Arthropoda (Insects, Myriapoda, Arachnida, Pycnogonida, Crustacea); and Anarthropoda, including the Annelida and allied forms. 2. One of the subdivisions of the Brachiopoda, including those that have the shells united by a hinge. 3. A subdivision of the Crinoidea. ArÏtic¶uÏlate (?), a. [L. articulatus. See Articulata.] 1. Expressed in articles or in separate items or particulars. [Archaic] Bacon. 2. Jointed; formed with joints; consisting of segments united by joints; as, articulate animals or plants. 3. Distinctly uttered; spoken so as to be intelligible; characterized by division into words and syllables; as, articulate speech, sounds, words. Total changes of party and articulate opinion. Carlyle. ArÏtic¶uÏlate, n. (Zo”l.) An animal of the subkingdom Articulata. ArÏtic¶uÏlate (?)(?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Articulated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Articulating (?). 1. To utter ~ sounds; to utter the elementary sounds of a language; to enunciate; to speak distinctly. 2. To treat or make terms. [Obs.] Shak. 3. To join or be connected by articulation. ArÏtic¶uÏlate, v. t. 1. To joint; to unite by means of a joint; to put together with joints or at the joints. 2. To draw up or write in separate articles; to particularize; to specify. [Obs.] 3. To form, as the elementary sounds; to utter in distinct syllables or words; to enunciate; as, to articulate letters or language. ½To articulate a word.¸ Ray. 4. To express distinctly; to give utterance to. Luther articulated himself upon a process that hand already begun in the Christian church. Bibliotheca Sacra. To... articulate the dumb, deep want of the people. Carlyle. ArÏtic¶uÏla·ted (?), a. 1. United by, or provided with, articulations; jointed; as, an articulated skeleton. 2. Produced, as a letter, syllable, or word, by the organs of speech; pronounced. ArÏtic¶uÏlateÏly (?), adv. 1. After the manner, or in the form, of a joint. 2. Article by article; in distinct particulars; in detail; definitely. Paley. I had articulately set down in writing our points. Fuller. 3. With distinct utterance of the separate sounds. ArÏtic¶uÏlateÏness, n. Quality of being articulate. ArÏtic·uÏla¶tion (?), n. [Cf. F. articulation, fr. L. articulatio.] 1. (Anat.) A joint or juncture between bones in the skeleton. µ Articulations may be immovable, when the bones are directly united (synarthrosis), or slightly movable, when they are united intervening substance (amphiarthrosis), or they may be more or less freely movable, when the articular surfaces are covered with synovial membranes, as in complete joints (diarthrosis). The last (diarthrosis) includes hinge joints, admitting motion in one plane only (ginglymus), ball and socket joints (enarthrosis), pivot and rotation joints, etc. 2. (Bot.) (a) The connection of the parts of a plant by joints, as in pods. (b) One of the nodes or joints, as in cane and maize. (c) One of the parts intercepted between the joints; also, a subdivision into parts at regular or irregular intervals as a result of serial intermission in growth, as in the cane, grasses, etc. Lindley. 3. The act of putting together with a joint or joints; any meeting of parts in a joint. 4. The state of being jointed; connection of parts. [R.] That definiteness and articulation of imagery. Coleridge. 5. The utterance of the elementary sounds of a language by the appropriate movements of the organs, as in pronunciation; as, a distinct articulation. 6. A sound made by the vocal organs; an articulate utterance or an elementary sound, esp. a consonant. ArÏtic¶uÏlaÏtive (?), a. Of or pertaining to articulation. Bush. ArÏtic¶uÏla·tor (?), n. One who, or that which, articulates; as: (a) One who enunciates distinctly. (b) One who prepares and mounts skeletons. (c) An instrument to cure stammering. Ø ArÏtic¶uÏlus (?)(?) n.; pl. Articuli (?). [L. See Article.] (Zo”l.) A joint of the cirri of the Crinoidea; a joint or segment of an arthropod appendage. Ar¶tiÏfice (?), n. [L. artificium, fr. artifex artificer; ars, artis, art + facere to make: cf. F. artifice.] 1. A handicraft; a trade; art of making. [Obs.] 2. Workmanship; a skillfully contrived work. The material universe.. in the artifice of God, the artifice of the best Mechanist. Cudworth. 3. Artful or skillful contrivance. His [Congreve's] plots were constructed without much artifice. Craik. 4. Crafty device; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick. [Now the usual meaning.] Those who were conscious of guilt employed numerous artifices for the purpose of averting inquiry. Macaulay. ArÏtif¶iÏcer (?), n. [Cf. F. artificier, fr. LL. artificiarius.] 1. An artistic worker; a mechanic or manufacturer; one whose occupation requires skill or knowledge of a particular kind, as a silversmith. 2. One who makes or contrives; a deviser, inventor, or framer. ½Artificer of fraud.¸ Milton. The great Artificer of all that moves. Cowper. 3. A cunning or artful fellow. [Obs.] B. Jonson. 4. (Mil.) A military mechanic, as a blacksmith, carpenter, etc.; also, one who prepares the shells, fuses, grenades, etc., in a military laboratory. Syn. - Artisan; artist. See Artisan. Ar·tiÏfi¶cial (?), a. [L. artificialis, fr. artificium: cf. F. artificiel. See Artifice.] 1. Made or contrived by art; produced or modified by human skill and labor, in opposition to natural; as, artificial heat or light, gems, salts, minerals, fountains, flowers. Artificial strife Lives in these touches, livelier than life. Shak. 2. Feigned; fictitious; assumed; affected; not genuine. ½Artificial tears.¸ Shak. 3. Artful; cunning; crafty. [Obs.] Shak. 4. Cultivated; not indigenous; not of spontaneous growth; as, artificial grasses. Gibbon. ÷ arguments (Rhet.), arguments invented by the speaker, in distinction from laws, authorities, and the like, which are called inartificial arguments or proofs. Johnson. Ð ÷ classification (science), an arrangement based on superficial characters, and not expressing the true natural relations species; as, ½the artificial system¸ in botany, which is the same as the Linn‘an system. Ð ÷ horizon. See under Horizon. ÷ light, any light other than that which proceeds from the heavenly bodies. Ð ÷ lines, lines on a sector or scale, so contrived as to represent the logarithmic sines and tangents, which, by the help of the line of numbers, solve, with tolerable exactness, questions in trigonometry, navigation, etc. Ð ÷ numbers, logarithms. Ð ÷ person (Law). See under Person. Ð ÷ sines, tangents, etc., the same as logarithms of the natural, tangents, etc. Hutton. Ar·tiÏfi·ciÏal¶iÏty (?), n. The quality or appearance of being artificial; that which is artificial. Ar·tiÏfi¶cialÏize (?), v. t. To render artificial. Ar·tiÏfi¶cialÏly, adv. 1. In an artificial manner; by art, or skill and contrivance, not by nature. 2. Ingeniously; skillfully. [Obs.] The spider's web, finely and artificially wrought. Tillotson. 3. Craftily; artfully. [Obs.] Sharp dissembled so artificially. Bp. Burnet. Ar·tiÏfi¶cialÏness, n. The quality of being artificial. Ar·tiÏfi¶cious (?), a. [L. artificiosus.] Artificial. [Obs.] Johnson. Art¶iÏlize (?), v. t. To make resemble. [Obs.] If I was a philosopher, says Montaigne, I would naturalize art instead of artilizing nature. Bolingbroke. ArÏtil¶lerÏist (?), n. A person skilled in artillery or gunnery; a gunner; an artilleryman. ArÏtil¶lerÏy (?), n. [OE. artilrie, OF. artillerie, arteillerie, fr. LL. artillaria, artilleria, machines and apparatus of all kinds used in war, vans laden with arms of any kind which follow camps; F. artillerie great guns, ordnance; OF. artillier to work artifice, to fortify, to arm, prob. from L. ars, artis, skill in joining something, art. See Art.] 1. Munitions of war; implements for warfare, as slings, bows, and arrows. [Obs.] And Jonathan gave his artillery unto his lad. 1 Sam. xx. 40. 2. Cannon; great guns; ordnance, including guns, mortars, howitzers, etc., with their equipment of carriages, balls, bombs, and shot of all kinds. µ The word is sometimes used in a more extended sense, including the powder, cartridges, matches, utensils, machines of all kinds, and horses, that belong to a train of ~. 3. The men and officers of that branch of the army to which the care and management of ~ are confided. 