Mosaics of Grecian History

CHAPTER I.. General View of the Grecian States and Islands.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE GRECIAN STATES AND ISLANDS.

Introductory.--Olympus.--HEMANS.--Pi'e-rus.--POPE. 1. Thessaly.--Tem'pe.-HEMANS. 2. Epi'rus.--Cocy'tus, Ach'eron, Dodo'na.--MILTON: HAYGARTH: BYRON. 3. Acarna'nia. 4. Æto'lia. 5. Lo'cris. 6. Do'ris. 7. Pho'cis.--Parnassus.--BYRON.--Delphi.--HEMANS. 8. Bœo'tia.--Thebes.--SCHILLER. 9. Attica.--BYRON. 10. Corinth.--BYRON: HAYGARTH. 11. Acha'ia. 12. Arca'dia. 13. Ar'golis.--Myce'næ.--HEMANS. 14. Laco'nia. 15. Messe'nia. 16. E'lis. 17. The Isles of Greece.--BYRON. Lemnos.--Euboe'a.--Cyc'la-des.--De'los.--Spor'a-des.-- Crete.--Rhodes.--Sal'amis.--Ægi'na.--Cyth'-era.-- "Venus Rising from the Sea."--WOOLNER. Stroph'a-des.--VIRGIL.--Paxos.--Zacyn'thus.-- Cephalo'nia.--Ith'aca.--Leu'cas or Leuca'dia.-- Corcy'ra or Cor'fu.--"Gardens of Alcin'o-us."

CHAPTER II.. The Fabulous and Legendary Period of Grecian History.

THE FABULOUS AND LEGENDARY PERIOD OF GRECIAN HISTORY.

I. Grecian Mythology. Value of the Grecian Fables.--J. STUART BLACKIE. The Battle of the Giants.--HE'SIOD Hymn to Jupiter.--CLEAN'THES The god Apollo.--OV'ID. Fancies of the Greek Mind.--WORDSWORTH: LIDDELL: BLACKIE. The Poet's Lament.--SCHILLER. The Creation.--OVID. The Origin of Evil.--HESIOD. What Prome'theus Personified.--BLACKIE. The Punishment of Prometheus.--ÆS'CHYLUS: SHELLEY Deluge of Deuca'lion.--OVID. Moral Characteristics of the Gods, etc.--MAHAFFY: GLADSTONE: HOMER: ÆSCHYLUS: HESIOD. Oaths.--HOMER: ÆSCHYLUS: SOPH'OCLES: VIRGIL. The Future State.--HOMER. 1. Story of Tan'talus.--BLACKIE 2. The Descent of Or'pheus.--OVID: HOMER. 3. The Elys'ium.--HOMER: PINDAR. Hindu and Greek Skepticism.--(Cornhill Magazine).

II. The Earnest Inhabitants of Greece. The Founding of Athens.--BLACKIE.

III. The Heroic Age. Heroic Times foretold to Adam.--MILTON Twelve Labors of Hercules.--HOMER. Fable of Hercules and Antæ'us.--COLLINS. The Argonautic Expedition.--PINDAR. Legend of Hy'las.--BAYARD TAYLOR. The Trojan War. 1. The Greek Armament.--EURIP'IDES. 2. The name Helen.--ÆSCHYLUS. 3. Ulysses and Thersi'tes.--HOMER. (POPE). 4. Combat of Menela'us and Paris.--HOMER. (POPE). 5. Parting of Hector and Androm'a-che.--HOMER. (POPE). 6. Hector's Exploits and Death of Patro'clus.--HOMER. (POPE). 7. The Shield of Achilles.--HOMER. (SOTHEBY). 8. Address of Achilles to his Horses.--HOMER. (POPE). 9. The Death of Hector.--HOMER. (BRYANT). 10. Priam Begging for Hector's Body.--HOMER. (COWPER). 11. Lamentations of Andromache and Helen.--HOMER. (POPE). The Fate of Troy.--VIRGIL: SCHILLER. Beacon Fires from Troy to Argos.--ÆSCHYLUS. Remarks on the Trojan War.--THIRLWALL: GROTE. Fate of the Actors in the Conflict.--ENNIUS: LANDOR: LANG.

