Special Report on Diseases of Cattle

Part 1

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE,

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY.

J. R. MOHLER, CHIEF OF BUREAU.

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SPECIAL REPORT

DISEASES OF CATTLE.

Drs. ATKINSON, DICKSON, EICHHORN, HICKMAN, LAW, LOWE, MARSH, MOHLER, MURRAY, PEARSON, RANSOM, TRUMBOWER, and WOODWARD.

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REVISED EDITION, 1923.

WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1923.

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Transcriber's note: Minor typos have been corrected, tables have been modified where necessary to fit within the constraints of a text file, and footnotes have been moved to the ends of the sections. Inconsistencies in spelling (e.g., D'Arboval/D'Arborval) and hyphenation (e.g., postmortem/post-mortem) have been resolved in all cases where it was possible to divine the author's intent with a reasonable degree of certainty. The occasional error which could not be resolved was marked . Italicized letters and words are enclosed by underscores. Subscripts are represented by an underscore and curly braces: {2} (for example, SiO{2}). Ligatures which cannot be reproduced in the Latin-1 character set are enclosed in [brackets] (for example, Cnurus).

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For printing, binding, and distribution of the publications entitled "Diseases of the Horse" and "Diseases of Cattle," $200,000: Provided, That said publications shall be deposited one-third in the folding room of the Senate and two-thirds in the folding room of the House of Representatives, and said documents shall be distributed by Members of the Senate and House of Representatives.

CONTENTS. Page.

Administration of medicines. By LEONARD PEARSON 7

Diseases of the digestive organs. By A. J. MURRAY 12

Poisons and poisoning. By V. T. ATKINSON 51

Diseases of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatics. By W. H. HARBAUGH 73

Noncontagious diseases of the organs of respiration. By WILLIAM HERBERT LOWE 87

Diseases of the nervous system. By W. H. HARBAUGH 101

Diseases of the urinary organs. By JAMES LAW 113

Diseases of the generative organs. By JAMES LAW 147

Diseases following parturition. By JAMES LAW 214

Diseases of young calves. By JAMES LAW 247

Bones: Diseases and accidents. By V. T. ATKINSON 264

Surgical operations. By WILLIAM DICKSON and WILLIAM HERBERT LOWE 289

Tumors affecting cattle. By JOHN R. MOHLER 303

Part 2

Diseases of the skin. By M. R. TRUMBOWER 320

Diseases of the foot. By M. R. TRUMBOWER 335

Diseases of the eye and its appendages. By M. R. TRUMBOWER 340

Diseases of the ear. By M. R. TRUMBOWER 355

Infectious diseases of cattle. Revised by JOHN R. MOHLER 358

The animal parasites of cattle. By B. H. RANSOM 502

Mycotic stomatitis of cattle. By JOHN R. MOHLER 532

Index 538

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES. Page. PLATE I. Position of the first stomach (rumen or paunch) 48

II. Stomachs of ruminants 48

III. Instruments used in treating diseases of digestive organs 48

IV. Microscopic anatomy of the liver 48

V. Ergot in hay 48

VI. Ergotism 48

VII. Diagram of the circulation of the blood 86

VIII. Position of the lung 90

IX. Kidney and male generative and urinary organs 145

X. Microscopic anatomy of the kidney 145

XI. Calculi of kidney and bladder 146

XII. Fetal calf within its membranes 210

XIII. Pregnant uterus with cotyledons 210

XIV. Vessels of umbilical cord 211

XV. Normal position of calf in utero 211

XVI. Abnormal positions of calf in utero 211

XVII. Abnormal positions of calf in utero 211

XVIII. Abnormal positions of calf in utero; surgical instruments and sutures 212

XIX. Monstrosities 212

Part 3

XX. Instruments used in difficult labor 212

XXI. Instruments used in difficult labor 213

XXII. Supports for prolapsed uterus 246

XXIII. Supports for prolapsed uterus 246

XXIV. Instruments used in diseases following parturition 246

XXV. Skeleton of the cow 282

XXVI. Devices for casting cattle 302

XXVII. Surgical instruments and sutures 302

XXVIII. Various bacteria which produce disease in cattle 360

XXIX. Upper or dorsal surface of the lungs of the ox 368

XXX. Broncho-pneumonia 368

XXXI. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia 368

XXXII. Contagious pleuro-pneumonia 368

XXXIII. Foot-and-mouth disease 384

XXXIV. Tuberculosis of the lungs of cattle 416

XXXV. Tuberculosis of the liver 416

XXXVI. Tuberculosis of lymph gland and of omentum (caul) 416

XXXVII. Fig. 1.--Tuberculosis of sirloin and porterhouse cuts of beef. Fig. 2.--Tuberculosis of pleura of cow, so-called "pearly disease" 416