4. The science of ~ or gunnery. Campbell. ÷ park, or Park of ~. (a) A collective body of siege or field ~, including the guns, and the carriages, ammunition, appurtenances, equipments, and persons necessary for working them. (b) The place where the ~ is encamped or collected. Ð ÷ train, or Train of ~, a number of pieces of ordnance mounted on carriages, with all their furniture, ready for marching. ArÏtil¶lerÏyÏman (?), n. A man who manages, or assists in managing, a large gun in firing. Ø Ar·tiÏoÏdac¶tyÏla (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? even + ? finger or toe.] (Zo”l.) One of the divisions of the ungulate animals. The functional toes of the hind foot are even in number, and the third digit of each foot (corresponding to the middle finger in man) is asymmetrical and paired with the fourth digit, as in the hog, the sheep, and the ox; Ð opposed to Perissodactyla. Ar·tiÏoÏdac¶tyle (?), n. (Zo”l.) One of the Artiodactyla. Ar·tiÏoÏdac¶tyÏlous (?), a. (Zo”l.) EvenÐtoed. Ar¶tiÏsan (?; 277), n. [F. artisan, fr. L. artitus skilled in arts, fr. ars, artis, art: cf. It. artigiano. See Art, n.] 1. One who professes and practices some liberal art; an artist. [Obs.] 2. One trained to manual dexterity in some mechanic art or trade; and handicraftsman; a mechanic. This is willingly submitted to by the artisan, who can... compensate his additional toil and fatigue. Hume. Syn. - Artificer; artist. Ð Artisan, Artist, Artificer. An artist is one who is skilled in some one of the fine arts; an artisan is one who exercises any mechanical employment. A portrait painter is an artist; a sign painter is an artisan, although he may have the taste and skill of an artist. The occupation of the former requires a fine taste and delicate manipulation; that of the latter demands only an ordinary degree of contrivance and imitative power. An artificer is one who requires power of contrivance and adaptation in the exercise of his profession. The word suggest neither the idea of mechanical conformity to rule which attaches to the term artisan, nor the ideas of refinement and of peculiar skill which belong to the term artist. Art¶ist (?), n. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See Art, n., and cf. Artiste.] 1. One who practices some mechanic art or craft; an artisan. [Obs.] How to build ships, and dreadful ordnance cast, Instruct the articles and reward their. Waller. 2. One who professes and practices an art in which science and taste preside over the manual execution. µ The term is particularly applied to painters, sculptors, musicians, engravers, and architects. Elmes. 3. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any manual art or occupation. Pope. 4. An artful person; a schemer. [Obs.] Syn. - Artisan. See Artisan. Ø ArÏtiste¶ (?), n. [F. See Artist.] One peculiarly dexterous and tasteful in almost any employment, as an opera dancer, a hairdresser, a cook. µ This term should not be confounded with the English word artist. ArÏtis¶tic , ArÏtis¶ticÏal (?), } a. [Cf. F. artistique, fr. artiste.] Of or pertaining to art or to artists; made in the manner of an artist; conformable to art; characterized by art; showing taste or skill. Ð ArÏtis¶ticÏalÏly, adv. Art¶istÏry (?), n. 1. Works of art collectively. 2. Artistic effect or quality. Southey. 3. Artistic pursuits; artistic ability. The Academy. Art¶less (?), a. 1. Wanting art, knowledge, or skill; ignorant; unskillful. Artless of stars and of the moving sand. Dryden. 2. Contrived without skill or art; inartistic. [R.] Artless and massy pillars. T. Warton. 3. Free from guile, art, craft, or stratagem; characterized by simplicity and sincerity; sincere; guileless; ingenuous; honest; as, an artless mind; an artless tale. They were plain, artless men, without the least appearance of enthusiasm or credulity about them. Porteus. O, how unlike the complex works of man, Heaven's easy, artless, unencumbered plan! Cowper. Syn. - Simple; unaffected; sincere; undesigning; guileless; unsophisticated; open; frank; candid. Art¶lessÏly, adv. In an artless manner; without art, skill, or guile; unaffectedly. Pope. Art¶lessÏness, n. The quality of being artless, or void of art or guile; simplicity; sincerity. Art¶ly, adv. With art or skill. [Obs.] Ar·toÏcar¶peÏous (?), Ar·toÏcar¶pous (?), } a. [Gr. ? bread + ? fruit.] (Bot.) Of or pertaining to the breadfruit, or to the genus Artocarpus. Ar¶toÏtype (?), n. [Art + type.] A kind of autotype. Ar·toÏty¶rite (?), n. [LL. Artotyritae, pl., fr. Gr. ? bread + ? cheese.] (Eccl. Hist.) One of a sect in the primitive church, who celebrated the Lord's Supper with bread and cheese, alleging that the first oblations of men not only of the fruit of the earth, but of their flocks. [Gen. iv. 3, 4.] Ar¶tow (?). A contraction of art thou. [Obs.] Chaucer. Arts¶man (?), n. A man skilled in an art or in arts. [Obs.] Bacon. Art· un¶ion (?). An association for promoting art (esp. the arts of design), and giving encouragement to artists. Ø A¶rum , n. [L. arum, aros, Gr. ?.] A genus of plants found in central Europe and about the Mediterranean, having flowers on a spadix inclosed in a spathe. The cuckoopint of the English is an example. Our common arums the lords and ladies of village children. Lubbock. µ The American ½Jack in the pulpit¸ is now separated from the genus Arum. Ar·unÏdel¶ian (?), a. Pertaining to an Earl of Arundel; as, Arundel or Arundelian marbles, marbles from ancient Greece, bought by the Earl of Arundel in 1624. Ar·unÏdif¶erÏous , a. [L. arundifer; arundo reed + ferre to bear.] Producing reeds or canes. AÏrun·diÏna¶ceous (?), a. [L. arundinaceus, fr. arundo reed.] Of or pertaining to a reed; resembling the reed or cane. Ar·unÏdin¶eÏous (?), a. [L. arundineus, fr. arundo reed.] Abounding with reeds; reedy. Ø AÏrus¶pex (?), n.; pl. Aruspices (?). [L. aruspex or haruspex.] One of the class of diviners among the Etruscans and Romans, who foretold events by the inspection of the entrails of victims offered on the altars of the gods. AÏrus¶pice (?), n. [L. aruspex: cf. F. aruspice. Cf. Aruspex, Haruspice.] A soothsayer of ancient Rome. Same as Aruspex. [Written also haruspice.] AÏrus¶piÏcy (?), n. [L. aruspicium, haruspicium.] Prognostication by inspection of the entrails of victims slain sacrifice. Ar¶val (?), n. [W. arwyl funeral; ar over + wylo to weep, or cf. arf”l; Icel. arfr inheritance + Sw. ”l ale. Cf. Bridal.] A funeral feast. [North of Eng.] Grose. Ar¶viÏcole (?), n. [L. arvum field + colere to inhabit.] (Zo”l.) A mouse of the genus Arvicola; the meadow mouse. There are many species. Ar¶yan (?), n. [Skr. ¾rya excellent, honorable; akin to the name of the country Iran, and perh. to Erin, Ireland, and the early name of this people, at least in Asia.] 1. One of a primitive people supposed to have lived in prehistoric times, in Central Asia, east of the Caspian Sea, and north of the Hindoo ???? and Paropamisan Mountains, and to have been the stock from which sprang the Hindoo, Persian, Greek, Latin, Celtic, Teutonic, Slavonic, and other races; one of that ethnological division of mankind called also IndoÐEuropean or IndoÐGermanic.

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2. The language of the original Aryans. [Written also Arian.] Ar¶yan (?), a. Of or pertaining to the people called Aryans; IndoÐEuropean; IndoÐGermanic; as, the Aryan stock, the Aryan languages. Ar¶yanÏize , v. t. To make Aryan (a language, or in language). K. Johnston. AÏryt¶eÏnoid (?), a. [Gr. ? shaped like a ladle; ? a ladle + ? form.] (Anat.) LadleÐshaped; Ð applied to two small cartilages of the larynx, and also to the glands, muscles, etc., connected with them. The cartilages are attached to the cricoid cartilage and connected with the vocal cords. As (?), adv. & conj. [OE. as, als, alse, also, al swa, AS. eal sw¾, lit. all so; hence, quite so, quite as: cf. G. als as, than, also so, then. See Also.] 1. Denoting equality or likeness in kind, degree, or manner; like; similar to; in the same manner with or in which; in accordance with; in proportion to; to the extent or degree in which or to which; equally; no less than; as, ye shall be as gods, knowing good and evil; you will reap as you sow; do as you are bidden. His spiritual attendants adjured him, as he loved his soul, to emancipate his brethren. Macaulay. µ As is often preceded by one of the antecedent or correlative words such, same, so, or as, in expressing an equality or comparison; as, give us such things as you please, and so long as you please, or as long as you please; he is not so brave as Cato; she is as amiable as she is handsome; come as quickly as possible. ½Bees appear fortunately to prefer the same colors as we do.¸ Lubbock. As, in a preceding part of a sentence, has such or so to answer correlatively to it; as with the people, so with the priest. 2. In the idea, character, or condition of, Ð limiting the view to certain attributes or relations; as, virtue considered as virtue; this actor will appear as Hamlet. The beggar is greater as a man, than is the man merely as a king. Dewey. 3. While; during or at the same time that; when; as, he trembled as he spoke. As I return I will fetch off these justices. Shak. 4. Because; since; it being the case that. As the population of Scotland had been generally trained to arms... they were not indifferently prepared. Sir W. Scott. [See Synonym under Because.] 5. Expressing concession. (Often approaching though in meaning). We wish, however, to avail ourselves of the interest, transient as it may be, which this work has excited. Macaulay. 6. That, introducing or expressing a result or consequence, after the correlatives so and such.ÿ[Obs.] I can place thee in such abject state, as help shall never find thee. Rowe. So ~, so that. [Obs.] The relations are so uncertain as they require a great deal of examination. Bacon. 7. As if; as though. [Obs. or Poetic] He lies, as he his bliss did know. Waller. 8. For instance; by way of example; thus; Ð used to introduce illustrative phrases, sentences, or citations. 9. Than. [Obs. & R.] The king was not more forward to bestow favors on them as they free to deal affronts to others their superiors. Fuller. 10 Expressing a wish. [Obs.] ½As have,¸ i. e., may he have. Chaucer.

