The Cambridge Natural History, Vol. 07 (of 10)

Volume Vii

HEMICHORDATA

By S. F. HARMER, SC.D., F.R.S., Fellow of King's College, Cambridge.

ASCIDIANS AND AMPHIOXUS

By W. A. HERDMAN, D.SC. (Edinb.), F.R.S., Professor of Natural History in the University of Liverpool.

FISHES (Exclusive of the Systematic Account of Teleostei)

By T. W. BRIDGE, SC.D., F.R.S., Trinity College, Cambridge; Mason Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy in the University of Birmingham.

FISHES (Systematic Account of Teleostei)

By G. A. BOULENGER, F.R.S., of the British Museum (Natural History).

London MACMILLAN AND CO., Limited NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY 1904

All rights reserved

Third Fisherman.—Master, I marvel how the fishes live in the sea.

First Fisherman.—Why, as men do a-land,—the great ones eat up the little ones.

Pericles, Act II. Scene i.

{v}PREFACE

Owing to unforeseen circumstances, not unconnected with the foundation of a new University, the publication of this volume has been unduly delayed. Some parts of the work have actually been in type for more than four years; and although the authors have made every effort to keep them up to date, the arrangement is naturally not quite what it might have been if the articles had been written immediately before publication.

In view of the novelty of Mr. Boulenger's classification of the Teleosteans, and of the fact that several independent workers have been occupying themselves with the subject during the last year or two, it is fair to state that this part of the volume was completed in 1902. Professor Herdman's account of the Ascidians was ready for publication two years earlier.

Professor Bridge wishes to express his best thanks to Dr. R. H. Traquair. F.R.S., for his kindness in reading the proofs of the pages which deal with the fossil Crossopterygii, Chondrostei, Holostei and Dipnoi, and for much helpful advice and criticism; to Mr. G. A. Boulenger, F.R.S., for his valuable and suggestive criticism on certain points; and to Mr. Edwin Wilson, for the care which he has taken in the preparation of the figures.

July 1904.

{vii}CONTENTS

PAGE PREFACE v

SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK xi

HEMICHORDATA

CHAPTER I. Chordata and Vertebrata-Hemichordata-Enteropneusta-External

CHORDATA AND VERTEBRATA-HEMICHORDATA-ENTEROPNEUSTA-EXTERNAL CHARACTERS AND HABITS-STRUCTURE-GENERA-DEVELOPMENT-PTEROBRANCHIA- CEPHALODISCUS AND RHABDOPLEURA-PHORONIDEA-PHORONIS AND ACTINOTROCHA-AFFINITIES OF THE HEMICHORDATA 3

TUNICATA

CHAPTER II. Introduction-Outline of History-Structure of a Typical Ascidian-

INTRODUCTION-OUTLINE OF HISTORY-STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL ASCIDIAN- EMBRYOLOGY AND LIFE-HISTORY 35

CHAPTER III

CLASSIFICATION: LARVACEA-APPENDICULARIANS-STRUCTURE, ETC.-ASCIDIACEA- SIMPLE ASCIDIANS-SPECIFIC CHARACTERS-COMPOUND ASCIDIANS-GEMMATION- MEROSOMATA-HOLOSOMATA-PYROSOMATIDAE-THALIACEA-DOLIOLIDAE- SALPIDAE-GENERAL CONCLUSIONS-PHYLOGENY 63

CEPHALOCHORDATA

CHAPTER IV

INTRODUCTION-GENERAL CHARACTERS-ANATOMY OF AMPHIOXUS-EMBRYOLOGY AND LIFE-HISTORY-CLASSIFICATION OF CEPHALOCHORDATA-SPECIES AND DISTRIBUTION 112

CYCLOSTOMATA AND FISHES {viii}

CHAPTER V

THE SYSTEMATIC POSITION AND CLASSIFICATION OF FISHES 141

CHAPTER VI

EXTERNAL CHARACTERS OF CYCLOSTOMATA AND OF FISHES: EXTERNAL CHARACTERS- COLORATION-POISON GLANDS AND POISON SPINES-PHOSPHORESCENT ORGANS 150

CHAPTER VII

THE SKIN AND SCALES 182

CHAPTER VIII

THE SKELETON 193

CHAPTER IX

THE DENTITION, ALIMENTARY CANAL, AND DIGESTIVE GLANDS - 247

CHAPTER X

THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS 277

CHAPTER XI

THE AIR-BLADDER 297

CHAPTER XII

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM, THE LYMPHATICS, AND THE BLOOD-GLANDS 313

CHAPTER XIII

MUSCULAR SYSTEM-LOCOMOTION-SOUND-PRODUCING ORGANS-ELECTRIC ORGANS 349

CHAPTER XIV

NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE 367

CHAPTER XV {ix}

THE KIDNEYS AND THE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS-BREEDING 397