XXXVIII. Tuberculosis of cow's udder 416

XXXIX. Actinomycosis 450

XL. Actinomycosis of the jaw 450

XLI. Actinomycosis of the lungs 450

XLII. Section of muscle from a blackleg swelling 464

XLIII. Necrotic stomatitis (calf diphtheria) 464

XLIV. Normal spleen and spleen affected by Texas fever 504

XLV. Texas fever 504

XLVI. The cattle tick (Margaropus annulatus), the carrier of Texas fever 504

XLVII. The cattle tick (Margaropus annulatus) 504

Part 4

XLVIII. Portion of a steer's hide showing the Texas fever tick (Margaropus annulatus) 504

XLIX. Fig. 1.--Tick-infested steer. Fig. 2.--Dipping cattle to kill ticks 504

L. Facsimile of poster comparing ticky and tick-free cattle 504

TEXT FIGURES.

FIG. 1. Hornfly (HÊmatobia serrata) in resting position 504

2. Hornflies (HÊmatobia serrata) on cow horn 505

3. Buffalo gnat 506

4. Screw worm (larva of Chrysomyia macellaria) 506

5. Screw-worm fly (Chrysomyia macellaria) 507

6. The warble fly (Hypoderma lineata) 508

7. Short-nosed blue louse (HÊmatopinus eurysternus) of cattle 512

8. Long-nosed blue louse (HÊmatopinus vituli) of cattle 512

9. Red louse (Trichodectes scalaris) of cattle 513

10. Egg of short-nosed blue louse (HÊmatopinus eurysternus) attached to a hair 513

11. Mite which causes psoroptic scab of sheep 514

12. Portion of the wall of the first stomach with conical flukes (Paramphistomum cervi) attached 519

13. Twisted stomach worms (HÊmonchus contortus) 519

14. Twisted stomach worms (HÊmonchus contortus) enlarged 520

15. Embryo of twisted stomach worm (HÊmonchus contortus) coiled on tip of grass blade 521

16. A drenching tube made from an ordinary tin funnel, a piece of rubber hose, and a piece of brass pipe 522

17. Piece of lining of fourth stomach showing cysts of the encysted stomach worm (Ostertatia ostertagi) 523

18. A tapeworm (Moniezia planissima) which infests cattle 524

19. The common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) 526

20. The large American fluke (Fasciola magna) 526

21. Portion of grass stalk bearing three encysted cercariÊ of the common liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) 527

22. Hydatids (Echinococcus granulosus) in portion of hog's liver 528

23. Thin-necked bladder worm (TÊnia hydatigena) from abdominal cavity of a steer 529

24. Lung worms (Dictyocaulus viviparus) of cattle 530

Part 5

SPECIAL REPORT

DISEASES OF CATTLE

ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICINES.

By LEONARD PEARSON, B. S., V. M. D.

Medicines may be administered to cattle in many ways. The channel and method of administration depend on whether a general or local effect is desired, the condition of the animal, and the nature of the medicine that is to be given. The easiest method, and therefore the most common, is to give ordinary remedies by the mouth with the food, with drink, or separately. There, are, however, some conditions in which medicines administered in this way will not act promptly enough, or wherein a desired effect of the medicine on a distant part of the body is wholly lacking unless it is applied in some other way.

The various methods of administering medicines to cattle will be considered below.

BY THE MOUTH.--The simplest way to give medicines by the mouth is to mix them with the food or water. This can be done when the medicine is in the form of a powder or fluid, if but a small quantity is to be given, if it does not have a taste that is disagreeable to the animal and is not so irritant as to injure the lining membranes of the mouth and throat.

The usual method of administering bulky or unpalatable doses is to mix them with a fluid vehicle, such as water, milk, molasses, or broth, and give from a bottle. A dose given in this way is known as a "drench." In administering a drench the head of the animal should be elevated a little by an assistant. This is best accomplished when standing on the left side of the cow's head and by grasping the nose with the thumb and fingers of the right hand inserted in the nostrils; with the left hand beneath the chin the head is further raised and supported. If the animal is unruly, it may be tied in a stall or placed in a stanchion. The medicine can now be poured into the mouth by inserting the neck of the bottle between the lips on the right side. Care must be taken to avoid getting the bottle between the back teeth. The mouth of the bottle should be inserted as far as the middle of the tongue and the contents poured slowly. If the cow coughs, the head must at once be lowered to permit the fluid to escape from the larynx. If medicine is given during coughing, some of the dose may pass down the windpipe to the lungs and cause a severe or a fatal pneumonia. This is especially to be guarded against when the throat is partly paralyzed or insensitive, as in parturient paresis (milk fever). In this disease it has often happened that drenches have been poured into the lungs, thus killing the cow.

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