As... as. See So... as, under So. Ð As far as, to the extent or degree. ½As far as can be ascertained.¸ Macaulay. Ð As far forth as, as far as. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ð As for, or As to, in regard to; with respect to. Ð As good as, not less than; not falling short of. Ð As good as one's word, faithful to a promise. Ð As if, or As though, of the same kind, or in the same condition or manner, that it would be if. Ð As it were (as it were), a qualifying phrase used to apologize for or to relieve some expression which might be regarded as inappropriate or incongruous; in a manner. Ð As now, just now. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ð As swythe, as quickly as possible. [Obs.] Chaucer. Ð As well, also; too; besides. Addison. Ð As well as, equally with, no less than. ½I have understanding as well as you.¸ Job xii. 3. Ð As yet, until now; up to or at the present time; still; now. As (?), n. [See Ace.] An ace. [Obs.] Chaucer. AmbesÐas, double aces. Ø As (?), n.; pl. Asses (?). [L. as. See Ace.] 1. A Roman weight, answering to the libra or pound, equal to nearly eleven ounces Troy weight. It was divided into twelve ounces. 2. A Roman copper coin, originally of a pound weight (12 oz.); but reduced, after the first Punic war, to two ounces; in the second Punic war, to one ounce; and afterwards to half an ounce. Ø As¶a (?), n. [NL. asa, of oriental origin; cf. Per. az¾ mastic, Ar. as¾ healing, is¾ remedy.] An ancient name of a gum. As·aÏfet¶iÏda, As·aÏf?t¶iÏda } (?), n. [Asa + L. foetidus fetid.] The fetid gum resin or inspissated juice of a large umbelliferous plant (Ferula asaf?tida) of Persia and the East India. It is used in medicine as an antispasmodic. [Written also assaf?tida.] Ø As¶aÏphus (?), n. [NL., fr. Gr. ? indistinct, uncertain.] (Paleon.) A genus of trilobites found in the Lower Silurian formation. See Illust. in Append. Ø As·aÏraÏbac¶ca (?), n. [L. asarum + bacca a berry. See Asarone.] (Bot.) An acrid herbaceous plant (Asarum Europ‘um), the leaves and roots of which are emetic and cathartic. It is principally used in cephalic snuffs. As¶aÏrone (?), n. [L. asarum hazelwort, wild spikenard, Gr. ?] (Chem.) A crystallized substance, resembling camphor, obtained from the Asarum Europ‘um; Ð called also camphor of asarum. AsÏbes¶tic (?), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling asbestus; inconsumable; asbestine. AsÏbes¶tiÏform (?), a. [L. asbestus + Ïform.] Having the form or structure of asbestus. AsÏbes¶tine (?), a. Of or pertaining to asbestus, or partaking of its nature; incombustible; asbestic. AsÏbes¶tous (?), a. Asbestic. AsÏbes¶tus (?), AsÏbes¶tos (?; 277), } n. [L. asbestos (NL. asbestus) a kind of mineral unaffected by fire, Gr. ? (prop. an adj.) inextinguishable; ? priv. + ? to extinguish.] (Min.) A variety of amphibole or of pyroxene, occurring in long and delicate fibers, or in fibrous masses or seams, usually of a white, gray, or greenÐgray color. The name is also given to a similar variety of serpentine. µ The finer varieties have wrought into gloves and cloth which are incombustible. The cloth was formerly used as a shroud for dead bodies, and has been recommended for firemen's clothes. Asbestus in also employed in the manufacture of iron sa?es, for fireproof roofing, and for lampwicks. Some varieties are called amianthus. Dana. Ab¶soÏlin (?), n. [Gr. ? soot.] (Chem.) A peculiar acrid and bitter oil, obtained from wood soot. As¶caÏrid (?), n.; pl. Ascarides (?) or Ascarids. [NL. ascaris, fr. Gr. ?.] (Zo”l.) A parasitic nematoid worm, espec. the roundworm, Ascaris lumbricoides, often occurring in the human intestine and allied species found in domestic animals; also commonly applied to the pinworm (Oxyuris), often troublesome to children and aged persons. AsÏcend¶ (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Ascended; p. pr. & vb. n. Ascending.] [L. ascendere; ad + scandere to climb, mount. See Scan.] 1. To move upward; to mount; to go up; to rise; Ð opposed to descend. Higher yet that star ascends. Bowring. I ascend unto my father and your father. John xx. 17. Formerly used with up. The smoke of it ascended up to heaven. Addison. 2. To rise, in a figurative sense; to proceed from an inferior to a superior degree, from mean to noble objects, from particulars to generals, from modern to ancient times, from one note to another more acute, etc.; as, our inquiries ascend to the remotest antiquity; to ascend to our first progenitor. Syn. - To rise; mount; climb; scale; soar; tower. AsÏcend¶, v. t. To go or move upward upon or along; to climb; to mount; to go up the top of; as, to ascend a hill, a ladder, a tree, a river, a throne. AsÏcend¶aÏble (?), a. Capable of being ascended. AsÏcend¶anÏcy (?), AsÏcend¶ance (?), } n. Same as Ascendency. AsÏcend¶ant (?), n. [F. ascendant, L. ascendens; p. pr. of ascendere.] 1. Ascent; height; elevation. [R.] Sciences that were then in their highest ascendant. Temple. 2. (Astrol.) The horoscope, or that degree of the ecliptic which roses above the horizon at the moment of one's birth; supposed to have a commanding influence on a person's life and fortune. µ Hence the phrases To be in the ~, to have commanding power or influence, and Lord of the ~, one who has possession of such power or influence; as, to rule, for a while, lord of the ascendant. Burke. 3. Superiority, or commanding influence; ascendency; as, one man has the ascendant over another. Chievres had acquired over the mind of the young monarch the ascendant not only of a tutor, but of a parent. Robertson. 4. An ancestor, or one who precedes in genealogy or degrees of kindred; a relative in the ascending line; a progenitor; Ð opposed to descendant. Ayliffe. AsÏcend¶ant (?), AsÏcend¶ent (?), } a. 1. Rising toward the zenith; above the horizon. The constellation... about that time ascendant. Browne. 2. Rising; ascending. Ruskin. 3. Superior; surpassing; ruling. An ascendant spirit over him. South. The ascendant community obtained a surplus of wealth. J. S. Mill. Without some power of persuading or confuting, of defending himself against accusations, ... no man could possibly hold an ascendent position. Grote. AsÏcend¶enÏcy (?), n. Governing or controlling influence; domination; power. An undisputed ascendency. Macaulay. Custom has an ascendency over the understanding. Watts. Syn. - Control; authority; influence; sway' dominion; prevalence; domination. AsÏcend¶iÏble (?), a. [L. ascendibilis.] Capable of being ascended; climbable. AsÏcend¶ing, a. Rising; moving upward; as, an ascending kite. Ð AsÏcend¶ingÏly, adv. ÷ latitude (Astron.), the increasing latitude of a planet. Ferguson. Ð ÷ line (Geneal.), the line of relationship traced backward or through one's ancestors. One's father and mother, grandfather and grandmother, etc., are in the line direct ascending. Ð ÷ nodeÿhaving, that node of the moon or a planet wherein it passes the ecliptic to proceed northward. It is also called the northern node. Herschel. Ð ÷ series. (Math.) (a) A series arranged according to the ~ powers of a quantity. (b) A series in which each term is greater than the preceding. Ð ÷ signs, signs east of the meridian. AsÏcen¶sion , n. [F. ascension, L. ascensio, fr. ascendere. See Ascend.] 1. The act of ascending; a rising; ascent. 2. Specifically: The visible ascent of our Savior on the fortieth day after his resurrection. (Acts i. 9.) Also, Ascension Day. 3. An ascending or arising, as in distillation; also that which arises, as from distillation. Vaporous ascensions from the stomach. Sir T. Browne. ÷ Day, the Thursday but one before Whitsuntide, the day on which commemorated our Savior's ~ into heaven after his resurrection; Ð called also Holy Thursday. Ð Right ~ (Astron.), that degree of the equinoctial, counted from the beginning of Aries, which rises with a star, or other celestial body, in a right sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the meridian with the star; Ð expressed either in degrees or in time. Ð Oblique ~ (Astron.), an arc of the equator, intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator which rises together with a star, in an oblique sphere; or the arc of the equator intercepted between the first point of Aries and that point of the equator that comes to the horizon with a star. It is little used in modern astronomy. AsÏcen¶sionÏal (?), a. Relating to ascension; connected with ascent; ascensive; tending upward; as, the ascensional power of a balloon. ÷ difference (Astron.), the difference between oblique and right ascension; Ð used chiefly as expressing the difference between the time of the rising or setting of a body and six o'clock, or six hours from its meridian passage. AsÏcen¶sive (?), a. [See Ascend.] 1. Rising; tending to rise, or causing to rise. Owen. 2. (Gram.) Augmentative; intensive. Ellicott. AsÏcent¶ (?). [Formed like descent, as if from a F. ascente, fr. a verb ascendre, fr. L. ascendere. See Ascend, Descent.] 1. The act of rising; motion upward; rise; a mounting upward; as, he made a tedious ascent; the ascent of vapors from the earth. To him with swift ascent he up returned. Milton. 2. The way or means by which one ascends. 3. An eminence, hill, or high place. Addison. 4. The degree of elevation of an object, or the angle it makes with a horizontal line; inclination; rising grade; as, a road has an ascent of five degrees. As·cerÏtain¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascertained (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ascertaining.] [OF. acertener; a (L. ad) + certain. See Certain.] 1. To render (a person) certain; to cause to feel certain; to make confident; to assure; to apprise. [Obs.] When the blessed Virgin was so ascertained. Jer. Taylor. Muncer assured them that the design was approved of by Heaven, and that the Almighty had in a dream ascertained him of its effects. Robertson. 2. To make (a thing) certain to the mind; to free from obscurity, doubt, or change; to make sure of; to fix; to determine. [Archaic] The divine law... ascertaineth the truth. Hooker. The very deferring [of his execution] shall increase and ascertain the condemnation. Jer. Taylor. The ministry, in order to ascertain a majority... persuaded the queen to create twelve new peers. Smollett. The mildness and precision of their laws ascertained the rule and measure of taxation. Gibbon. 3. To find out or learn for a certainty, by trial, examination, or experiment; to get to know; as, to ascertain the weight of a commodity, or the purity of a metal. He was there only for the purpose of ascertaining whether a descent on England was practicable. Macaulay. As·cerÏtain¶aÏble (?), a. That may be ascertained. Ð As·cerÏtain¶aÏbleÏness, n. Ð As·cerÏtain¶aÏbly, adv. As·cerÏtain¶er (?), n. One who ascertains. As·cerÏtain¶ment (?), n. The act of ascertaining; a reducing to certainty; a finding out by investigation; discovery. The positive ascertainment of its limits. Burke. AsÏces¶sanÏcy (?), n. AsÏces¶sant (?), a. See Acescency, Acescent. [Obs.] AsÏcet¶ic (?) a. [Gr. ?, fr. ? to exercise, to practice gymnastics.] Extremely rigid in selfÐdenial and devotions; austere; severe. The stern ascetic rigor of the Temple discipline. Sir W. Scott. AsÏcet¶ic, n. In the early church, one who devoted himself to a solitary and contemplative life, characterized by devotion, extreme selfÐdenial, and selfÐmortification; a hermit; a recluse; hence, one who practices extreme rigor and selfÐdenial in religious things. I am far from commending those ascetics that take up their quarters in deserts. Norris. ÷ theology, the science which treats of the practice of the theological and moral virtues, and the counsels of perfection. Am. Cyc. AsÏcet¶iÏcism (?), n. The condition, practice, or mode of life, of ascetics. As¶cham (?), n. [From Roger Ascham, who was a great lover of archery.] A sort of cupboard, or case, to contain bows and other implements of archery. Ø As¶ci , n. pl. See Ascus. As¶cian , n. One of the Ascii. AsÏcid¶iÏan (?), n. [Gr. ? bladder, pouch.] (Zo”l.) One of the Ascidioidea, or in a more general sense, one of the Tunicata. Also as an Adj. Ø AsÏcid·iÏa¶riÏum (?), n. [NL. See Ascidium.] (Zo”l.) The structure which unites together the ascidiozooids in a compound ascidian. AsÏcid¶iÏform , a. [Gr. ? a pouch + Ïform.] (Zo”l.) Shaped like an ascidian. Ø AsÏcid·iÏoid¶eÏa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. ascidium + Ïoid. See Ascidium.] (Zo”l.) A group of Tunicata, often shaped like a twoÐnecked bottle. The group includes, social, and compound species. The gill is a netlike structure within the oral aperture. The integument is usually leathery in texture. See Illustration in Appendix.

