Fossil Plants, Vol. 1

CHAPTER IV.. =the Preservation of Plants As Fossils.= Pp. 54–92.

=THE PRESERVATION OF PLANTS AS FOSSILS.= Pp. 54–92.

Old surface-soils. Fossil wood. Conditions of fossilisation. Drifting of trees. Meaning of the term ‘Fossil.’ Incrustations. Casts of trees. Fossil casts. Plants and coal. Fossils in half-relief. Petrified trees. Petrified wood. Preservation of tissues. Coal-balls. Fossil nuclei. Fossil plants in volcanic ash. Conditions of preservation.

CHAPTER V.. =difficulties and Sources of Error in the

=DIFFICULTIES AND SOURCES OF ERROR IN THE DETERMINATION OF FOSSIL PLANTS.= Pp. 93–109.

External resemblance. Venation characters. Decorticated stems. Imperfect casts. Mineral deposits simulating plants. Traces of wood-borers in petrified tissue. Photography and illustration.

CHAPTER VI.. =nomenclature.= Pp. 110–115.

=NOMENCLATURE.= Pp. 110–115.

Rules for nomenclature. The rule of priority. Terminology and convenience.

PART II. SYSTEMATIC.

CHAPTER VII. =THALLOPHYTA.= Pp. 116–228. =PAGE= I. =PERIDINIALES= 117–118

II. =COCCOSPHERES AND RHABDOSPHERES= 118–121

III. =SCHIZOPHYTA= 121–138 A. SCHIZOPHYCEAE (CYANOPHYCEAE) 122–132 Girvanella 124–126. Borings in shells 127–129. Zonatrichites 129–130.

B. SCHIZOMYCETES (BACTERIA) 132–138 Bacillus Permicus 135–136. B. Tieghemi and Micrococcus Guignardi 136. Fossil Bacteria 137–138.

IV. =ALGAE= 138–205 Scarcity of fossil algae. Fossils simulating Algae. Recognition of fossil algae. Algites &c.

A. DIATOMACEAE 150–156 Recent Diatoms. Fossil Diatoms. Bactryllium &c.

B. CHLOROPHYCEAE 156–178 a. SIPHONEAE 157–177 α. =Caulerpaceae= 157–159 β. =Codiaceae= 159–164 Codium 159–160. Sphaerocodium 160. Penicillus 161. Ovulites 161–164. Halimeda 164. γ. =Dasycladaceae= 164–177 Acetabularia 165–166. Acicularia 166–169. Cymopolia 169–171. Vermiporella 172–173. Sycidium 173. Diplopora 174–175. Gyroporella 175. Dactylopora, Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Siphoneae 175–177. b. CONFERVOIDEAE 177–178

C.INCERTAE SEDIS 178–183 Boghead ‘Coal.’ Reinschia 180–181. Pila 181–182.

D. RHODOPHYCEAE 183–190 CORALLINACEAE 183–190 Lithothamnion 185–189. Solenopora 189–190.

E. PHAEOPHYCEAE 191–202 Nematophycus 192–202 Pachytheca 202–204 Algites 204–205

V. =MYXOMYCETES (MYCETOZOA)= 205–206 Myxomycetes Mangini 206.

VI. =FUNGI= 207–222 ASCOMYCETES. BASIDIOMYCETES. Pathology of fossil tissues. Oochytrium Lepidodendri 216–217. Peronosporites antiquarius 217–220. Cladosporites bipartitus 220. Haplographites cateniger 220. Zygosporites 220–221. Polyporus vaporarius 221.

VII. =CHAROPHYTA= 222–228 CHAREAE 223–228 Chara 225–228. C. Bleicheri 226. C. Knowltoni 226–227. C. Wrighti 227.

CHAPTER VIII.. =bryophyta.= Pp. 229–241.

=BRYOPHYTA.= Pp. 229–241.

I. =HEPATICAE= 230–236 Marchantites 233–235. M. Sezannensis 234–235.

II. =MUSCI= 236–241 Muscites 238–241. M. polytrichaceus 239–240. Palaeozoic Mosses. Muscites ferrugineus 241.

CHAPTER IX.. =pteridophyta (vascular Cryptograms).= Pp. 242–294.

=PTERIDOPHYTA (VASCULAR CRYPTOGRAMS).= Pp. 242–294.

I. =EQUISETALES (RECENT)= 244–254 EQUISETACEAE 244–254 Equisetum 246–254.

II. =FOSSIL EQUISETALES= 254–294 A. EQUISETITES 257–281 Equisetites Hemingwayi 263–264. E. spatulatus 264–266. E. zeaeformis 266. E. arenaceus 268–269. E. columnaris 269–270. E. Beani 270–275. E. lateralis 275–279. E. Burchardti 279–280. B. PHYLLOTHECA 281–291 Phyllotheca deliquescens 283–284. P. Brongniarti 286–287. P. indica and P. australis 287–289. C. SCHIZONEURA 291–294 S. gondwanensis 292–293.

