The Anatomy of the Domestic Fowl

Part 1

The Anatomy of the Domestic Fowl

By B. F. Kaupp, M. S., D. V. M.

Poultry Investigator and Pathologist in the North Carolina Experiment Station, State Department of Agriculture, and the State College of Agriculture; Formerly Director of Anatomy Laboratory, Kansas City Veterinary College

Illustrated

Philadelphia and London W. B. Saunders Company 1918

Copyright, 1918, by W. B. Saunders Company

PRINTED IN AMERICA

To DAN T. GRAY, B. S., A. B., M. S. CHIEF, ANIMAL INDUSTRY DIVISION, NORTH CAROLINA EXPERIMENT STATION AS A TOKEN OF RESPECT AND GRATITUDE THIS VOLUME IS DEDICATED BY THE AUTHOR

FOREWORD

Advanced work in the study of poultry husbandry is now being done in this country, to a greater or less extent, at all the two score and more Agricultural and other Colleges and Experiment Stations. From these institutions comes the demand for a text-book on the Anatomy of the Domestic Fowl. No complete text-book on the subject, up to the present, has existed. It is with the hope of meeting the demand that this book is published.

In supplementing the information gathered from the books and articles listed in the bibliography, the author has spent much time and effort in obtaining the matter here presented. As this, however, is the initial complete text on the subject necessarily much remains to be added and corrected. The author would welcome suggestions and corrections from any one into whose hands the book may come.

B. F. KAUPP.

THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE, WEST RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA, September, 1918.

CONTENTS

OSTEOLOGY

PAGE OSSEOUS STRUCTURE 17 CLASSIFICATION OF BONES 20 COMPOSITION OF BONE 21 SKELETON OF THE FOWL 21 Axial Skeleton 23 Cranium and Face 23 Occipital 25 Ethmoid 27 Sphenoid 28 Frontal 29 Parietal 29 Temporal 29 Premaxilla 31 Maxilla 32 Nasal 32 Lacrimal 32 Palatine 33 Pterygoid 33 Zygomatic 33 Vomer 33 Jugal and Quadrato-jugal 33 Quadrate 34 Inferior Maxilla 34 Turbinate Bones 34 Hyoid 35 Vertebral Column 35 Cervical Vertebræ 35 Atlas 37 Axis 37 Dorsal Vertebræ 39 Lumbo-sacral Vertebræ 39 Coccygeal Vertebræ 41 Ribs 41 Sternum 42 Appendicular Skeleton 43 Shoulder Girdle 43 Fore Limb 44 Pelvic Girdle 48 Hind Limb 50

ARTHROLOGY KINDS OF JOINTS 56 MOVEMENTS OF JOINTS 56 LIGAMENTOUS STRUCTURE 57 LIGAMENTS OF: Ear 58 Jaw 58 Vertebræ 58 Ribs 59 Sternum 59 Shoulder-joint 61 Elbow-joint 61 Carpal Joint 62 Finger 64 Pelvis 65 Hip-joint 65 Knee-joint 65 Tibio-metatarsal Joint 69 Toes 69

MYOLOGY KINDS AND STRUCTURE OF MUSCLES 70 FASCIA 71 MUSCULAR NOMENCLATURE 71 True Dermal Muscles 71 Dermo-osseous Muscles 73 Muscles of the Head 76 Muscles of the Tongue 79 Cervical Muscles 81 Muscles of the Air Passages 86 Superior Larynx 86 Inferior Larynx 86 Sternal Muscles 90 Abdominal Muscles 90 Dorsolumbar Muscles 92 Coccygeal Muscles 93 Costal Muscles 96 Anterior Pectoral Muscles 99 Pectoral Muscles 100 Muscles of the Scapular Region 101 Muscles of the Brachial Region 104 Muscles of the Forearm and Hand 105 Digital Muscles 109 Muscles of the Posterior Limb 111 Tibial Group of Muscles 117 Muscles of the Eye 124 Muscles of the Ear 128 FUNCTIONS OF MUSCLES 128

SPLANCHNOLOGY DIGESTIVE APPARATUS 135 Mouth 135 Tongue 139 Pharynx 141 Glands Adjacent to Mouth and Pharynx 141 Esophagus 142 Crop 142 Stomach 143 Proventriculus 143 Gizzard 145 Small Intestine 147 Large Intestine 150 Cæca 151 Cloaca 151 COURSE OF THE FOOD 152 ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTION 152 Liver 153 Pancreas 155 Spleen 155 ABDOMINAL AND PELVIC CAVITIES 156 PERITONEUM AND MESENTERY 156 RELATIONS OF THE VISCERAL ORGANS OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL 158 RELATIONS OF THE VISCERAL ORGANS OF THE BABY CHICK 165 URO-GENITAL SYSTEM 169 Urinary Apparatus 169 Kidneys 169 Ureter 174 Male Generative Organs 175 Testicles 175 Vas Deferens 178 Female Generative Organs 178 Egg 180 Oviduct 182 Parts of the Oviduct 183 Ligaments of the Oviduct 188 DUCTLESS GLANDS 190 Thyroid Gland 190 Thymus Gland 190 Adrenal Gland 191 RESPIRATORY APPARATUS 193 Nostrils and Nasal Chambers 193 Pharynx and Superior Larynx 193 Trachea 194 Inferior Larynx 194 Bronchi and the Lungs 195 Air-sacs 199

