The Anatomy of the Frog

Section I. the Bones and Joints 11

" II. THE MUSCLES 53

" III. THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 121

" IV. THE VASCULAR SYSTEM 203

" V. THE ALIMENTARY TRACT WITH ITS APPENDAGES, THE SPLEEN, AND THE PERITONEUM 267

" VI. THE LARYNX, LUNGS, VOCAL SACS, THYMUS AND THYROID GLANDS, AND THE LYMPHATIC GLANDS (TONSILS?) OF THE HYOID REGION 307

" VII. THE URINO-GENITAL SYSTEM, THE ADRENALS, AND THE FAT-BODIES 325

" VIII. THE SKIN AND THE SENSE-ORGANS 351

ADDENDA, ETC. 425

INDEX 441

ILLUSTRATIONS.

FIGURE PAGE

1. The Green water-frog, Rana esculenta, L. 4

2. The Brown grass-frog, Rana temporaria, L. 8

3. Femur of Rana esculenta 16

4. Vertebrae of do. 17

5. Vertebral column of do. 18

6, 7. Section through a vertebra of Rana esculenta 20

8, 9. Urostyle of Rana esculenta 21

10–14. Skull of do. 22, 23, 25, 28

15. Nasal Cartilages of frog 29

16, 17. Skull of Rana esculenta 29, 30

18. Origin of suspensory cartilage from the skull 32

19, 20. Skull of Rana esculenta 32, 33

21. Mandible of Rana esculenta 34

22. Hyoid of Rana esculenta 35

23. Omosternum of Rana esculenta 36

24. Shoulder-girdle and sternum of do. 36

25. Shoulder-girdle of the frog 37

26, 27. Suprascapula of Rana esculenta 38

28. Left scapula of Rana esculenta 38

29. Scapula seen from behind 38

30. Left coracoid 39

31. Clavicle of the left side 39

32. Right shoulder-girdle of Rana esculenta 40

33. Hinder border of the scapula and coracoid 40

34. Clavicular cartilage of Rana esculenta 40

35. Humerus of Rana esculenta (female) 41

36. Do. (male) 41

37. Do. (female) 41

38. Radio-ulnar of Rana esculenta 43

39, 40. Bones of the forearm and hand of Rana esculenta 44, 46

41, 42. Pelvis of Rana esculenta 48

43. Horizontal section through the iliac bones, etc. 49

44. Femur of Rana esculenta 49

45. Tibio-fibula of do. 50

46. Section of the tibio-fibula 50

47. Right foot of Rana esculenta 51

48–50. Eye-muscles of do. 55, 56

51. Skull and orbital cavities of Rana esculenta 57

52. M. levator bulbi of Rana esculenta 57

53. Eye-muscles of Rana esculenta 58

54. Facial muscles of do. 59

55. Muscles of the back and shoulder 60

56, 57. Muscles of the lower jaw of Rana esculenta 61, 62

58. Muscles of the throat, chest, and abdomen of do. 63

59. Muscles of the hyoid bone and the tongue of do. 64

60. Do. (from below) 65

61. Do. (from right side) 66

62. Muscles of the throat, chest, and belly of Rana esculenta 68

63. Muscles of trunk of Rana esculenta (from the right side) 69

64. Second layer of abdominal muscles of Rana esculenta, from right side and below 70

65. M. obliquus internus 71

66. Muscles of the back and shoulder blade 72

67. Muscles of the back and pelvic girdle of Rana esculenta 74

68. Muscles of the shoulder, from below 77

69. Muscles of the right shoulder and upper arm 78

70. Right shoulder, from below 79

71. Muscles of the back and shoulder 79

72. Muscles of the chest, throat, and belly of Rana esculenta 81

73. Muscle of right shoulder and upper arm 83

74. Muscles of the right arm of Rana esculenta 84

75. Do. (deep layer) 85

76. Muscles of forearm of Rana esculenta 86

77. Muscles of hand of Rana esculenta, volar surface 88

78. Second layer of muscles on volar surface of hand of Rana esculenta 88

79. Muscles of hand of Rana esculenta 92

80. Muscles of left thigh of do. 95

81, 82. Do. (ventral surface) 98, 99

83. Deep muscles of left thigh of Rana esculenta 100

84. Do. (Dorsal view) 101

85. Left half of pelvis of Rana esculenta 101

86. Muscles of the right leg and foot of Rana esculenta (Dorsal view) 103

87. Do. (seen from below) 105

88. Do. (Dorsal view) 106

89–91. Muscles of the plantar surface of foot of Rana esculenta 107, 111, 112

92–94. Dorsal view of muscles of foot of Rana esculenta 115, 117, 118

95. Pectoral region of Rana esculenta 119

96. Hind portion of back and thigh of Rana esculenta 120

97. The nervous system of Rana esculenta, from the ventral surface 136

98. Dorsal view of brain of Rana esculenta 143

99. Transverse section through hinder end of Medulla oblongata 144

100. Do. at the point of origin of the abducens nerve 145

101. Do. of the auditory nerve 146

102. Ventral view of brain of Rana esculenta 149

103. Lateral do. 150

104. Transverse section through the anterior portion of the optic lobes opposite the origin of the motor-oculi nerve. 151

