The Cambridge Natural History, Vol. 06 (of 10)

CHAPTER VIII

HEMIPTERA, OR BUGS—ANOPLURA 532

NOTES AND CORRIGENDA TO VOLUME VI. AND TO INSECTA OF VOLUME V. 602

INDEX 603

{vii}SCHEME OF THE CLASSIFICATION ADOPTED IN THIS BOOK

Order. Sub-order, Family. Sub-Family Group. Division, or Tribe. or Series.

HYMENOPTERA (continued from Vol. V). PETIOLATA. (continued from Vol. V). TUBULIFERA (p. 1) CHRYSIDIDAE (p. 1). ACULEATA (p. 4) ANTHOPHILA (p. 10) APIDAE (p. 10) Archiapides (p. 21). Obtusilingues (p. 22). Andrenides (p. 23). Denudatae (p. 29). Scopulipedes (p. 32). Dasygastres (p. 35). Sociales (p. 53). DIPLOPTERA (p. 71) EUMENIDAE (p. 72). VESPIDAE (p. 78). MASARIDAE (p. 88). FOSSORES (p. 90) SCOLIIDAE (p. 94) Mutillides (p. 94). Thynnides (p. 96). Scoliides (p. 97). Sapygides (p. 99). Rhopalosomides (p. 100). POMPILIDAE (p. 101). SPHEGIDAE (p. 107) Sphegides (p. 107). Ampulicides (p. 114). Larrides (p. 116). Trypoxylonides (p. 118). Astatides (p. 119). Bembecides (p. 119). Nyssonides (p. 123). Philanthides (p. 124). Mimesides (p. 127). Crabronides (p. 128). HETEROGYNA (p. 131) FORMICIDAE (p. 131) Camponotides (p. 144). Dolichoderides (p. 157). Myrmicides (p. 158) Myrmicini (p. 159). Attini (p. 165). Pseudomyrmini (p. 168). Cryptocerini (p. 169). Ponerides (p. 170). Dorylides (p. 174) Ecitonini (p. 175). Dorylini (p. 177). Amblyoponides (p. 180).

Order. Sub-Order, Family. Sub-Family or Division, Tribe. or Series.