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AsÏcid·iÏoÏzo¶oid (?), n. [Ascidium + zooid.] (Zo”l.) One of the individual members of a compound ascidian. See Ascidioidea. Ø AsÏcid¶iÏum (?), n.; pl. Ascidia (?). [NL., fr. ascus. See Ascus.] 1. (Bot.) A pitcherÐshaped, or flaskÐshaped, organ or appendage of a plant, as the leaves of the pitcher plant, or the little bladderlike traps of the bladderwort (Utricularia). 2. pl. (Zo”l.) A genus of simple ascidians, which formerly included most of the known species. It is sometimes used as a name for the Ascidioidea, or for all the Tunicata. AsÏcig¶erÏous (?), a. [Ascus + Ïgerous.] (Bot.) Having asci. Loudon. Ø As¶ciÏi (?), As¶cians (?), } n. pl. [L. ascii, pl. of ascius, Gr. ? without shadow; ? priv. + ? shadow.] Persons who, at certain times of the year, have no shadow at noon; Ð applied to the inhabitants of the torrid zone, who have, twice a year, a vertical sun. Ø AsÏci¶tes (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ? (sc. ? disease), fr. ? bladder, belly.] (Med.) A collection of serous fluid in the cavity of the abdomen; dropsy of the peritoneum. Dunglison. AsÏcit¶ic (?), AsÏcit¶icÏal (?), } a. Of, pertaining to, or affected by, ascites; dropsical. As·ciÏti¶tious (?), a. [See Adscititious.] Supplemental; not inherent or original; adscititious; additional; assumed. Homer has been reckoned an ascititious name. Pope. AsÏcle¶piÏad (?), n. (Gr. & L. Pros.) A choriambic verse, first used by the Greek poet Asclepias, consisting of four feet, viz., a spondee, two choriambi, and an iambus. AsÏcle·piÏaÏda¶ceous , a. [See Asclepias.] (Bot.) Of, pertaining to, or resembling, plants of the Milkweed family. Ø AsÏcle¶piÏas , n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, named from Asclepios or Aesculapius.] (Bot.) A genus of plants including the milkweed, swallowwort, and some other species having medicinal properties. ÷ butterfly (Zo”l.), a large, handsome, red and black butterfly (Danais Archippus), found in both hemispheres. It feeds on plants of the genus Asclepias. Ø As·coÏcoc¶cus (?), n.; pl. Ascococci (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? bladder, bag + ? kernel.] (Biol.) A form of micrococcus, found in putrid meat infusions, occurring in peculiar masses, each of which is inclosed in a hyaline capsule and contains a large number of spherical micrococci. As¶coÏspore (?), n. [Ascus + spore.] (Bot.) One of the spores contained in the asci of lichens and fungi. [See Illust. of Ascus.] AsÏcrib¶aÏble (?), a. Capable of being ascribed; attributable. AsÏcribe¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Ascribed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Ascribing.] [L. ascribere, adscribere, to ascribe; ad + scribere to write: cf. OF. ascrire. See Scribe.] 1. To attribute, impute, or refer, as to a cause; as, his death was ascribed to a poison; to ascribe an effect to the right cause; to ascribe such a book to such an author. The finest [speech] that is ascribed to Satan in the whole poem. Addison. 2. To attribute, as a quality, or an appurtenance; to consider or allege to belong. Syn. - To Ascribe, Attribute, Impute. Attribute denotes, 1. To refer some quality or attribute to a being; as, to attribute power to God. 2. To refer something to its cause or source; as, to attribute a backward spring to icebergs off the coast. Ascribe is used equally in both these senses, but involves a different image. To impute usually denotes to ~ something doubtful or wrong, and hence, in general literature, has commonly a bad sense; as, to impute unworthy motives. The theological sense of impute is not here taken into view. More than goodÐwill to me attribute naught. Spenser. Ascribes his gettings to his parts and merit. Pope. And fairly quit him of the imputed blame. Spenser. As¶cript (?), a. See Adscript. [Obs.] AsÏcrip¶tion (?), n. [L. ascriptio, fr. ascribere. See Ascribe.] The act of ascribing, imputing, or affirming to belong; also, that which is ascribed. As·cripÏti¶tious (?), a. [L. ascriptitius, fr. ascribere.] 1. Ascribed. 2. Added; additional. [Obs.] An ascriptitious and supernumerary God. Farindon. As¶cus (?), n.; pl Asci (?). [NL., fr. Gr. ? a bladder.] (Bot.) A small membranous bladder or tube in which are inclosed the seedlike reproductive particles or sporules of lichens and certain fungi. AÐsea , adv. [Pref. aÏ + sea.] On the sea; at sea; toward the sea. AÏsep¶tic (?), a. [Pref. aÏ not + septic.] Not liable to putrefaction; nonputrescent. Ð n. An ~ substance. AÏsex¶uÏal (?; 135), a. [Pref. aÏ not + sexual.] (Biol.) Having no distinct; without sexual action; as, asexual reproduction. See Fission and Gemmation. AÏsex¶uÏalÏly (?), adv. In an asexual manner; without sexual agency. Ash (?), n. [OE. asch, esh, AS. ‘sc; akin to OHG. asc, Sw. & Dan. ask, Icel. askr, D. esch, G. esche.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of trees of the Olive family, having opposite pinnate leaves, many of the species furnishing valuable timber, as the European ash (Fraxinus excelsior) and the white ash (F. Americana). Prickly ~ (Zanthoxylum Americanum) and Poison ~ (R??s venerala) are shrubs of different families, somewhat resembling the true ashes in their foliage. Ð Mountain ~. See Roman tree, and under Mountain. 2. The tough, elastic wood of the ~ tree. Ash is used adjectively, or as the first part of a compound term; as, ash bud, ash wood, ash tree, etc. Ash, n., sing. of Ashes. µ Ash is rarely used in the singular except in connection with chemical or geological products; as, soda ash, coal which yields a red ash, etc., or as a qualifying or combining word; as, ash bin, ash heap, ash hole, ash pan, ash pit, ashÐgrey, ashÐgrey, ashÐcolored, pearlash, potash. Bone ~, burnt powered; bone earth. Ð Volcanic ~. See under Ashes. Ash, v. t. To strew or sprinkle with ashes. Howell. AÏshame (?), v. t. [Pref. aÏ + shame: cf. AS. ¾scamian to shame (where ¾Ï is the same as Goth. usÏ, G. erÏ, and orig. meant out), gescamian, gesceamian, to shame.] To shame. [R.] Barrow. AÏshamed¶ (?), a. [Orig. a p. p. of ashame, v. t.] Affected by shame; abashed or confused by guilt, or a conviction or consciousness of some wrong action or impropriety. ½I am ashamed to beg.¸ Wyclif. All that forsake thee shall be ashamed. Jer. xvii. 13. I began to be ashamed of sitting idle. Johnson. Enough to make us ashamed of our species. Macaulay. An ashamed person can hardly endure to meet the gaze of those present. Darwin. µ Ashamed seldom precedes the noun or pronoun it qualifies. By a Hebraism, it is sometimes used in the Bible to mean disappointed, or defeated. AÏsham¶edÏly (?), adv. Bashfully. [R.] Ash·anÏtee¶ (?), n.; pl. Ashantees (?). A native or an inhabitant of Ashantee in Western Africa. Ash·anÏtee¶, a. Of or pertaining to Ashantee. Ash¶Ðcol·ored (?), a. Of the color of ashes; a whitish gray or brownish gray. Ash¶en (?), a. [See Ash, the tree.] Of or pertaining to the ash tree. ½Ashen poles.¸ Dryden. Ash¶en, a. Consisting of, or resembling, ashes; of a color between brown and gray, or white and gray. The ashen hue of age. Sir W. Scott. Ash¶en (?), n., obs. pl. for Ashes. Chaucer. Ash¶erÏy (?), n. 1. A depository for ashes. 2. A place where potash is made. Ash¶es (?), n. pl. [OE. asche, aske, AS. asce, ‘sce, axe; akin to OHG. asca, G. asche, D. asch, Icel. & Sw. aska, Dan. aske, Goth. azgo.] 1. The earthy or mineral particles of combustible substances remaining after combustion, as of wood or coal. 2. Specifically: The remains of the human body when burnt, or when ¸returned to dust¸ by natural decay. Their martyred blood and ashes sow. Milton. The coffins were broken open. The ashes were scattered to the winds. Macaulay. 