CHAPTER X.. =equisetales (_continued_).= Pp. 295–388.

=EQUISETALES (continued).= Pp. 295–388.

D. CALAMITES 295–383

I. =Historical sketch= 295–302

II. =Description of the anatomy of Calamites= 302–364 a. Stems 304–329 Arthropitys, Arthrodendron, and Calamodendron. b. Leaves 329–342 α. Calamocladus (Asterophyllites) 332–336. C. equisetiformis 335–336. β. Annularia 336–342. A. stellata 338–340. A. sphenophylloides 341–342. c. Roots 342–349 d. Cones 349–365 Calamostachys Binneyana 351–355. C. Casheana 355–357. Palaeostachya vera 358–360. Calamostachys, Palaeostachya and Macrostachya 361–364.

III. =Pith-casts of Calamites= 365–380 Calamitina 367–374. Calamites (Calamitina) Göpperti 372–374. Stylocalamites 374–376. C. (Stylocalamites) Suckowi 374–376. Eucalamites 376–379. C. (Eucalamites) cruciatus 378–379.

IV. =Conclusion= 381–383

E. ARCHAEOCALAMITES 383–388 A. scrobiculatus 386–387.

CHAPTER XI.. Sphenophyllales. Pp. 389–414.

SPHENOPHYLLALES. Pp. 389–414.

I. =SPHENOPHYLLUM= 389–414 A. =The anatomy of Sphenophyllum= 392–406 a. Stems 392–398 Sphenophyllum insigne and S. plurifoliatum 397–398. b. Roots 399 c. Leaves 399 d. Cones 401–406 Sphenophyllostachys Dawsoni 402–405. S. Römeri 405–406.

B. =Types of vegetative Branches of Sphenophyllum= 407–412 Sphenophyllum emarginatum 407–408. S. trichomatosum 408–409. S. Thoni 410–411. S. speciosum 411–412.

C. =Affinities, Range and Habit of Sphenophyllum= 412–414

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FRONTISPIECE. TREE STUMPS IN A CARBONIFEROUS FOREST. Drawn from a photograph. (M. Seward.) PAGE 57.