IV. Arts and Civilization in the Heroic Age. Political Life of the Greeks.--MAHAFFY: HEEREN. Domestic Life and Character.--MAHAFFY: HOMER. The Raft of Ulysses.--HOMER.

V. The Conquest of Peloponnesus, and Colonies in Asia Minor. Return of the Heracli'dæ.--LUCAN.

CHAPTER III.. Early Greek Literature, and Greek Community of Interests.

EARLY GREEK LITERATURE, AND GREEK COMMUNITY OF INTERESTS.

Ionian Language and Culture.--FELTON.

I. Homer and his Poems.--ANTIP'ATER: FELTON: TALFOURD: POPE: COLERIDGE.

II. Some Causes of Greek Unity. The Grecian Festivals. 1. Chariot Race and Death of Ores'tes.--SOPHOCLES. 2. Apollo's Conflict with the Python.--OVID. 3. The Apollo Belvedere.--THOMSON. The National Councils.

CHAPTER IV.. Sparta, and the Legislation of Lycurgus.

SPARTA, AND THE LEGISLATION OF LYCURGUS.

Description of Sparta.--THOMSON.

I. The Constitution of Lycurgus. Spartan Patriotic Virtue.--TYMNOE'US.

II. Spartan Poetry and Music. Spartan March.--CAMPBELL.: HEMANS. Songs of the Spartans.--PLUTARCH: TERPAN'DER: PINDAR: ION.

III. Sparta's Conquests. War-song.--TYRTOE'US.

CHAPTER V.. Forms of Government, and Changes in Grecian Politics.

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT, AND CHANGES IN GRECIAN POLITICS.

Introductory.--THIRLWALL: LEG'ARÉ.

I. Changes from Aristocracies to Oligarchies.--HEEREN.

II. Changes from Oligarchies to Despotisms.--THIRLWALL: HEEREN: BULWER: TYRTOE'US.

CHAPTER VI.. The Early History of Athens.

THE EARLY HISTORY OF ATHENS.

I. The Legislation of Dra'co.

II. The Legislation of So'lon.--PLUTARCH: A'KENSIDE: SOLON: THOMSON: SOLON.

III. The Usurpation of Pisis'tratus. The Usurper and his Stratagem.--AKENSIDE. Solon's Appeal to the Athenians.--AKENSIDE. Character of Pisistratus.--THIRLWALL. Conspiracy of Harmodius and Aristogi'ton.--CALLIS'TRATUS.

IV. Birth of Democracy.--THIRLWALL.

CHAPTER VII.. A Brief History of the Greek Colonies.

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREEK COLONIES.

The Cave of the Cumæ'an Sibyl.--VIRGIL: GROTE. The'ron of Agrigen'tum.--PINDAR. Increase among the Sicilian Greeks.--GROTE.

CHAPTER VIII.. Progress of Literature and the Arts.

PROGRESS OF LITERATURE AND THE ARTS.

I. The Poems of Hesiod.--"Winter."--FELTON: MURE: THIRLWALL: MAHAFFY.

II. Lyric Poetry. Calli'nus of Ephesus.--"War Elegy". Archil'ochus of Pa'ros--SYMONDS: MAHAFFY. Alc'man.--"Sleep, or Night."--MURE. Ari'on.--Stesich'orus.--MAHAFFY. Alcæus.--"Spoils of War."--AKENSIDE. Sappho.--"Defence of."--SYMONDS: ANTIP'ATER. Anac'reon.--"The Grasshopper."--AKENSIDE.

III. Early Grecian Philosophy. The Seven Sages.--(Maxims).-GROTE. Tha'les, Anaxim'enes, Heracli'tus, Diog'enes, Anaximan'der, and Xenoph'anes. Pythag'oras and his Doctrines.--BLACKIE: THOMSON: COLERIDGE: LOWELL. The Eleusin'ian Mysteries.--VIRGIL.

