Part 70

The anterior and the posterior vertebral vein form one trunk, the vertebral vein, and this trunk empties into the vena jugularis just before the subclavian and the jugular unite.

The =subclavian vein= collects the blood from the anterior extremities. It unites with the vena jugularis of the same side.

The left vena cava receives the coronary veins from the heart.

THE VEINS OF THE HEAD

BRANCHES OF THE VENA FACIALIS INTERNA

The =vena facialis interna= (Fig. 62, No. 12) lies dorsal on the pterygoid bone and receives the vena maxillaris, the vena ophthalmica, the vena mandibularis interna, the venæ pharyngeæ superiores, and the vena retis mirabilis temporale.

FIG. 72.—Blood-vessels and nerves of the abdominal cavity and hind extremity and head. 1, Vena renalis. 2, Vena intervertebrales sacrales. 3, Posterior aorta. 4, External iliac. 6, Ischiadic nerve. 7, Ischiadic artery. 8, Arterial rete (plexus temporalis). 9, Ophthalmic artery. 10, Palatine artery. 11, Lingual artery. 12, Hyoid artery. 13, 14, External carotid artery. 15, Internal maxillary artery. 16, Superior laryngeal artery. 17, Superior esophageal artery. 18, Occipital artery. 19, Internal carotid artery. ]

The =vena maxillaris= comes out of the upper beak with the recurrent trigeminus nerve and then passes backward between the jugular and palatine bones. It lies medio-ventrally to the eyeball and communicates at this point with the ophthalmic vein. It is covered ventrally with the pterygoid bone. The maxillary vein collects the blood from the gland of Harder, the upper beak, and receives blood from the vena supra-palatina and from the lower jaw bone and the external mandibular vein. It also receives blood from the external sublingual vein, and the sublingual gland. It follows the inner rim of the jaw bone. The maxillary vein receives an anastomosing branch from the cutaneous facial vein, at a point near the commissure of the mouth.

FIG. 73.—Photograph of blood-vessels and nerves of the thorax. 1, Vena sternalis. 2, Vena thoracico-externa. 3, External thoracic artery. 4, Coracoid bone. 5, Sternum. 6, Shoulder-joint. 7, Humerus. 8, Clavicularis artery. 9, Sterno-clavicularis artery. 10, Thoracico-humeralis artery. 11, Subclavian artery. 12, Axillary artery. 13, Brachialis profundus artery. 14, Ulnar artery. 15, Radial artery. 16, Internal mammary artery. 17, Superior vein of the crop. 18, Superior artery of the crop. 19, Brachial nerve plexus. 20, Anterior division of brachial nerve plexus. 21, Posterior division of brachial nerve plexus. ]

The =vena ophthalmica= lies close to the point where the olfactory nerve passes out of the cranial cavity. The largest branch it receives is the recurrent ophthalmo-temporalis, which accompanies the lateral side of the optic nerve. It collects the blood from the base of the brain, from Harder’s gland, from the eye muscles, from the inner eye, the nose, the lacrimal gland, the skin of the frontal region, and the comb.

BRANCHES OF THE VENA JUGULARIS

( Vena maxillaris ( Vena ophthalmica ( Vena facialis ( Vena mandibularis interna ( interna ( Vena retis mirabilis temporalis ( Vena cephalica ( ( Venæ pharyngeæ superiores ( anterior or ( ( facialis ( ( Vena facialis cutinea ( communis ( ( Vena temporalis ( ( Vena facialis ( Vena auricularis Vena jugularis ( ( externa ( Vena palpebralis or cephalica ( ( Vena transversus communis ( ( Vena retis mirabilis temporalis ( Vena subclavia ( Venæ vertebrales ( ( Sinus cranii et cerebri ( ( Vena carotis ( ( ( ( Vena auris ( Sinus foveæ cerebelli ( ( ( Vena occipitalis externa ( Vena cephalica ( Vena jugularis prima ( posterior ( Vena occipitalis ( Vena lingualis

( Vena mandibularis externa Vena maxillaris ( Vena sublingualis externa ( Vena supra-palatina

Vena ophthalmica ( Vena ophthalmo-temporalis, recurrent

Vena facialis communis ( Vena cephalica externa

Vena occipitalis externa ( Vena occipitalis interna

Vena retis mirabilis temporalis ( Vena spheno-temporalis

Sinus foveæ cerebelli ( Sinus occipitalis externa

The trunk of the internal facial vein receives the blood of the =internal mandibular vein=. The internal mandibular vein emerges from the alveolar canal of the inferior jaw bone and receives branches from the muscles of mastication.

The =vena retis mirabilis temporalis= passes out of the eye cavity and lies between the internal facial vein and the external facial vein, and passes around the os quadratum and the os pterygoideum. It receives veins from the outer ear region, lacrimal gland, eyelids, and the spheno-temporalis.

The =venæ pharyngeæ superiores= are the veins on the dorsal surface of the pharynx. These veins form the small plexuses which unite with the two trunks of the facial veins. This forms an anastomosis between the left and the right facial veins.

BRANCHES OF THE EXTERNAL FACIAL VEIN

The vena facialis externa (Fig. 62, No. B, 9) lies behind the quadrate bone and is partly covered ventrally by the inner extension of the lower jaw bone. It collects the blood principally from the upper region of the cranium and the face, including the comb.

The =vena facialis cutinea= receives branches from the muscles in the region of the jaw, the lower jaw bone, the muscles of the eyelids, the frontal region, and the anastomotic branches from the vena maxillaris.

The =vena temporalis= is made up of veins from the skin of the temporal region, the masseter and the tongue muscles, and from the sides of the upper throat region.

The =vena palpebralis= is made up from veins from the three eyelids and the temporal region near the eye. Its trunk passes laterally over the temporo-mandibularis ligament. The vena palpebralis collects blood from the lacrimal gland, the eyelids, and the outer ear region.

The following veins empty into the trunk of the =vena facialis communis=: venæ pharyngis superiores, vena muscularis depressoris mandibulæ, vena muscularis colli anterior superioris, vena lingualis et hyoidea. The right terminal branches of the vena lingualis empty into the vena cephalica posterior.

The venæ pharyngis superiores and vena lingualis et hyoidea collect blood from the muscles of the tongue and posterior tongue region.