COLEOPTERA (p. 184) LAMELLICORNIA (p. 190) PASSALIDAE (p. 192). LUCANIDAE (p. 193). SCARABAEIDAE (p. 194) Coprides (p. 195). Melolonthides (p. 198). Rutelides (p. 198). Dynastides (p. 199). Cetoniides (p. 199). ADEPHAGA OR CARABOIDEA (p. 200) CICINDELIDAE (p. 201). CARABIDAE (p. 204) Carabides (p. 206). Harpalides (p. 206). Pseudomorphides (p. 206). Mormolycides (p. 206). AMPHIZOIDAE (p. 207). PELOBIIDAE (p. 207). HALIPLIDAE (p. 209). DYTISCIDAE (p. 210). POLYMORPHA (p. 213) PAUSSIDAE (p. 213). GYRINIDAE (p. 215). HYDROPHILIDAE (p. 216). PLATYPSYLLIDAE (p. 219). LEPTINIDAE (p. 220). SILPHIDAE (p. 221). SCYDMAENIDAE (p. 223). GNOSTIDAE (p. 223). PSELAPHIDAE (p. 223). STAPHYLINIDAE (p. 224). SPHAERIIDAE (p. 227). TRICHOPTERYGIDAE (p. 227). HYDROSCAPHIDAE (p. 228). CORYLOPHIDAE (p. 228). SCAPHIDIIDAE (p. 229). SYNTELIIDAE (p. 229). HISTERIDAE (p. 230). PHALACRIDAE (p. 231). NITIDULIDAE (p. 231). TROGOSITIDAE (p. 232). COLYDIIDAE (p. 233). RHYSODIDAE (p. 234). CUCUJIDAE (p. 234). CRYPTOPHAGIDAE (p. 235). HELOTIDAE (p. 235). THORICTIDAE (p. 236). EROTYLIDAE (p. 236). MYCETOPHAGIDAE (p. 237). COCCINELLIDAE (p. 237). ENDOMYCHIDAE (p. 239). MYCETAEIDAE (p. 239). LATRIDIIDAE (p. 240). ADIMERIDAE (p. 240). DERMESTIDAE (p. 241). BYRRHIDAE (p. 242). CYATHOCERIDAE (p. 243). GEORYSSIDAE (p. 243). HETEROCERIDAE (p. 243). PARNIDAE (p. 243). DERODONTIDAE (p. 244). CIOIDAE (p. 245). SPHINDIDAE (p. 245). BOSTRICHIDAE (p. 246). PTINIDAE (p. 246) Ptinides (p. 246). Anobiides (p. 246). MALACODERMIDAE (p. 248) Lycides (p. 248). Drilides (p. 248). Lampyrides (p. 248). Telephorides (p. 248). MELYRIDAE (p. 252). CLERIDAE (p. 253). LYMEXYLONIDAE (p. 254). DASCILLIDAE (p. 255). RHIPICERIDAE (p. 256). ELATERIDAE (p. 256) Throscides (p. 260). Eucnemides (p. 260). Elaterides (p. 260). Cebrionides (p. 260). Perothopides (p. 260). Cerophytides (p. 260). BUPRESTIDAE (p. 261). HETEROMERA (p. 262) TENEBRIONIDAE (p. 263). CISTELIDAE (p. 264). LAGRIIDAE (p. 264). OTHNIIDAE (p. 265). AEGIALITIDAE (p. 265). MONOMMIDAE (p. 265). NILIONIDAE (p. 265). MELANDRYIDAE (p. 265). PYTHIDAE (p. 265). PYROCHROIDAE (p. 266). ANTHICIDAE (p. 266). OEDEMERIDAE (p. 266). MORDELLIDAE (p. 267). CANTHARIDAE (p. 269). TRICTENOTOMIDAE (p. 275). PHYTOPHAGA (p. 276) BRUCHIDAE (p. 276) CHRYSOMELIDAE (p. 278) Eupoda (p. 280). Camptosomes (p. 281). Cyclica (p. 282). Cryptostomes (p. 282). CERAMBYCIDAE (p. 285) Prionides (p. 287). Cerambycides (p. 287). Lamiides (p. 287). RHYNCHOPHORA (p. 288) ANTHRIBIDAE (p. 290). CURCULIONIDAE (p. 290). SCOLYTIDAE (p. 294). BRENTHIDAE (p. 295). AGLYCYDERIDAE (p. 297). PROTORHINIDAE (p. 298). STREPSIPTERA (p. 298) STYLOPIDAE (p. 298).

LEPIDOPTERA (p. 304) RHOPALOCERA (p. 341) NYMPHALIDAE (p. 343) Danaides (p. 344). Ithomiides (p. 346). Satyrides (p. 347). Morphides (p. 348). Brassolides (p. 349). Acraeides (p. 350). Heliconiides (p. 351). Nymphalides (p. 352). ERYCINIDAE (p. 354) Erycinides (p. 355). Libytheides (p. 355). LYCAENIDAE (p. 356). PIERIDAE (p. 357). PAPILIONIDAE (p. 359). HESPERIIDAE (p. 363). HETEROCERA (p. 366) CASTNIIDAE (p. 371). NEOCASTNIIDAE (p. 372). SATURNIIDAE (p. 372). BRAHMAEIDAE (p. 374). CERATOCAMPIDAE (p. 375). BOMBYCIDAE (p. 375). EUPTEROTIDAE (p. 376). PEROPHORIDAE (p. 377). SPHINGIDAE (p. 380). COCYTIIDAE (p. 382). NOTODONTIDAE (p. 383). CYMATOPHORIDAE (p. 386). SESIIDAE (p. 386). TINAEGERIIDAE (p. 387). SYNTOMIDAE (p. 388). ZYGAENIDAE (p. 390). HIMANTOPTERIDAE (p. 392). HETEROGYNIDAE (p. 392). PSYCHIDAE (p. 392). COSSIDAE (p. 395). ARBELIDAE (p. 396). CHRYSOPOLOMIDAE (p. 396). HEPIALIDAE (p. 396). CALLIDULIDAE (p. 400). DREPANIDAE (p. 400). LIMACODIDAE (p. 401). MEGALOPYOGIDAE (p. 404). THYRIDIDAE (p. 404). LASIOCAMPIDAE (p. 405). ENDROMIDAE (p. 406). PTEROTHYSANIDAE (p. 406). LYMANTRIIDAE (p. 406). HYPSIDAE (p. 408). ARCTIIDAE (p. 408). AGARISTIDAE (p. 410). GEOMETRIDAE (p. 411). NOCTUIDAE (p. 414). EPICOPEIIDAE (p. 418). URANIIDAE (p. 419). EPIPLEMIDAE (p. 420). PYRALIDAE (p. 420). PTEROPHORIDAE (p. 426). ALUCITIDAE (p. 426). TORTRICIDAE (p. 427). TINEIDAE (p. 428). ERIOCEPHALIDAE (p. 433). MICROPTERYGIDAE (p. 435).