105. Horizontal section through the brain to show the ventricles 153

106. Section through the lower division of the pituitary body 157

107. Transverse section through the hinder portion of the cerebral hemispheres 158

108. Transverse section near the middle of the cerebral hemispheres 158

109. From a transverse section through one of the cerebral hemispheres 159

110. Diagram to show the Vena spinalis posterior, etc. 164

111. Dorsal view of the orbit, etc. (deep dissection) (coloured) Plate I.

112. Do. (superficial do.) (coloured) Plate I.

113. View of roof of mouth; mucous membrane, etc. (coloured) Plate I.

114. Lateral dissection of head, etc. (coloured) Plate I.

115. Dissection of the floor of the mouth (coloured) Plate I.

116. Right half of skull of Rana esculenta 174

117. The nervous system of Rana esculenta, from the ventral surface 176

118. Ventral view of the brain and spinal cord, to show the points of exit of the spinal nerves 178

119. Ventral view of the spinal ganglia 179

120. Schema of spinal ganglion 179

121. Dorsal branches of the spinal nerves 181

122. The brachial plexus 184

123, 124. Nerves of the ventral surface of the arm 185, 186

125. The N. radialis 186

126. Ventral view of the brain and spinal cord 188

127. The sciatic plexus 190

128. Distribution of the sciatic nerve 193

129. Nerves of the leg and sole of the foot 194

130. Distribution of the N. peroneus 196

131. Sympathetic cord 198

132. The heart and blood-vessels, seen from the ventral surface 213

133. The heart, seen from above 214

134. The frog’s heart, seen from the ventral surface 215

135. Dissection of a case in which the auricular septum is placed more to the left than is normal 215

136. Dissection of the heart from the left side 216

137 I. Transverse section through the junction of the hinder and middle thirds of the ventricle of R. temporaria 217

137 II. Transverse section through junction of the middle and anterior thirds of the same heart 217

138. Portion of a transverse section through the middle of the ventricle of R. temporaria 218

139. Course of the cardiac nerves in the auricular septum 219

140. Group of nerve-cells on the cardiac nerve, from the auricular septum 220

141a. Small group of nerve-cells from the auricular septum 221

141b. Isolated nerve-cells from frog’s heart 221

142. Arteries and veins of the Truncus arteriosus of Bufo vulgaris 222

143. Schema of the arterial system of Rana esculenta 223

144. Right carotid gland 224

145. Arterial system of Rana esculenta 225

146. Transverse section at level of the larynx 226

147. Dissection to show the occipito-vertebral and the cutaneous arteries 227

148. Branches of the occipito-vertebral and cutaneous arteries in the head 228

149. Dissection to show the occipito-vertebral and the cutaneous arteries 229

150. Subclavian artery of the left side 231

151. Arteries of the palmar surface of the hand 232

152. Arteries of the dorsal surface of the hand 232

153. Arterial system of Rana esculenta 234

154. The urinogenital arteries 235

155. Bifurcation of the aorta and the iliac arteries 236

156. Arteries of the hinder extremity 237

157. Arteries of the dorsal surface of the foot 239

158. Arteries of the sole of the foot 240

159. Schema of the veins of Rana esculenta 242

160. Distribution of the internal jugular vein and the anterior portion of the cutaneous vein 243

161. The anterior caval vein and its branches 244

162. Course of the cutaneous vein as seen from the side 245

163. Veins in the region of the kidney 246

164. Veins of the liver 248

165. Veins of the hinder extremity 250

166. Transverse section of a septum with the attached skin 252

167. The sinus abdominalis lateralis 252

168. Sinus thoracicus transversus 253

169. The lymph-sacs of Rana esculenta (seen from the dorsal surface) 254

170. Do. (seen from the ventral do.) 256

171. Do. (seen from the side) 257

172. Transverse section through the trunk in the region of the iliac lymph-sac 258

173. Dissection to show the iliac lymph-sac 259

174. Plan of attachments of the inferior femoral etc. septa 259

175. Transverse section of the thigh 260

176. The anterior lymph-hearts 261

177. The posterior lymph-hearts 261

178. The roof of the mouth 276

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