3. The color of ashes; deathlike paleness. The lip of ashes, and the cheek of flame. Byron. In dust and ~, In sackcloth and ~, with humble expression of grief or repentance; Ð from the method of mourning in Eastern lands. Ð Volcanic ~, or Volcanic ash, the loose, earthy matter, or small fragments of stone or lava, ejected by volcanoes. Ash¶Ïfire , n. A low fire used in chemical operations. Ash¶Ðfur·nace (?), Ash¶Ðov·en (?), n. A furnace or oven for fritting materials for glass making. AÏschine¶ (?), a. Shining; radiant. Ash¶lar, Ash¶ler } (?), n. [OE. ascheler, achiler, OF. aiseler, fr. aiselle, dim. of ais plank, fr. L. axis, assis, plank, axle. See Axle.] 1. (Masonry) (a) Hewn or squared stone; also, masonry made of squared or hewn stone. Rough ashlar, a block of freestone as brought from the quarry. When hammerÏdressed it is known as common ashlar. Knight. (b) In the United States especially, a thin facing of squared and dressed stone upon a wall of rubble or brick. 2. (Carp.) One of the short upright pieces or studs between the floor beams and the rafters of a garret. Ashlar pieces cut off the sharp angles between the floor and ceiling. Knight. Ash¶larÏing, Ash¶lerÏing, } n. 1. The act of bedding ashlar in mortar. 2. Ashlar when in thin slabs and made to serve merely as a case to the body of the wall. Brande & C. 3. (Carp.) The short upright pieces between the floor beams and rafters in garrets. See Ashlar, 2. AÏshore¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + shore.] On shore or on land; on the land adjacent to water; to the shore; to the land; aground (when applied to a ship); Ð sometimes opposed to aboard or afloat. Here shall I die ashore. Shak. I must fetch his necessaries ashore. Shak. Ash¶toÏreth (?), n.; pl. Ashtaroth (?). The principal female divinity of the Ph?nicians, as Baal was the principal male divinity. W. Smith. Ash· Wednes¶day (?). The first day of Lent; Ð so called from a custom in the Roman Catholic church of putting ashes, on that day, upon the foreheads of penitents. Ash¶weed· (?), n. (Bot.) [A corruption of acheÐweed; F. ache. So named from the likeness of its leaves to those of ache (celery).] Goutweed. Ash¶y (?), a. 1. Pertaining to, or composed of, ?shes; filled, or strewed with, ashes. 2. AshÐcolored; whitish gray; deadly pale. Shak. ÷ pale, pale as ~. Shak. A¶sian (?), a. [L. Asianus, Gr. ?, fr. ?, L. Asia.] Of or pertaining to Asia; Asiatic. ½Asian princes.¸ Jer. Taylor. Ð n. An Asiatic. A¶siÏarch (?), n. [L. Asiarcha, Gr. ?; ? + ? ruler.] One of the chiefs or pontiffs of the Roman province of Asia, who had the superintendence of the public games and religious rites. Milner. A·siÏat¶ic (?), a. [L. Asiaticus, Gr. ?.] Of or pertaining to Asia or to its inhabitants. Ð n. A native, or one of the people, of Asia. A·siÏat¶iÏcism (?), n. Something peculiar to Asia or the Asiatics. AÏside¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + side.] 1. On, or to, one side; out of a straight line, course, or direction; at a little distance from the rest; out of the way; apart. Thou shalt set aside that which is full. 2 Kings iv. 4. But soft! but soft! aside: here comes the king. Shak. The flames were blown aside. Dryden. 2. Out of one's thoughts; off; away; as, to put aside gloomy thoughts. ½Lay aside every weight.¸ Heb. xii. 1. 3. So as to be heard by others; privately. Then lords and ladies spake aside. Sir W. Scott. To set ~ (Law), to annul or defeat the effect or operation of, by a subsequent decision of the same or of a superior tribunal; to declare of no authority; as, to set aside a verdict or a judgment. AÏside¶, n. Something spoken ~; as, a remark made by a stageplayer which the other players are not supposed to hear. Ø AÏsi¶lus (?), n. [L., a gadfly.] (Zo”l.) A genus of large and voracious twoÐwinged flies, including the bee killer and robber fly. As·Ïne¶go, As·siÏne¶go (?), n. [Sp. asnico, dim. of asno an ass.] A stupid fellow. [Obs.] Shak. As¶iÏnine (?), a. [L. asininus, fr. asinus ass. See Ass.] Of or belonging to, or having the qualities of, the ass, as stupidity and obstinacy. ½Asinine nature.¸ B. Jonson. ½Asinine feast.¸ Milton. As·iÏnin¶iÏty (?), n. The quality of being asinine; stupidity combined with obstinacy. AÏsi¶phonÏate (?), a. (Zo”l.) Destitute of a siphon or breathing tube; Ð said of many bivalve shells. Ð n. An ~ mollusk. Ø As·iÏpho¶neÏa (?), Ø AÏsi·phoÏna¶ta (?), Ø As·iÏphon¶iÏda (?), } n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ? priv. + ? a tube.] (Zo”l.) A group of bivalve mollusks destitute of siphons, as the oyster; the asiphonate mollusks. Ø AÏsi¶tiÏa (?), n. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? food.] (Med.) Want of appetite; loathing of food. Ask (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asked (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Asking.] [OE. asken, ashen, axien, AS. ¾scian, ¾csian; akin to OS. ?sc?n, OHG. eisc?n, Sw. ¾ska, Dan. ‘ske, D. eischen, G. heischen, Lith. j‰sk¢ti, OSlav. iskati to seek, Skr. ish to desire. ?.] 1. To request; to seek to obtain by words; to petition; to solicit; Ð often with of, in the sense of from, before the person addressed. Ask counsel, we pray thee, of God. Judg. xviii. 5. If ye abide in me, and my words abide in you, ye shall ask what ye will, and it shall be done unto you. John xv. 7. 2. To require, demand, claim, or expect, whether by way of remuneration or return, or as a matter of necessity; as, what price do you ask? Ask me never so much dowry. Gen. xxxiv. 12. To whom men have committed much, of him they will ask the more. Luke xii. 48. An exigence of state asks a much longer time to conduct a design to maturity. Addison. 3. To interrogate or inquire of or concerning; to put a question to or about; to question. He is of age; ask him: he shall speak for himself. John ix. 21. He asked the way to Chester. Shak. 4. To invite; as, to ask one to an entertainment. 5. To publish in church for marriage; Ð said of both the banns and the persons. Fuller. Syn. - To beg; request; seek; petition; solicit; entreat; beseech; implore; crave; require; demand; claim; exhibit; inquire; interrogate. See Beg. Ask, v. i. 1. To request or petition; Ð usually folllowed by for; as, to ask for bread. Ask, and it shall be given you. Matt. vii. 7. 2. To make inquiry, or seek by request; Ð sometimes followed by after. Wherefore... dost ask after my name? Gen. xxxii. 29. Ask (?), n. [See 2d Asker.] (Zo”l.) A water newt. [Scot. & North of Eng.] AÏskance¶ (?), AÏskant¶ (?), } adv. [Cf. D. schuin, schuins, sideways, schuiven to shove, schuinte slope. Cf. Asquint.] Sideways; obliquely; with a side glance; with disdain, envy, or suspicion. They dart away; they wheel askance. Beattie. My palfrey eyed them askance. Landor. Both... were viewed askance by authority. Gladstone. AÏskance¶ , v. t. To turn aside. [Poet.] O, how are they wrapped in with infamies That from their own misdeeds askance their eyes! Shak. Ask¶er , n. One who asks; a petitioner; an inquirer. Shak. Ask¶er, n. [A corruption of AS. a?exe lizard, newt.] (Zo”l.) An ask; a water newt. [Local Eng.] AÏskew¶ , adv. & a. [Pref. aÏ + skew.] Awry; askance; asquint; oblique or obliquely; Ð sometimes indicating scorn, or contempt, or entry. Spenser. Ask¶ing , n. 1. The act of inquiring or requesting; a petition; solicitation. Longfellow. 2. The publishing of banns.