CHAPTER XVI

CYCLOSTOMATA (SYSTEMATIC) 421

CHAPTER XVII

ELASMOBRANCHII: GENERAL CHARACTERS-PLEUROPTERYGII-ICHTHYOTOMI- ACANTHODEI-PLAGIOSTOMI-SELACHII-BATOIDEI-HOLOCEPHALI 431

CHAPTER XVIII

TELEOSTOMI: GENERAL CHARACTERS-CROSSOPTERYGII-CHONDROSTEI-HOLOSTEI 475

CHAPTER XIX

DIPNEUSTI 505

CHAPTER XX

APPENDIX TO THE FISHES: PALAEOSPONDYLIDAE-OSTRACODERMI-HETEROSTRACI- OSTEOSTRACI-ANASPIDA-ANTIARCHI-ARTHRODIRA 521

CHAPTER XXI

TELEOSTEI: GENERAL CHARACTERS-MALACOPTERYGII-OSTARIOPHYSI 541

CHAPTER XXII

TELEOSTEI (CONTINUED): SYMBRANCHII-APODES-HAPLOMI-HETEROMI- CATOSTEOMI-PERCESOCES-ANACANTHINI 597

CHAPTER XXIII

TELEOSTEI (CONTINUED): ACANTHOPTERYGII-OPISTHOMI-PEDICULATI- PLECTOGNATHI 650

INDEX 729

{xi}SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK

The names of extinct groups are printed in italics.

CHORDATA (p. 3). I. HEMICHORDATA (p. 3).

Order. Family. –––––– ––––––– ENTEROPNEUSTA (p. 5) Glandicipitidae (p. 17). Ptychoderidae (p. 17). Harrimaniidae (p. 17). PTEROBRANCHIA (p. 21) PHORONIDEA (p. 27)

II. UROCHORDATA = TUNICATA (pp. 4, 35, 63).

Order. Sub–Order. Family. Sub–Family. –––––– –––––––––– ––––––– ––––––––––– LARVACEA (p. 64) Kowalevskiidae (p. 68). Appendiculariidae (p. 68). ASCIDIACEA (p. 70) ASCIDIAE SIMPLICES (p. 71). Clavelinidae (p. 71). Ascidiidae (p. 72). Hypobythiinae (p. 72). Ascidiinae (p. 72). Corellinae (p. 73). Cynthiidae (p. 74). Styelinae (p. 74). Cynthiinae (p. 75). Bolteninae (p. 75). Molgulidae (p. 77). ASCIDIAE COMPOSITAE(p. 80) MEROSOMATA (p. 85) Distomatidae (p. 85). Coelocormidae (p. 86). Didemnidae (p. 86). Diplosomatidae (p. 87). Polyclinidae (p. 87). HOLOSOMATA (p. 88) Botryllidae (p. 88). Polystyelidae (p. 89). ASCIDIAE LUCIAE (p. 90) Pyrosomatidae (p. 91). THALIACEA (p. 95) CYCLOMYARIA (p. 95). Doliolidae (p. 96). HEMIMYARIA (p. 101). Salpidae (p. 101). Octacnemidae (p. 108).

III. CEPHALOCHORDATA (pp. 4, 112). Branchiostomatidae (p. 137).

IV. CRANIATA (pp. 4, 141). CLASS––CYCLOSTOMATA (pp. 145, 150, 421).

Sub–Class. Order. Sub–Order. Family. Sub–Family. –––––––––– –––––– –––––––––– ––––––– ––––––––––– MYXINOIDES (p. 421) Myxinidae (p. 422). Bdellostomatidae (p. 423). PETROMYZONTES (p. 425) Petromyzontidae (p. 426).

CLASS––PISCES (pp. 145, 431). ELASMOBRANCHII(p. 431)