ANGIOLOGY CIRCULATORY APPARATUS 206 Heart 206 Structure of the Heart 207 Blood-vessels 209 Structure of the Capillaries and Arteries 209 Structure of the Veins 211 Arterial Trunks 211 Branches of: Arteria Brachiocephalica 213 Arteria Carotis Cerebralis Interna 214 Arteria Carotis Externa 214 Arteria Carotis Facialis 214 Aorta Posterior 224 Venous Trunks 233 Branches of: Venæ Cavæ Anteriores 234 Vena Jugularis 237 Vena Occipitalis Externa 239 Venous Sinuses of the Head 239 Veins of the Brain Cavity 241 Veins of the Neck 242 Branches of the Vena Subclavia 243 Veins of the Dorsal Region 243 Veins of the Thorax 244 Veins of the Fore Limb 245 Branches of the Iliaca 246 Branches of the Vena Iliaca Interna 247 Posterior Vena Cava 247 Veins of the Posterior Extremity 248 Branches of the Vena Cava Posterior 248 Veins of the Caudal Region and Pelvic Cavity 250 Veins of the Truncus Vena Iliaca Communis 252 Visceral Veins of the Posterior Vena Cava 252 Lymphatic System 254 BLOOD AND ITS FUNCTIONS 257 FATE OF THE ERYTHROCYTE 261

NEUROLOGY NERVOUS SYSTEM 264 Cranial Nerves 265 Olfactorius 265 Opticus 267 Motoris Oculi 267 Patheticus 268 Trifacialis 268 Abducentes 270 Facialis and Acousticus 271 Vagus Group 272 Glosso-pharyngeus 272 Vagus or Pneumogastricus 273 Accessorius Spinalis 274 Hypoglossus 274 Spinal Cord 275 Structure of the Cord 275 Structure of the Nerve Trunks and Ganglia 277 Spinal Nerves 281 Brachial Plexus 282 Lumbo-sacral or Crural Plexus 285 Brain 288 Coverings of the Brain 288 Structure of the Brain 289 Divisions of the Brain 290 Sympathetic Nervous System 297 Functions of the Nervous System 300

ESTHESIOLOGY SENSE ORGANS 303 Sight 303 Hearing 305 Smell 307 Taste 307 Touch 307 STRUCTURE OF APPENDAGES 309

EMBRYOLOGY SPERMATOGENESIS 318 OÖGENESIS 319 FERTILIZATION 319 OUTLINE FOR LABORATORY STUDY OF THE CHICK 330 Living Embryo 330 Preparation for Study of Entire Embryos and Sections 330 Points to be Observed in the Study 332 DERIVATIVES OF THE GERM-LAYERS 342 PREPARATION OF STRUCTURES FOR STUDY 343 Directions for Dissecting Muscles 343 Directions for Study of the Viscera 344 Directions for Study of the Arteries 345 Study of the Structure of Bones 346 Special Technic for Dissection of Cranial and Spinal Nerves 347 Directions for Study of Soft Structures 347 To Stain Sections of Liver for Study of Kupffer Cells 349 To Prepare Anatomical Specimens for Museum 349 To Make Specimens Transparent 350 EQUIPMENT FOR THE DISSECTION LABORATORY 351

BIBLIOGRAPHY 353 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── INDEX 355

ANATOMY OF THE DOMESTIC FOWL

OSTEOLOGY

=Osseous Structure.=—Bone is structurally modified connective tissue which has become hard by being impregnated with calcium salts.

Kinds of Bone Tissue.—There are two kinds of bone tissue: substantia compacta, or compact bone tissue; and substantia spongiosa, or spongy, cancellous bone tissue.

Part 2

Compact Bone Tissue.—The compact bone tissue forms the hard outer layer of all bones. It is thickest in the shaft and becomes thin toward the extremities. Through the compact bone tissue approximately parallel with the longitudinal axis of the bone, run canals called Haversian canals, through which pass blood and lymph vessels for the nourishment of the bone and nerves. The Haversian canals are surrounded by concentric lamellæ. The spaces between the cylinders thus formed are filled with interstitial lamellæ; and both the exterior surface of the bone and the interior surface surrounding the medullary canal, are built up of peripheral, or circumferential lamellæ. Between the lamellæ, somewhat irregularly placed, are minute reservoirs, called lacunæ, which contain bone corpuscles. From the lacunæ radiate minute canals, or canaliculi, which maintain circulation through the bone substance, and which communicate with the Haversian canals. Complex anastomoses exist among the canaliculi. Still other channels for the passage of blood-vessels are Volkmann’s canals which pierce the peripheral lamellæ, thus allowing vessels to pass from the periosteum to the Haversian canals. Similar channels afford communication between the inner Haversian canals and the medullary cavity.

The entire structure composed of an Haversian canal, its surrounding lamellæ, lacunæ, and canaliculi, with their contained vessels, is called an Haversian system.

Cancellous Bone Tissue.—The cancellous bone tissue forms the bulk of the short, flat, and irregular bones and of the extremities of the long bones. It consists of delicate bony plates and spicules, which intercross in various directions. The spaces between these plates and spicules, called cancelli, are occupied by marrow except in the bones that are pneumatic. The blood-vessels, lymphatics, and nerves course through this marrow but are not arranged in an Haversian system.

FIG. 1.—Longitudinal section of compact bone of the femur of the hen. 1, Haversian canals. 2, Lacunæ with their canaliculi. ]

The Periosteum.—Covering the surface of bone, except at the articular surface where it is covered with cartilage, is a membrane, the periosteum, which consists of two layers: an outer, fibrous, protective layer, and an inner, cellular, osteogenic layer. The outer layer consists principally of white fibrous tissue. The inner layer contains many more connective-tissue cells, which gradually become more closely aggregated as we proceed toward the osseous surface; but there is no sharply defined line of demarcation between the two periosteal layers.

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