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AÏslake¶ (?), v. t. & i. [AS. ¾slacian, slacian, to slacken. Cf. Slake.] To mitigate; to moderate; to appease; to abate; to diminish. [Archaic] Chaucer. AÏslant¶ (?), adv. & a. [Pref. aÏ + slant.] Toward one side; in a slanting direction; obliquely. [The shaft] drove through his neck aslant. Dryden. AÏslant¶, prep. In a slanting direction over; athwart. There is a willow grows aslant a brook. Shak. AÏsleep¶ , a. & adv. [Pref. aÏ + sleep.] 1. In a state of sleep; in sleep; dormant. Fast asleep the giant lay supine. Dryden. By whispering winds soon lulled asleep. Milton. 2. In the sleep of the grave; dead. Concerning them which are asleep... sorrow not, even as others which have no hope. 1 Thess. iv. 13. 3. Numbed, and, usually, tingling. Udall. Leaning long upon any part maketh it numb, and, as we call it, asleep. Bacon. AÏslope¶ (?), adv. & a. [Pref. aÏ + slope.] Slopingly; aslant; declining from an upright direction; sloping. ½Set them not upright, but aslope.¸ Bacon. AÏslug¶ (?), adv. [Pref. aÏ + slug to move slowly.] Sluggishly. [Obs.] Fotherby. AÏsmear¶ (?), a. [Pref. aÏ + smear.] Smeared over. Dickens. As·moÏne¶an (?), a. Of or pertaining to the patriotic Jewish family to which the Maccabees belonged; Maccabean; as, the Asmonean dynasty. [Written also Asmon‘an.] As·moÏne¶an, n. One of the ÷ family. The Asmoneans were leaders and rulers of the Jews from 168 to 35 b. c. AÏsoak¶ (?), a. [Pref. aÏ + soak.] Soaking. AÏso¶maÏtous (?), a. [L. asomatus, Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? body.] Without a material body; incorporeal. Todd. As¶oÏnant (?), a. [Pref. aÏ not + sonant.] Not sounding or sounded. [R.] C. C. Felton. Asp (?), n. (Bot.) Same as Aspen. ½Trembling poplar or asp.¸ Martyn. Asp (?), n. [L. aspis, fr. Gr. ?: cf. OF. aspe, F. aspic.] (Zo”l.) A small, hooded, poisonous serpent of Egypt and adjacent countries, whose bite is often fatal. It is the Naja haje. The name is also applied to other poisonous serpents, esp. to Vipera aspis of southern Europe. See Haje. Ø AsÏpal¶aÏthus (?), n. [L. aspalathus, Gr. ?.] (Bot.) (a) A thorny shrub yielding a fragrant oil. Ecclus. xxiv. 15. (b) A genus of plants of the natural order Leguminos‘. The species are chiefly natives of the Cape of Good Hope. AsÏpar¶aÏgine (?), n. [Cf. F. asparagine.] (Chem.) A white, nitrogenous, crystallizable substance, C4H8N2O3+H2O, found in many plants, and first obtained from asparagus It is believed to aid in the disposition of nitrogenous matter throughout the plant; Ð called also altheine. As·paÏrag¶iÏnous (?), a. Pertaining or allied to, or resembling, asparagus; having shoots which are eaten like asparagus; as, asparaginous vegetables. AsÏpar¶aÏgus (?), n. [L., fr. Gr. ?, ?; cf. ? to swell with sap or juice, and Zend ?paregha prong, sprout, Pers. asparag, Lith. spurgas sprout, Skr. sphurj to swell. Perh. the Greek borrowed from the Persian. Cf. Sparrowgrass.] 1. (Bot.) A genus of perennial plants belonging to the natural order Liliace‘, and having erect much branched stems, and very slender branchlets which are sometimes mistaken for leaves. Asparagus racemosus is a shrubby climbing plant with fragrant flowers. Specifically: The Asparagus officinalis, a species cultivated in gardens. 2. The young and tender shoots of A. officinalis, which form a valuable and wellÐknown article of food. µ This word was formerly pronounced sparrowgrass; but this pronunciation is now confined exclusively to uneducated people. ÷ beetle (Zo”l.), a small beetle (Crioceris asparagi) injurious to ~. AsÏpar¶tic (?), a. (Chem.) Pertaining to, or derived, asparagine; as, aspartic acid. As¶pect (?), n. [L. aspectus, fr. aspicere, aspectum, to look at; ad + spicere, specere, to look, akin to E. spy.] 1. The act of looking; vision; gaze; glance. [R.] ½The basilisk killeth by aspect.¸ Bacon. His aspect was bent on the ground. Sir W. Scott. 2. Look, or particular appearance of the face; countenance; mien; air. ½Serious in aspect.¸ Dryden. [Craggs] with aspect open shall erect his head. Pope. 3. Appearance to the eye or the mind; look; view. ½The aspect of affairs.¸ Macaulay. The true aspect of a world lying in its rubbish. T. Burnet. 4. Position or situation with regard to seeing; that position which enables one to look in a particular direction; position in relation to the points of the compass; as, a house has a southern aspect, that is, a position which faces the south. 5. Prospect; outlook. [Obs.] This town affords a good aspect toward the hill from whence we descended. Evelyn. 6. (Astrol.) The situation of planets or stars with respect to one another, or the angle formed by the rays of light proceeding from them and meeting at the eye; the joint look of planets or stars upon each other or upon the earth. Milton. µ The aspects which two planets can assume are five; sextile, ?, when the planets are 600 apart; quartile, or quadrate, ?, when their distance is 900 or the quarter of a circle; trine, ?, when the distance is 1200; opposition, ?, when the distance is 1800, or half a circle; and conjunction, ?, when they are in the same degree. Astrology taught that the aspects of the planets exerted an influence on human affairs, in some situations for good and in others for evil. 7. (Astrol.) The influence of the stars for good or evil; as, an ill aspect. Shak. The astrologers call the evil influences of the stars evil aspects. Bacon. ÷ of a plane (Geom.), the direction of the plane. AsÏpect¶ (?), v. t. [L. aspectare, v. intens. of aspicere. See Aspect, n.] To behold; to look at. [Obs.] AsÏpect¶aÏble (?), a. [L. aspectabilis.] Capable of being; visible. ½The aspectable world.¸ Ray. ½Aspectable stars.¸ Mr. Browning. AsÏpect¶ant (?), a. (Her.) Facing each other. AsÏpect¶ed, a. Having an aspect. [Obs.] B. Jonson. AsÏpec¶tion (?), n. [L. aspectio, fr. aspicere to look at.] The act of viewing; a look. [Obs.] Asp¶en (?), Asp (?), } n. [AS. ‘sp, ‘ps; akin to OHG. aspa, Icel. ”sp, Dan. ‘sp, Sw. asp, D. esp, G. espe, „spe, aspe; cf. Lettish apsa, Lith. apuszis.] (Bot.) One of several species of poplar bearing this name, especially the Populus tremula, so called from the trembling of its leaves, which move with the slightest impulse of the air. Asp¶en (?), a. Of or pertaining to the ~, or resembling it; made of ~ wood. Nor aspen leaves confess the gentlest breeze. Gay. As¶per (?), a. [OE. aspre, OF. aspre, F. ƒpre, fr. L. asper rough.] Rough; rugged; harsh; bitter; stern; fierce. [Archaic] ½An asper sound.¸ Bacon. Ø As¶per (?), n. [L. spiritus asper rough breathing.] (Greek Gram.) The rough breathing; a mark (?) placed over an initial vowel sound or over ? to show that it is aspirated, that is, pronounced with h before it; thus ?, pronounced h?s, ?, pronounced hr¾¶t?r. Ø As¶per, n. [F. aspre or It. aspro, fr. MGr. ?, ?, white (prob. from the whiteness of new silver coins).] A Turkish money of account (formerly a coin), of little value; the 120th part of a piaster. As¶perÏate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Asperated; p. pr. & vb. n. Asperating.] [L. asperatus, p. p. of asperare, fr. asper rough.] To make rough or uneven. The asperated part of its surface. Boyle. As·perÏa¶tion (?), n. The act of asperating; a making or becoming rough. Bailey. Ø AsÏper¶ges (?), n. [L., Thou shalt sprinkle.] (R. C. Ch.) (a) The service or ceremony of sprinkling with holy water. (b) The brush or instrument used in sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. As¶perÏgill (?), Ø As·perÏgil¶lum (?), } n. [LL. aspergillum, fr. L. aspergere. See Asperse, v. t. 1. The brush used in the Roman Catholic church for sprinkling holy water on the people. [Also written aspergillus.] 2. (Zo”l.) See Wateringpot shell. As·perÏgil¶liÏform (?), a. [Aspergillum + Ïform.] (Bot.) Resembling the aspergillum in form; as, an aspergilliform stigma. Gray. As·perÏiÏfo¶liÏate (?), As·perÏiÏfo¶liÏous (?), } a. [L. asper rough + folium leaf.] (Bot.) Having rough leaves. µ By some applied to the natural order now called Boraginace‘ or borageworts. AsÏper¶iÏty (?), n.; pl. Asperities (?). [L. asperitas, fr. asper rough: cf. F. asp‚rit‚.] 1. Roughness of surface; unevenness; Ð opposed to smoothness. ½The asperities of dry bodies.¸ Boyle. 2. Roughness or harshness of sound; that quality which grates upon the ear; raucity. 3. Roughness to the taste; sourness; tartness. 4. Moral roughness; roughness of manner; severity; crabbedness; harshness; Ð opposed to mildness. ½Asperity of character.¸ Landor. It is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received. Johnson. 5. Sharpness; disagreeableness; difficulty. The acclivities and asperities of duty. Barrow. Syn. - Acrimony; moroseness; crabbedness; harshness; sourness; tartness. See Acrimony. AÏsper¶maÏtous (?), a. [Gr. ? priv. + ?, ?, seed.] (Bot.) Aspermous. AÏsper¶mous , a. [Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? seed.] (Bot.) Destitute of seeds; aspermatous. AÏsperne¶ (?), v. t. [L. aspernari; a (ab) + spernari.] To spurn; to despise. [Obs.] Sir T. More. As¶perÏous (?), a. [See Asper, a.] Rough; uneven. Boyle. AsÏperse¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspersed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspersing.] [L. aspersus, p. p. of aspergere to scatter, sprinkle; ad + spargere to strew. See Sparse.] 1. To sprinkle, as water or dust, upon anybody or anything, or to besprinkle any one with a liquid or with dust. Heywood. 2. To bespatter with foul reports or false and injurious charges; to tarnish in point of reputation or good name; to slander or calumniate; as, to asperse a poet or his writings; to asperse a man's character. With blackest crimes aspersed. Cowper. Syn. - To slander; defame; detract from; calumniate; vilify. Ð To Asperse, Defame, Slander, Calumniate. These words have in common the idea of falsely assailing the character of another. To asperse is figuratively to cast upon a character hitherto unsullied the imputation of blemishes or faults which render it offensive or loathsome. To defame is to detract from a man's honor and reputation by charges calculated to load him with infamy. Slander (etymologically the same as scandal) and calumniate, from the Latin, have in common the sense of circulating reports to a man's injury from unworthy or malicious motives. Men asperse their neighbors by malignant insinuations; they defame by advancing charges to blacken or sully their fair fame; they slander or calumniate by spreading injurious reports which are false, or by magnifying slight faults into serious errors or crimes. AsÏpersed¶ (?), a. 1. (Her.) Having an indefinite number of small charges scattered or strewed over the surface. Cussans. 