PLEUROPTERYGII (p. 436) Cladoselachidae (p. 438). ICHTHYOTOMI (p. 440) Pleuracanthidae (p. 440). ACANTHODEI (p. 440) Diplacanthidae (p. 441). Acanthodidae (p. 441). PLAGIOSTOMI (p. 442) SELACHII (p. 442) Notidanidae (p. 442). Chlamydoselachidae (p. 443). Heterodontidae (p. 444). Cochliodontidae (p. 445). Psammodontidae (p. 446). Petalodontidae (p. 446). Scylliidae (p. 446). Carchariidae (p. 448). Sphyrnidae (p. 449). Lamnidae (p. 450). Cetorhinidae (p. 453). Rhinodontidae (p. 454). Spinacidae (p. 454). Rhinidae (p. 456). Pristiophoridae (p. 457). BATOIDEI (p. 457) Pristidae (p. 459). Rhinobatidae (p. 460). Raiidae (p. 461). Tamiobatidae (p. 462). Torpedinidae (p. 462). Trygonidae (p. 464). Myliobatidae (p. 465). HOLOCEPHALI (p. 466) Ptyctodontidae (p. 468). Squaloraiidae (p. 468). Myriacanthidae (p. 468). Chimaeridae (p. 468). TELEOSTOMI(p. 475) CROSSOPTERYGII (p. 476) OSTEOLEPIDA (p. 437) Osteolepidae (p. 477). Rhizodontidae (p. 478). Holoptychidae (p. 479). Coelacanthidae (p. 480). CLADISTIA (p. 481) Polypteridae (p. 481). CHONDROSTEI (p. 485) Palaeoniscidae (p. 486). Platysomidae (p. 487). Belonorhynchidae (p. 488). Catopteridae (p. 488). Chondrosteidae (p. 489). Polyodontidae (p. 491). Acipenseridae (p. 492). HOLOSTEI (p. 495) Semionotidae (p. 497). Macrosemiidae (p. 498). Pycnodontidae (p. 498). Eugnathidae (p. 498). Amiidae (p. 499). Pachycormidae (p. 501). Aspidorhynchidae (p. 502). Lepidosteidae (p. 502). TELEOSTEI (pp. 504, 541) MALACOPTERYGII (p. 543) Pholidophoridae (p. 545). Archaeomaenidae (p. 545). Oligopleuridae (p. 545). Leptolepididae (p. 546). Elopidae (p. 546). Albulidae (p. 547). Mormyridae (p. 549) Mormyrinae (p. 551). Gymnarchinae (p. 551) Hyodontidae (p. 552). Notopteridae (p. 554). Osteoglossidae (p. 555). Pantodontidae (p. 558). Ctenothrissidae (p. 559). Phractolaemidae (p. 560). Saurodontidae (p. 561). Chirocentridae (p. 561). Clupeidae (p. 562) Thrissopatrinae (p. 562). Engraulinae (p. 563). Clupeinae (p. 563). Chaninae (p. 563). Salmonidae (p. 565). [Pachyrhizodontidae (p. 569).] Alepocephalidae (p. 569). Stomiatidae (p. 570) Chauliodontinae (p. 571). Sternoptychinae (p. 571). Stomiatinae (p. 571). Gonorhynchidae (p. 572). Cromeriidae (p. 573). OSTARIOPHYSI (p. 573) Characinidae (p. 575) Erythrininae (p. 575). Hydrocyoninae (p. 575). Serrasalmoninae (p. 576). Ichthyoborinae (p. 576). Xiphostominae (p. 576). Anostominae (p. 576). Hemiodontinae (p. 576). Distichodontinae (p. 576). Citharininae (p. 576). Gymnotidae (p. 579). Cyprinidae (p. 581) Catostominae (p. 581). Cyprininae (p. 582). Cobitidinae (p. 582). Homalopterinae (p. 582). Siluridae (p. 586) Clariinae (p. 588). Silurinae (p. 588). Bagrinae (p. 588). Doradinae (p. 588). Malopterurinae (p. 588). Callichthyinae (p. 588). Hypophthalminae (p. 589). Trichomycterinae (p. 589). Loricariidae (p. 594) Arginae (p. 595). Loricariinae (p. 595). Aspredinidae (p. 596). SYMBRANCHII (p. 597) Symbranchidae (p. 597). Amphipnoidae (p. 598). APODES (p. 599) Anguillidae (p. 600). Nemichthyidae (p. 603). Synaphobranchidae (p. 603). Saccopharyngidae (p. 603). Muraenidae (p. 604). HAPLOMI (p. 605) Galaxiidae (p. 607). Haplochitonidae (p. 608). Enchodontidae (p. 608). Esocidae (p. 609). Dalliidae (p. 610). Scopelidae (p. 611). Alepidosauridae (p. 614). Cetomimidae (p. 614). Chirothricidae (p. 615). Kneriidae (p. 615). Cyprinodontidae (p. 616). Amblyopsidae (p. 618). Stephanoberycidae (p. 619). Percopsidae (p. 620). HETEROMI (p. 621) Dercetidae (p. 623). Halosauridae (p. 623). Lipogenyidae (p. 624). Notacanthidae (p. 624). Fierasferidae (p. 625). CATOSTEOMI (p. 626) Gastrosteidae (p. 629) Aulorhynchidae (p. 631) Protosyngnathidae (p. 631) Aulostomatidae (p. 632) Fistulariidae (p. 632) Centriscidae (p. 633) Amphisilidae (p. 633) = Hemibranchii (p. 627). Solenostomidae (p. 633) Syngnathidae (p. 634) = Lophobranchii (p. 628). Pegasidae (p. 635) = Hypostomides (p. 628). PERCESOCES (p. 636) Scombresocidae (p. 637). Ammodytidae (p. 639). Atherinidae (p. 639). Mugilidae (p. 640). Polynemidae (p. 640). Chiasmodontidae (p. 641). Sphyraenidae (p. 642). Tetragonuridae (p. 642). Stromateidae (p. 643). Icosteidae (p. 644). Ophiocephalidae (p. 644). Anabantidae (p. 645). ANACANTHINI (p. 646) Macruridae (p. 647). Gadidae (p. 647). Muraenolepididae (p. 649).