IV. Architecture. The Cyclo'pean Walls.--LORD HOUGHTON. Dor'ic, Ion'ic, and Corinthian Orders.--THOMSON. Cher'siphron, and the Temple of Diana.--STORY. Temples at Pæs'tum.--CRANCH.

V. Sculpture. Glaucus, Rhoe'cus, Theodo'rus, Dipæ'nus, Scyllis. Cause of the Progress of Sculpture.--THIRLWALL.

CHAPTER IX.. The Persian Wars.

THE PERSIAN WARS.

I. The Ionic Revolt.

II. The First Persian War. The Battle of Marathon. Legends of the Battle.--HEMANS: BLACKIE. The Death of Milti'ades: his Character.--GROTE: GILLIES. Aristi'des and Themis'tocles:--THOMSON: PLUTARCH: THIRLWALL.

III. The Second Persian Invasion. Xerxes at Aby'dos.--HEROD'OTUS. Bridging of the Hellespont.--JUVENAL: MILTON. The Battle of Thermop'ylæ. 1. Invincibility of the Spartans.--HAYGARTH. 2. Description of the Contest.--HAYGARTH. 3. Epitaphs on those who fell.--SIMON'IDES. 4. The Tomb of Leon'idas.--ANON. 5. Eulogy on the Fallen.--BYRON Naval Conflict at Artemis'ium.--PLUTARCH: PINDAR. The Abandonment of Athens. The Battle of Salamis. 1. Xerxes Views the Conflict.--BYRON. 2. Flight of Xerxes.--JUVENAL: ALAMANNI. 3. Celebrated Description of the Battle.--MITFORD: ÆSCHYLUS. 4. Another Account.--BLACKIE. The Battle of Platæ'a. 1. Description of the Battle.--BULWER. 2. Importance of the Victory.--SOUTHEY: BULWER. 3. Victory at Myc'a-le.--BULWER. 4. "The Wasps."--ARISTOPHANES.

CHAPTER X.. The Rise and Growth of the Athenian Empire.

THE RISE AND GROWTH OF THE ATHENIAN EMPIRE.

I. The Disgrace and Death of Themistocles. Tributes to his Memory.--PLATO: GEMINUS: THIRLWALL. II. The Rise and Fall of Cimon. Character of Cimon--THOMSON. Battle of Eurym'edon.--SIMONIDES. Earthquake at Sparta, and Revolt of the Helots.--BULWER: ALISON.

III. The Accession of Pericles to Power. Changes in the Athenian Constitution.--BULWER. Tribute to Pericles.--CROLY. Picture of Athens in Peace.--HAYGARTH.

CHAPTER XI.. The Peloponnesian Wars, and the Fall of Athens.

THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS, AND THE FALL OF ATHENS.

Speech of Pericles for War.--THUCYD'IDES.

I. The First Peloponnesian War. Funeral Oration of Pericles.--THUCYDIDES. Comments on the Oration.--CURTIUS. The Plague at Athens.--LUCRETIUS. Death of Pericles.--CROLY: THIRLWALL: BULWER. Character of Pericles.--MITFORD.

II. The Athenian Demagogues. Cleon, the Demagogue.--GILLIES: ARISTOPH'ANES. The Peace of Ni'cias.

III. The Sicilian Expedition. Treatment of the Athenian Prisoners.--BYRON.

IV. The Second Peloponnesian War. Humiliation of Athens. Barbarities of the Contest.--MAHAFFY.

CHAPTER XII.. Grecian Literature and Art, From the Beginning of the Persian

GRECIAN LITERATURE AND ART, FROM THE BEGINNING OF THE PERSIAN TO THE CLOSE OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS (B.C. 500-403).

LITERATURE.

Introductory. The Era of Athenian Greatness.--SYMONDS.

I. Lyric Poetry. Simonides.--"Lamentation of Dan'a-ë."--MAHAFFY. Pindar.--"Threnos."--THIRLWALL: PRIOR: SYMONDS: GRAY: POPE: HORACE.