DIPTERA (p. 438) ORTHORRHAPHA NEMOCERA (p. 455) CECIDOMYIIDAE (p. 458). MYCETOPHILIDAE (p. 462). BLEPHAROCERIDAE (p. 464). CULICIDAE (p. 466). CHIRONOMIDAE (p. 468). ORPHNEPHILIDAE (p. 470). PSYCHODIDAE (p. 470). DIXIDAE (p. 471). TIPULIDAE (p. 471) Ptychopterinae (p. 472). Limnobiinae (p. 473). Tipulinae (p. 475). BIBIONIDAE (p. 475). SIMULIIDAE (p. 477). RHYPHIDAE (p. 478). ORTHORRHAPHA BRACHYCERA (pp. 455, 478) STRATIOMYIDAE (p. 478). LEPTIDAE (p. 479). TABANIDAE (p. 481). ACANTHOMERIDAE (p. 483). THEREVIDAE (p. 484). SCENOPINIDAE (p. 484). NEMESTRINIDAE (p. 484). BOMBYLIIDAE (p. 485). ACROCERIDAE (p. 489). LONCHOPTERIDAE (p. 490). MYDAIDAE (p. 491). ASILIDAE (p. 491). APIOCERIDAE (p. 492). EMPIDAE (p. 492). DOLICHOPIDAE (p. 493). CYCLORRHAPHA ASCIZA (pp. 455, 494) PHORIDAE (p. 494). PLATYPEZIDAE (p. 496). PIPUNCULIDAE (p. 496). CONOPIDAE (p. 497). SYRPHIDAE (p. 498). CYCLORRHAPHA SCHIZOPHORA (pp. 456, 503) MUSCIDAE ACALYPTRATAE (p. 503). ANTHOMYIIDAE (p. 506). TACHINIDAE (p. 507). DEXIIDAE (p. 510). SARCOPHAGIDAE (p. 510). MUSCIDAE (p. 511). OESTRIDAE (p. 514). PUPIPARA (pp. 456, 517) HIPPOBOSCIDAE (p. 518). BRAULIDAE (p. 520). STREBLIDAE (p. 521). NYCTERIBIIDAE (p. 521).

APHANIPTERA (pp. 456, 522) PULICIDAE (p. 522).

THYSANOPTERA (p. 526) TEREBRANTIA (p. 531). TUBULIFERA (p. 531).

Order. Sub-Order. Series. Family.