Sub–Order. Division. Family. –––––––––– ––––––––– ––––––– ACANTHOPTERYGII (p. 650) PERCIFORMES (p. 652) Berycidae (p. 655). Monocentridae (p. 656). Pempheridae (p. 656). Centrarchidae (p. 657). Cyphosidae (p. 657). Lobotidae (p. 658). Toxotidae (p. 658). Nandidae (p. 658). Percidae (p. 658). Acropomatidae (p. 659). Serranidae (p. 659) Subfamilies: * Serraninae (p. 659). * Grammistinae (p. 660). * Priacanthinae (p. 660). * Centropominae (p. 660). * Pomatominae (p. 660). * Ambassinae (p. 660). * Chilodipterinae (p. 660). * Lutjaninae (p. 660). * Cirrhitinae (p. 660). * Pentacerotinae (p. 660). Anomalopidae (p. 660). Pseudochromididae (p. 661). Cepolidae (p. 661). Hoplognathidae (p. 662). Sillaginidae (p. 662). Sciaenidae (p. 663). Gerridae (p. 663). Lactariidae (p. 663). Trichodontidae (p. 663). Latrididae (p. 663). Haplodactylidae (p. 664). Pristipomatidae (p. 664). Sparidae (p. 664). Mullidae (p. 665). Scorpididae (p. 666). Caproidae (p. 666). Chaetodontidae (p. 667). Drepanidae (p. 668). Acanthuridae (p. 668). Teuthididae (p. 668). Osphromenidae (p. 669). Embiotocidae (p. 670). Cichlidae (p. 670). Pomacentridae (p. 672). Labridae (p. 673). Scaridae (p. 674). SCOMBRIFORMES (p. 675) Carangidae (p. 677). Rhachicentridae (p. 677). Scombridae (p. 678). Trichiuridae (p. 679). Histiophoridae (p. 679). Palaeorhynchidae (p. 680). Xiphiidae (p. 681). Luvaridae (p. 681). Coryphaenidae (p. 681). Bramidae (p. 682). ZEORHOMBI (p. 682) Zeidae (p. 683). Amphistiidae (p. 684). Pleuronectidae (p. 684). KURTIFORMES(p. 687) Kurtidae (p. 687). GOBIIFORMES(p. 688) Gobiidae (p. 689). DISCOCEPHALI(p. 691) Echeneididae (p. 691). SCLEROPAREI (p. 692) Scorpaenidae (p. 694). Hexagrammidae (p. 696). Comephoridae (p. 696). Rhamphocottidae (p. 697). Cottidae (p. 697). Cyclopteridae (p. 698). Platycephalidae (p. 699). Hoplichthyidae (p. 699). Agonidae (p. 700). Triglidae (p. 700). Dactylopteridae (p. 701). JUGULARES (p. 702) Trachinidae (p. 704). Percophiidae (p. 705). Leptoscopidae (p. 705). Nototheniidae (p. 705). Uranoscopidae (p. 706). Trichonotidae (p. 706). Callionymidae (p. 706). Gobiesocidae (p. 707). Blenniidae (p. 709). Batrachidae (p. 710). Pholididae (p. 711). Zoarcidae (p. 712). Congrogadidae (p. 713). Ophidiidae (p. 713). Podatelidae (p. 713). TAENIOSOMI (p. 714) Trachypteridae (p. 715). Lophotidae (p. 716). OPISTHOMI (p. 716) Mastacembelidae (p. 716). PEDICULATI (p. 717) Lophiidae (p. 718). Ceratiidae (p. 719). Antennariidae (p. 720). Gigantactinidae (p. 720). Malthidae (p. 720). PLECTOGNATHI (p. 721) SCLERODERMI (p. 722) Triacanthidae (p. 722). Triodontidae (p. 723). Balistidae (p. 723). Ostraconiidae (p. 722). GYMNODONTES (p. 725) Tetrodontidae (p. 726). Diodontidae (p. 726). Molidae (p. 726). DIPNEUSTI = DIPNOI (p. 505) Ctenodontidae (p. 505). Uronemidae (p. 507). Ceratodontidae (p. 507). Lepidosirenidae (p. 511).

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