II. The Drama.--BULWER. 1. Tragedy.--Melpom'ene.--AKENSIDE. Æschylus.--"Death of Agamemnon."--PLUMPTRE: LAWRENCE: VAN SCHLEGEL: BYRON: MAHAFFY. Sophocles.--OEd'ipus Tyran'nus."--TALFOURD: PHRYN'ICHUS: SIM'MIAS. Euripides.--"Alcestis Preparing for Death."--SYMONDS: MILTON: MAHAFFY. The Transitions of Tragedy.--GROTE. 2. Comedy. Characterization of. Aristophanes.--Extracts from "The Cloud." "Choral Song from The Birds."--PLATO: GROTE: SEWELL: MILTON: RUSKIN.

III. History. Hecatæ'ns.--MAHAFFY: NIEBUHR. Herodotus.--"Introduction to History."--LAWRENCE. Herodotus and his Writings.--MACAULAY. Thucyd'i-des.--MAHAFFY. Thucydides and Herodotus.--BROWNE.

IV. Philosophy. Anaxag'oras: his Death.--WILLIAM CANTON. The Sophists.--MAHAFFY. Socrates.--"Defence of Socrates."--"Socrates' Views of a Future State."--MAHAFFY: THOMSON: SMITH: TYLER: GROTE.

ART.

I. Sculpture and Painting. Phid'ias.--LÜBKE: GILLIES: LÜBKE. Polygno'tus.--Apollodo'rus.--Zeux'is.--Parrha'sius. --Timan'thes. Parrhasius and his Captive.--SENECA: WILLIS.

II. Architecture. Introductory.--THOMSON. The Adornment of Athens.--BULWER. I. The Acrop'olis and its Splendors. The Parthenon.--HEMANS. II. Other Architectural Monuments of Athens. The Temple of The'seus.--HAYGARTH. Athenian Enthusiasm for Art.--BULWER. The Glory of Athens.--TALFOURD.

CHAPTER XIII.. The Spartan and Theban Supremacies.

THE SPARTAN AND THEBAN SUPREMACIES.

I. The Expedition of Cyrus, and the Retreat of the Ten Thousand.--THOMSON: CURTIUS.

II. The Supremacy of Sparta.

III. The Rise and Fall of Thebes. Pelop'idas and Epaminon'das.--THOMSON: CURTIUS.

CHAPTER XIV.. The Sicilian Greeks.

THE SICILIAN GREEKS.

The Founding of Ætna.--PINDAR. Hi'ero's Victory at Cu'mæ.--PINDAR. Admonitions to Hiero.--PINDAR. Dionysius the Elder.--PLUTARCH. Damon and Pythias.--The Hostage.--SCHILLER. Archime'des.--SCHILLER Visit of Cicero to the Grave of Archimedes.--WINTHROP.

CHAPTER XV.. The Macedonian Supremacy.

THE MACEDONIAN SUPREMACY.

I. The Sacred War.--THIRLWALL.

II. Sketch of Macedonia.

III. Interference of Philip of Macedon. Demosthenes.--"The First Philippic."--GROTE. Pho'cion.--His Influence at Athens.--GROTE.

IV. War with Macedon.

V. Accession of Alexander the Great.

VI. Alexander Invades Asia.

VII. The Battle of Arbe'la.--Flight and Death of Dari'us.-- GROTE: ÆS'CHINES. Alexander's Feast at Persep'olis.--DRYDEN.

VI. The Death of Alexander. His Career and his Character.--LU'CAN. Reflections on his Life, etc.--JUVENAL: BYRON.

CHAPTER XVI.

FROM THE DEATH OF ALEXANDER TO THE CONQUEST OF GREECE BY THE ROMANS.