HEMIPTERA (p. 532) HETEROPTERA (pp. 543, 544) GYMNOCERATA (p. 544) PENTATOMIDAE (p. 545). COREIDAE (p. 546). BERYTIDAE (p. 548). LYGAEIDAE (p. 548). PYRRHOCORIDAE (p. 549). TINGIDAE (p. 549). ARADIDAE (p. 550). HEBRIDAE (p. 551). HYDROMETRIDAE (p. 551). HENICOCEPHALIDAE (p. 554). PHYMATIDAE (p. 554). REDUVIIDAE (p. 555). AËPOPHILIDAE (p. 559). CERATOCOMBIDAE (p. 559). CIMICIDAE (p. 559). ANTHOCORIDAE (p. 560). POLYCTENIDAE (p. 560). CAPSIDAE (p. 561). SALDIDAE (p. 562). CRYPTOCERATA (p. 562) GALGULIDAE (p. 562). NEPIDAE (p. 563). NAUCORIDAE (p. 565). BELOSTOMIDAE (p. 565). NOTONECTIDAE (p. 567). CORIXIDAE (p. 567). HOMOPTERA (pp. 543, 568) TRIMERA (p. 544) CICADIDAE (p. 568). FULGORIDAE (p. 574). MEMBRACIDAE (p. 576). CERCOPIDAE (p. 577). JASSIDAE (p. 578). DIMERA (p. 544) PSYLLIDAE (p. 578). APHIDAE (p. 581). ALEURODIDAE (p. 591). MONOMERA (p. 544) COCCIDAE (p. 592). ANOPLURA (p. 599) PEDICULIDAE (p. 599).

{1}CHAPTER I

HYMENOPTERA PETIOLATA CONTINUED

SERIES 2. TUBULIFERA OR CHRYSIDIDAE—SERIES 3. ACULEATA—GENERAL— CLASSIFICATION—DIVISION I. ANTHOPHILA OR BEES

The First Series—Parasitica—of the Sub-Order Hymenoptera Petiolata was discussed in the previous volume. We now pass to the Second Series.

SERIES 2. HYMENOPTERA TUBULIFERA.

Trochanters undivided; the hind-body consisting of from three to five visible segments; the female with an ovipositor, usually retracted, transversely segmented, enveloping a fine, pointed style. The larvae usually live in the cells of other Hymenoptera.

The Tubulifera form but a small group in comparison with Parasitica and Aculeata, the other two Series of the Sub-Order. Though of parasitic habits, they do not appear to be closely allied to any of the families of Hymenoptera Parasitica, though M. du Buysson suggests that they have some affinity with Proctotrypidae; their morphology and classification have been, however, but little discussed, and have not been the subject of any profound investigation. At present it is only necessary to recognise one family, viz. Chrysididae or Ruby-wasps. These Insects are usually of glowing, metallic colours, with a very hard, coarsely-sculptured integument. Their antennae are abruptly elbowed, the joints not being numerous, usually about thirteen, and frequently so {2}connected that it is not easy to count them. The abdomen is, in the great majority, of very peculiar construction, and allows the Insect to curl it completely under the anterior parts, so as to roll up into a little ball; the dorsal plates are very strongly arched, and seen from beneath form a free edge, while the ventral plates are of less hard consistence, and are connected with the dorsal plates at some distance from the free edge, so that the abdomen appears concave beneath. In the anomalous genus Cleptes the abdomen is, however, similar in form to that of the Aculeate Hymenoptera, and has four or five visible segments, instead of the three or four that are all that can be seen in the normal Chrysididae. The larvae of the Ruby-flies have the same number of segments as other Hymenoptera Petiolata. The difference in this respect of the perfect Chrysididae from other Petiolata is due to a greater number of the terminal segments being indrawn so as to form the tube, or telescope-like structure from which the series obtains its name. This tube is shown partially extruded in Fig. 1; when fully thrust out it is seen to be segmented, and three or four segments may be distinguished. The ovipositor proper is concealed within this tube; it appears to be of the nature of an imperfect sting; there being a very sharply pointed style, and a pair of enveloping sheaths; the style really consists of a trough-like plate and two fine rods or spiculae. There are no poison glands, except in Cleptes, which form appears to come very near to the Aculeate series. Some of the Chrysididae on occasions use the ovipositor as a sting, though it is only capable of inflicting a very minute and almost innocuous wound.

Continue reading The Cambridge Natural History, Vol. 06 (of 10) free in the Wunder reader →