2. Bespattered; slandered; calumniated. Motley. AsÏpers¶er (?), n. One who asperses; especially, one who vilifies another. AsÏper¶sion (?), n. [L. aspersio, fr. aspergere: cf. F. aspersion.] 1. A sprinkling, as with water or dust, in a literal sense. Behold an immersion, not and aspersion. Jer. Taylor. 2. The spreading of calumniations reports or charges which tarnish reputation, like the bespattering of a body with foul water; calumny. Every candid critic would be ashamed to cast wholesale aspersions on the entire body of professional teachers. Grote. Who would by base aspersions blot thy virtue. Dryden. AsÏpers¶ive (?), a. Tending to asperse; defamatory; slanderous. Ð AsÏpers¶iveÏly, adv. Ø As·per·soir¶ (?), n. [F.] An aspergill. Ø As·perÏso¶riÏum (?), n.; pl. Aspersoria (?). [LL. See Asperse.] 1. The stoup, basin, or other vessel for holy water in Roman Catholic churches. 2. A brush for sprinkling holy water; an aspergill. As¶phalt (?), AsÏphal¶tum (?), } n. [Gr. ?, of eastern origin: cf. F. asphalte.] 1. Mineral pitch, Jews' pitch, or compact native bitumen. It is brittle, of a black or brown color and high luster on a surface of fracture; it melts and burns when heated, leaving no residue. It occurs on the surface and shores of the Dead Sea, which is therefore called Asphaltites, or the Asphaltic Lake. It is found also in many parts of Asia, Europe, and America. See Bitumen. 2. A composition of bitumen, pitch, lime, and gravel, used for forming pavements, and as a waterÐproof cement for bridges, roofs, etc.; asphaltic cement. Artificial asphalt is prepared from coal tar, lime, sand, etc. Asphalt stone, Asphalt rock, a limestone found impregnated with asphalt. As¶phalt, v. t. To cover with ~; as, to asphalt a roof; asphalted streets. Ø As·phalte¶ (?), n. [F. See Asphalt.] Asphaltic mastic or cement. See Asphalt, 2. AsÏphal¶tic (?), a. Pertaining to, of the nature of, or containing, asphalt; bituminous. ½Asphaltic pool.¸ ½Asphaltic slime.¸ Milton. AsÏphal¶tite (?), a. Asphaltic. AsÏphal¶tite (?), a. Asphaltic. Bryant. Ø AsÏphal¶tus , n. See Asphalt. As¶phoÏdel (?), n. [L. asphodelus, Gr. ?. See Daffodil.] (Bot.) A general name for a plant of the genus Asphodelus. The asphodels are hardy perennial plants, several species of which are cultivated for the beauty of their flowers. µ The name is also popularly given to species of other genera. The asphodel of the early English and French poets was the daffodil. The asphodel of the Greek poets is supposed to be the Narcissus poeticus. Dr. Prior. Pansies, and violets, and asphodel. Milton. AsÏphyc¶tic (?), a. Pertaining to asphyxia. Ø AsÏphyx¶iÏa (?), AsÏphyx¶y (?), } n. [NL. asphyxia, fr. Gr. ?; ? priv. + ? to throb, beat.] (Med.) Apparent death, or suspended animation; the condition which results from interruption of respiration, as in suffocation or drowning, or the inhalation of irrespirable gases. AsÏphyx¶iÏal (?), a. Of or relating to asphyxia; as, asphyxial phenomena. AsÏphyx¶iÏate (?), v. t. To bring to a state of asphyxia; to suffocate. [Used commonly in the past pple.] AsÏphyx¶iÏa·ted (?), AsÏphyx¶ied (?), p. p. In a state of asphyxia; suffocated. AsÏphyx·iÏa¶tion (?), n. The act of causing asphyxia; a state of asphyxia. As¶pic (?), n. [F. See Asp.] 1. The venomous asp. [Chiefly poetic] Shak. Tennyson. 2. A piece of ordnance carrying a 12 pound shot. [Obs.] As¶pic, n. [F., a corrupt. of spic (OF. espi, F. ‚pi), L. spica (spicum, spicus), ear, spike. See Spike.] A European species of lavender (Lavandula spica), which produces a volatile oil. See Spike. As¶pic, n. [F., prob. fr. aspic an asp.] A savory meat jelly containing portions of fowl, game, fish, hard boiled eggs, etc. Thackeray. Ø As·piÏdoÏbran¶chiÏa (?), n. pl. [NL., fr. Gr. ?, ?, shield + ? gills.] (Zo”l.) A group of Gastropoda, with limpetlike shells, including the abalone shells and keyhole limpets. AsÏpir¶ant (?; 277), a. [Cf. F. aspirant, p. pr. of aspirer. See Aspire.] Aspiring. AsÏpir¶ant, n. [Cf. F. aspirant.] One who aspires; one who eagerly seeks some high position or object of attainment. In consequence of the resignations... the way to greatness was left clear to a new set of aspirants. Macaulay. As¶piÏrate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Aspirated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspirating (?).] [L. aspiratus, p. p. of aspirare to breathe toward or upon, to add the breathing h; ad + spirare to breathe, blow. Cf. Aspire.] To [pronounce with a breathing, an ~, or an h sound; as, we aspirate the words horse and house; to aspirate a vowel or a liquid consonant. As¶piÏrate (?), n. 1. A sound consisting of, or characterized by, a breath like the sound of h; the breathing h or a character representing such a sound; an aspirated sound.

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2. A mark of aspiration (?) used in Greek; the asper, or rough breathing. Bentley. 3. An elementary sound produced by the breath alone; a surd, or nonvocal consonant; as, f, th in thin, etc. As¶piÏrate (?), As¶piÏra¶ted (?), } a. [L. aspiratus, p. p.] Pronounced with the h sound or with audible breath. But yet they are not aspirate, i. e., with such an aspiration as h. Holder. As·piÏra¶tion (?), n. [L. aspiratio, fr. aspirare: cf. F. aspiration.] 1. The act of aspirating; the pronunciation of a letter with a full or strong emission of breath; an aspirated sound. If aspiration be defined to be an impetus of breathing. Wilkins. 2. The act of breathing; a breath; an inspiration. 3. The act of aspiring of a ardently desiring; strong wish; high desire. ½Aspirations after virtue.¸ Johnson. Vague aspiration after military renown. Prescott. As¶piÏra·tor (?), n. 1. (Chem.) An apparatus for passing air or gases through or over certain liquids or solids, or for exhausting a closed vessel, by means of suction. 2. (Med.) An instrument for the evacuation of the fluid contents of tumors or collections of blood. AsÏpir¶aÏtoÏry (?), a. Of or pertaining to breathing; suited to the inhaling of air AsÏpire¶ (?), v. i. [imp. & p. p. Aspired (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Aspiring.] [F. aspirer, L. aspirare. See Aspirate, v. t.] 1. To desire with eagerness; to seek to attain something high or great; to pant; to long; Ð followed by to or after, and rarely by at; as, to aspire to a crown; to aspire after immorality. Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell; Aspiring to be angels, men rebel. Pope. 2. To rise; to ascend; to tower; to soar. My own breath still foments the fire, Which flames as high as fancy can aspire. Waller. AsÏpire¶, v. t. To ~ to; to long for; to try to reach; to mount to. [Obs.] That gallant spirit hath aspired the clouds. Shak. AsÏpire¶, n. Aspiration. [Obs.] Chapman. AsÏpire¶ment (?), n. Aspiration. [Obs.] AsÏpir¶er (?), n. One who aspires. AsÏpir¶ing, a. That aspires; as, an Aspiring mind. Ð AsÏpir¶ingÏly, adv. Ð AsÏpir¶ingÏness, n. Asp¶ish (?), a. Pertaining to, or like, an asp. As·porÏta¶tion (?), n. [L. asportatio, fr. asportare to carry away; abs = ab + portare to bear, carry.] (Law) The felonious removal of goods from the place where they were deposited. µ It is adjudged to be larceny, though the goods are not carried from the house or apartment. Blackstone. AÏsprawl¶ (?), adv. & a. Sprawling. AÏsquat¶ (?), adv. & a. Squatting. AÏsquint¶ (?), adv. [Cf. Askant, Squint.] With the eye directed to one side; not in the straight line of vision; obliquely; awry, so as to see distortedly; as, to look asquint. Ass (?), n. [OE. asse, AS. assa; akin to Icel. asni, W. asen, asyn, L. asinus, dim. aselus, Gr. ?; also to AS. esol, OHG. esil, G. esel, Goth. asilus, Dan. ‘sel, Lith. asilas, Bohem. osel, Pol. osiel. The word is prob. of Semitic origin; cf. Heb. ath?n she ~. Cf. Ease.] 1. (Zo”l.) A quadruped of the genus Equus (E. asinus), smaller than the horse, and having a peculiarly harsh bray and long ears. The tame or domestic ~ is patient, slow, and sureÐfooted, and has become the type of obstinacy and stupidity. There are several species of wild asses which are swiftÐfooted. 2. A dull, heavy, stupid fellow; a dolt. Shak. Asses' Bridge. [L. pons asinorum.] The fifth proposition of the first book of Euclid, ½The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another.¸ [Sportive] ½A schoolboy, stammering out his Asses' Bridge.¸ F. Harrison. Ð To make an ~ of one's self, to do or say something very foolish or absurd. As·saÏf?t¶iÏda (?), n. Same as Asafetida. As¶saÏgai (?), As¶seÏgai (?), n. [Pg. azagaia, Sp. azagaya, fr. a Berber word. Cf. Lancegay.] A spear used by tribes in South Africa as a missile and for stabbing, a kind of light javelin. Ø AsÏsa¶i (?). [It., fr. L. ad + satis enough. See Assets.] (Mus.) A direction equiv?lent to very; as, adagio assai, very slow. AsÏsail¶ (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assailed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assailing.] [OE. assailen, asailen, OF. asaillir, assailler, F. assaillir; ? (L. ad) + saillir to burst out, project, fr. L. salire to leap, spring; cf. L. assilire to leap or spring upon. See Sally.] 1. To attack with violence, or in a vehement and hostile manner; to assault; to molest; as, to assail ? man with blows; to assail a city with artillery. No rude noise mine ears assailing. Cowper. No storm can now assail The charm he wears within. Keble. 2. To encounter or meet purposely with the v??? of ??stering, as an obstacle, difficulty, or the like. The thorny wilds the woodmen fierce assail. Pope. 3. To attack morally, or with a view to produce ?anges in the feelings, character, conduct, existing usages, institutions; to attack by words, hostile influence, etc.; as, to assail one with appeals, arguments, abuse, ridicule, and the like. The papal authority... assailed. Hallam. They assailed him with keen invective; they assailed him with still keener irony.