I. A Retrospective Glance at Greece. Oration of Æschines against Ctes'iphon. Oration of Demosthenes on the Crown.

II. The Wars that followed Alexander's Death. Character of Ptolemy Philadelphus--THEOC'RITUS.

III. The Celtic Invasion, and the War with Pyrrhus. Queen Archidami'a.--ANON.

IV. The Achæ'an League.--Philip V. of Macedon. Epigrams on Philip and the Macedonians.--Alcoe'us.

V. Greece Conquered by Rome. "The Liberty of Greece."--WORDSWORTH. Desolation of Corinth.--ANTIPATER. Last Struggles of Greece.--THIRLWALL: HORACE.

CHAPTER XVII.. Literature and Art After the Close of the Peloponnesian War.

LITERATURE AND ART AFTER THE CLOSE OF THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.

LITERATURE.

I. The Drama.--MAHAFFY. Phile'mon.--"Faith in God." Menander.--"Human Existence."--SYMONDS: LAWRENCE.

II. Oratory.--MILTON: CICERO. Æs'chines and Demosthenes.--LEGARÉ: BROUGHAM: HUME.

III. Philosophy. Plato.--HAYGARTH: BROUGHAM: KENDRICK: MITCHELL. Aristotle.--POPE: BROWNE: LAWRENCE: SMITH: MAHAFFY. Academe.--ARNOLD. Epicu'rus and Ze'no.--LUCRETIUS.

IV. History. Xen'ophon.--MITCHELL. Polyb'ius.

ART.

I. Architecture and Sculpture. Changes in Statuary.--WEYMAN. The Dying Gladiator.--LÜBKE: THOMSON. The La-oc'o-on.--THOMSON: HOLLAND.

II. Painting. Venus Rising from the Sea.--ANTIPATER. Apel'les and Protog'enes.--ANTHON. Protogenes' Picture at Rhodes.--THOMSON.

Concluding Reflections. The Image of Athens.--SHELLEY. Immortal Influence of Athens.--MACAULAY: HAYGARTH.

CHAPTER XVIII.. Greece Subsequent to the Roman Conquest.

GREECE SUBSEQUENT TO THE ROMAN CONQUEST.

I. Greece under the Romans. The Revolt.--FINLAY. Christianity in Greece.--FELTON.

II. Changes down to the Fourteenth Century. Courts of the Crusading Chieftains.--EDINBURGH REVIEW. The Duchy of Athens.--FELTON. The Turkish Invasion.--HEMANS.

III. Contests between the Turks and Venetians. Past and Present of the Acropolis of Athens. The Siege and Fall of Corinth.--BYRON.

IV. Final Conquest of Greece by Turkey. Turkish Oppressions.--TENNENT. The Slavery of Greece.--CANNING: BYRON. First Steps to Secure Liberty.--The Klephts.--FELTON. Greek War-Songs.--RHIGAS: POLYZOIS.

V. The Greek Revolution. A Prophetic Vision of the Struggle.--SHELLEY'S "Hellas". Song of the Greeks.--CAMPBELL. American Sympathy with Greece.--TUCKERMAN: WEBSTER. The Sortie at Missolon'ghi.--WARBURTON. A Visit to Missolonghi.--STEPHENS. Marco Bozzar'is.--HALLECK. Battle of Navari'no.--CAMPBELL.

VI. Greece under a Constitutional Monarchy. Revolution against King Otho.--BENJAMIN. The Deposition of King Otho: Greece under his Rule. --TUCKERMAN: BRITISH QUARTERLY. Accession of King George.--His Government.--TUCKERMAN. Progress in Modern Greece.--COOK.

INDEX

CHAPTER I.. General View of the Grecian States and Islands.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE GRECIAN STATES AND ISLANDS.

The country called HELLAS by the Helle'nes, its native inhabitants, and known to us by the name of Greece, forms the southern part of the most easterly of the three great peninsulas of Southern Europe, extending into the Mediterranean between the Æge'an Sea, or Grecian Archipelago, on the east, and the Ionian Sea on the west. The whole area of this country, so renowned in history, is only about twenty thousand square miles; which is considerably less than that of Portugal, and less than half that of the State of Pennsylvania.

Continue reading Mosaics of Grecian History free in the Wunder reader →