Macaulay. Syn. - To attack; assault; invade; encounter; fall upon. See Attack. AsÏsail¶aÏble (?), a. Capable of being assailed. AsÏsail¶ant (?), a. [F. assaillant, p. pr. of assaillir.] Assailing; attacking. Milton. AsÏsail¶ant, n. [F. assaillant.] One who, or that which, assails, attacks, or assaults; an assailer. An assailant of the church. Macaulay. AsÏsail¶er (?), n. One who assails. AsÏsail¶ment (?), n. The act or power of assailing; attack; assault. [R.] His most frequent assailment was the headache. Johnson. As¶saÏmar (?), n. [L. assare to roast + amarus, bitter.] (Chem.) The peculiar bitter substance, soft or liquid, and of a yellow color, produced when meat, bread, gum, sugar, starch, and the like, are roasted till they turn brown. As·samÏese¶ (?), a. Of or pertaining to Assam, a province of British India, or to its inhabitants. Ð n. sing. & pl. A native or natives of Assam. Ø As·saÏpan¶ (?), Ø As·saÏpan¶ic (?), n. [Prob. Indian name.] (Zo”l.) The American flying squirrel (Pteromys volucella). AsÏsart¶ , n. [OF. essart the grubbing up of trees, fr. essarter to grub up or clear ground of bushes, shrubs, trees, etc., fr. LL. exartum, exartare, for exsaritare; L. ex + sarire, sarrire, saritum, to hoe, weed.] 1. (Old Law) The act or offense of grubbing up trees and bushes, and thus destroying the tickets or coverts of a forest. Spelman. Cowell. 2. A piece of land cleared of trees and bushes, and fitted for cultivation; a clearing. Ash. ÷ land, forest land cleared of woods and brush. AsÏsart¶, v. t. To grub up, as trees; to commit an ~ upon; as, to assart land or trees. Ashmole. AsÏsas¶sin (?), n. [F. (cf. It. assassino), fr. Ar. ?hashishin one who has drunk of the hashish. Under its influence the Assassins of the East, followers of the Shaikh alÐJabal (Old Man of the Mountain), were said to commit the murders required by their chief.] One who kills, or attempts to kill, by surprise or secret assault; one who treacherously murders any one unprepared for defense. AsÏsas¶sin, v. t. To assassinate. [Obs.] Stillingfleet. AsÏsas¶sinÏate (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assassinated (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assassinating (?).] [LL. assassinatus, p. p. of assassinare.] 1. To kill by surprise or secret assault; to murder by treacherous violence. Help, neighbors, my house is broken open by force, and I am ravished, and like to be assassinated. Dryden. 2. To assail with murderous intent; hence, by extended meaning, to maltreat exceedingly. [Archaic] Your rhymes assassinate our fame. Dryden. Such usage as your honorable lords Afford me, assassinated and betrayed. Milton. Syn. - To kill; murder; slay. See Kill. AsÏsas¶sinÏate (?), n. [F. assassinat.] 1. An assassination, murder, or murderous assault. [Obs.] If i had made an assassinate upon your father. B. Jonson. 2. An assassin. [Obs.] Dryden. AsÏsas·siÏna¶tion (?), n. The act of assassinating; a killing by treacherous violence. AsÏsas¶siÏna·tor (?), n. An assassin. AsÏsas¶sinÏous (?), a. Murderous. Milton. AsÏsas¶tion (?), n. [F., fr. LL. assatio, fr. L. assare to roast.] Roasting. [Obs.] Sir T. Browne. AsÏsault¶ (?), n. [OE. asaut, assaut, OF. assaut, asalt, F. assaut, LL. assaltus; L. ad + saltus a leaping, a springing, salire to leap. See Assail.] 1. A violent onset or attack with physical means, as blows, weapons, etc.; an onslaught; the rush or charge of an attacking force; onset; as, to make assault upon a man, a house, or a town. The Spanish general prepared to renew the assault. Prescott. Unshaken bears the assault Of their most dreaded foe, the strong southwest. Wordsworth. 2. A violent onset or attack with moral weapons, as words, arguments, appeals, and the like; as, to make an assault on the prerogatives of a prince, or on the constitution of a government. Clarendon. 3. (Law) An apparently violent attempt, or ? offer with force or violence, to do hurt to another; an attempt or offer to beat another, accompanied by a degree of violence, but without touching his person, as by lifting the fist, or a cane, in a threatening manner, or by striking at him, and missing him. If the blow aimed takes effect, it is a battery. Blackstone. Wharton. Practically, however, the word assault is used to include the battery. Mozley & W. Syn. - Attack; invasion; incursion; descent; onset; onslaught; charge; storm. AsÏsault¶, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assaulted; p. pr. & vb. n. Assaulting.] From Assault, n.: cf. OF. assaulter, LL. assaltare.] 1. To make an ~ upon, as by a sudden rush of armed men; to attack with unlawful or insulting physical violence or menaces. Insnared, assaulted, overcome, led bound. Milton. 2. To attack with moral means, or with a view of producing moral effects; to attack by words, arguments, or unfriendly measures; to assail; as, to assault a reputation or an administration. Before the gates, the cries of babes newborn,... Assault his ears. Dryden. µ In the latter sense, assail is more common. Syn. - To attack; assail; invade; encounter; storm; charge. See Attack. AsÏsaut¶aÏble (?), a. Capable of being assaulted. AsÏsault¶er (?), n. One who assaults, or violently attacks; an assailant. E. Hall. AsÏsay¶ (?), n. [OF. asai, essai, trial, F. essa. See Essay, n.] 1. Trial; attempt; essay. [Obs.] Chaucer. I am withal persuaded that it may prove much more easy in the assay than it now seems at distance. Milton. 2. Examination and determination; test; as, an assay of bread or wine. [Obs.] This can not be, by no assay of reason. Shak. 3. Trial by danger or by affliction; adventure; risk; hardship; state of being tried. [Obs.] Through many hard assays which did betide. Spenser. 4. Tested purity or value. [Obs.] With gold and pearl of rich assay. Spenser. 5. (Metallurgy) The act or process of ascertaining the proportion of a particular metal in an ore or alloy; especially, the determination of the proportion of gold or silver in bullion or coin. 6. The alloy or metal to be assayed. Ure. [Assay and essay are radically the same word; but modern usage has appropriated assay chiefly to experiments in metallurgy, and essay to intellectual and bodily efforts. See Essay.] µ Assay is used adjectively or as the first part of a compound; as, assay balance, assay furnace. ÷ master, an officer who assays or tests gold or silver coin or bullion. Ð ÷ ton, a weight of 29.166% grams. AsÏsay¶, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assayed (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assaying.] [OF. asaier, essaier, F. essayer, fr. essai. See Assay, n., Essay, v.] 1. To try; to attempt; to apply. [Obs. or Archaic] ToÐnight let us assay our plot. Shak. Soft words to his fierce passion she assayed. Milton. 2. To affect. [Obs.] When the heart is ill assayed. Spenser. 3. To try tasting, as food or drink. [Obs.] 4. To subject, as an ore, alloy, or other metallic compound, to chemical or metallurgical examination, in order to determine the amount of a particular metal contained in it, or to ascertain its composition. AsÏsay¶, v. i. To attempt, try, or endeavor. [Archaic. In this sense essay is now commonly used.] She thrice assayed to speak. Dryden. AsÏsay¶aÏble (?), a. That may be assayed. AsÏsay¶er , n. One who assays. Specifically: One who examines metallic ores or compounds, for the purpose of determining the amount of any particular metal in the same, especially of gold or silver. AsÏsay¶ing, n. The act or process of testing, esp. of analyzing or examining metals and ores, to determine the proportion of pure metal. Ø Asse (?), n. (Zo”l.) A small foxlike animal (Vulpes cama) of South Africa, valued for its fur. As·seÏcuÏra¶tion (?), n. [LL. assecuratio, fr. assecurare.] Assurance; certainty. [Obs.] As·seÏcure¶ (?), v. t. [LL. assecurare.] To make sure or safe; to assure. [Obs.] Hooker. As·seÏcu¶tion (?), n. [F. ass‚cution, fr. L. assequi to obtain; ad + sequi to follow.] An obtaining or acquiring. [Obs.] Ayliffe. As¶seÏgai (?), n. Same as Assagai. AsÏsem¶blage , n. [Cf. F. assemblage. See Assemble.] 1. The act of assembling, or the state o? being; association. In sweet assemblage every blooming grace. Fen???. 2. A collection of individuals, or of individuals, or of particular things; as, a political assemblage; an assemblage of ideas. Syn. - Company; group; collection; concourse; gathering; meeting; convention. Assemblage, Assembly. An assembly consists only of persons; an assemblage may be composed of things as well as persons, as, an assemblage of incoherent objects. Nor is every assemblage of persons an assembly; since the latter term denotes a body who have met, and are acting, in concert for some common end, such as to hear, to deliberate, to unite in music, dancing, etc. An assemblage of skaters on a lake, or of horse jockeys at a race course, is not an assembly, but might be turned into one by collecting into a body with a view to discuss and decide as to some object of common interest. AsÏsem¶blance , n. [Cf. OF. assemblance.] 1. Resemblance; likeness; appearance. [Obs.] Care I for the... stature, bulk, and big assemblance of a man ? Give me the spirit. Shak. 2. An assembling; assemblage. [Obs.] To weete the cause of their assemblance. Spenser. AsÏsem¶ble (?), v. t. [imp. & p. p. Assembled (?); p. pr. & vb. n. Assembling (?).] [F. assembler, fr. LL. assimulare to bring together to collect; L. ad + simul together; akin to similis like, Gr. ? at the same time, and E. same. Cf. Assimilate, Same.] To collect into one place or body; to bring or call together; to convene; to congregate. Thither he assembled all his train. Milton. All the men of Israel assembled themselves. 1 Kings viii. 2. AsÏsem¶ble, v. i. To meet or come together, as a number of individuals; to convene; to congregate. Dryden.

The Parliament assembled in November. W. Massey. AsÏsem¶ble, v. i. To liken; to compare. [Obs.] Bribes may be assembled to pitch. Latimer. AsÏsem¶bler (?), n. One who assembles a number of individuals; also, one of a number assembled. AsÏsem¶bly (?), n.; pl. Assemblies (?). [F. assembl‚e, fr. assembler. See Assemble.] 1. A company of persons collected together in one place, and usually for some common purpose, esp. for deliberation and legislation, for worship, or for social entertainment. 2. A collection of inanimate objects. [Obs.] Howell. 3. (Mil.) A beat of the drum or sound of the bugle as a signal to troops to assemble. µ In some of the United States, the legislature, or the popular branch of it, is called the Assembly, or the General Assembly. In the Presbyterian Church, the General Assembly is the highest ecclesiastical tribunal, composed of ministers and ruling elders delegated from each presbytery; as, the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States, or of Scotland.

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