FIG. PAGE 1. Lepidodendron. (M. S.) 10 2. Geological section 29 3. Table of strata 32, 33 4. Geological section (coal seam) 44 5. Neuropteris Scheuchzeri Hoffm. (M. S.) 45 6. Submerged Forest at Leasowe. (M. S.) 59 7. Ammonite on coniferous wood. (M. S.) 61 8. Coniferous wood in flint. (M. S.) 62 9. Bored fossil wood. (M. S.) 62 10. Section of an old pool filled up with a mass of Chara. (From block lent by Dr Woodward) 69 11. Equisetites columnaris Brongn. (M. S.) 72 12. Stigmaria ficoides Brongn. (M. S.) 73 13. Cordaites etc. in coal. (M. S.) 76 14. Crystallisation in petrified tissues 81 15. Lepidodendron. (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson of a specimen lent by Mr Kidston) 82 16. Cast of a fossil cell. (M. S.) 84 17. Calcareous nodule from the Coal-Measures 85 18. Lepidodendron from Arran. (M. S.) 89 19. Trigonocarpon seeds in a block of sandstone. (M. S.) 91 20. Restio, Equisetum, Casuarina and Ephedra. (M. S.) 95 21. Polygonum equisetiforme Sibth. and Sm. (M. S.) 96 22. Kaulfussia æsculifolia Blume. (M. S.) 97 23. A branched Lepidodendroid stem (Knorria mirabilis Ren. and Zeill.). (M. S.) 102 24. Partially disorganised petrified tissue 107 25. Coccospheres and Rhabdospheres. (Lent by Messrs Macmillan) 119 26. Girvanella problematica Eth. and Nich. (M. S.) 124 27. Fish-scale and shell perforated by a boring organism. (M. S.) 128 28. Bacillus Tieghemi Ren. and Micrococcus Guignardi Ren. (M. S.) 135 29. Laminaria sp. 140 30. Rill-mark; trail of a seaweed; tracks of a Polychaet. (M. S.) 143 31. Chondrites verisimilis Salt. (M. S.) 146 32. Lithothamnion mamillosum Gümb.; Sycidium melo Sandb.; Bactryllium deplanatum Heer; Calcareous pebble from a lake in Michigan. (M. S.) 155 33. Cymopolia barbata (L.); Acicularia Andrussowi Solms; Acicularia sp.; A. Schencki (Möb.); A. Mediterranea Lamx.; Ovulites margaritula Lamx.; Penicillus pyramidalis (Lamx.) (M. S.) 162 34. Acetabularia mediterranea Lamx. (Photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 165 35. Diplopora; Gyroporella; Penicillus; Ovulites margaritula Lam.; Confervites chantransioides (Born.) 174 36. Torbanite; Pila bibractensis and Reinschia australis 180 37. Lithothamnion sp.; L. suganum Roth.; Sphaerocodium Bornemanni Roth. 186 38. Solenopora compacta (Billings). (M. S.) 189 39. Nematophycus Logani (Daws.) 196 40. Nematophycus Storriei Barb. (Photograph by Mr C. A. Barber) 199 41. Cells of Cycadeoidea gigantea Sew., Osmundites Dowkeri Carr and Memecylon with vacuolated contents; Peronosporites antiquarius Smith; Zygosporites 214 42. Tracheids of coniferous wood attacked by Trametes radiciperda Hart and Agaricus melleus Vahl. 215 43. Oochytrium Lepidodendri Ren.; Polyporus vaporarius Fr. var. succinea; Cladosporites bipartitus Fel.; Haplographites cateniger Fel. (M. S.) 217 44. Cells of fossil plants with fungal hyphae 219 45. Chara Knowltoni Sew.; Chara foetida A. Br. (A and B, Mr Highley; C–E, M. S.) 224 46. Chara Bleicheri Sap.; Chara? sp.; C. Wrighti Forbes. (M. S.) 226 47. Chara Knowltoni Sew. (From block lent by Dr Woodward) 227 48. Tristichia hypnoides Spreng.; Podocarpus cupressina Br. and Ben.; Selaginella Oregana Eat. (M. S.) 231 49. Marchantites erectus (Leck.) (M. S.) 233 50. Marchantites Sezannensis Sap. (M. S.) 235 51. Muscites polytrichaceus Ren. and Zeill. (M. S.) 239 52. Equisetum maximum Lam.; E. arvense L. 246 53. Equisetum palustre L. (M. S.) 247 54. Plan of the vascular bundles in an Equisetum stem; E. arvense L. 250 55. Equisetum variegatum Schl.; E. maximum Lam. 252 56. Calamitean leaf-sheath. (M. S.) 260 57. Equisetites Hemingwayi Kidst. (Mr Highley) 262 58. Equisetites spatulatus Zeill.; E. zeaeformis (Schloth.); Equisetites lateralis Phill.; Equisetites columnaris Brongn.; Equisetum trachyodon A. Br. (M. S.) 265 59. Equisetites platyodon Brongn. (M. S.) 267 60. Equisetites Beani (Bunb.). (From a block lent by Dr Woodward) 271 61. Equisetites Beani (Bunb.). (M. S.) 272 62. E. Beani (Bunb.). (M. S.) 274 63. E. lateralis Phill. (M. S.) 275 64. E. lateralis Phill. (M. S.) 278 65. E. Burchardti Dunk. (M. S.) 279 66. E. Yokoyamae Sew. (From a block lent by Dr Woodward) 280 67. Phyllotheca? sp. (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 285 68. Phyllotheca Brongniarti Zigno; P. indica Bunb.; Calamocladus frondosus Grand’Eury. (M. S.) 287 69. Schizoneura gondwanensis Feist. (M. S.) 293 70. Transverse section of a Calamite stem. (M. S.) 299 71. Transverse section of a young Calamite stem 305 72. Longitudinal and transverse sections of Calamites 308 73. Transverse section of a Calamite stem 310 74. Transverse section of Calamites (Arthropitys) sp. 312 75. Longitudinal section (tangential) of Calamites (Arthropitys) sp. 313 76. Longitudinal section (tangential) of Calamites (Arthropitys) sp. 314 77. Portion of a Calamite stem; partially restored. (M. S.) 316 78.╮ Transverse and longitudinal (radial) sections of a thick 318 79.╯ Calamite stem. (Mr Highley) 319 80. Transverse section of a Calamite showing callus wood 320 81. Longitudinal section of a young Calamite 321 82. Pith-casts of Calamites (Stylocalamites) sp. (M. S.) 323 83. Calamites (Arthrodendron) sp. Transverse and longitudinal sections 327 84. Transverse section of Calamites (Calamodendron) intermedius Ren. 328 85. Leaves of a Calamite. (M. S.) 330 86. Transverse section of a Calamite leaf 331 87. Calamocladus equisetiformis (Schloth.) (Miss G. M. Woodward) 334 88. Annularia stellata (Schloth.) (M. S.) 339 89. Annularia sphenophylloides Zenk. (M. S.) 340 90. Pith-cast of a Calamite, with roots. (M. S.) 343 91. Transverse sections of Calamite roots 345 92. Root given off from a Calamite stem 347 93. Calamostachys sp. (M. S.) 350 94. C. Binneyana (Carr.). (Mr Highley) 352 95. C. Binneyana (Carr.) 354 96. C. Casheana Will. 356 97. Palaeostachya pedunculata Will. (M. S.) 357 98. P. vera sp. nov. 359 99. Calamites (Calamitina) Göpp. (Ett.) (M. S.) 368 100. Calamites (Calamitina) approximatus Brongn. From a photograph by Mr Kidston 370 101. Calamites (Calamitina) sp. (From a block lent by Dr Woodward) 373 102. Calamites (Eucalamites) cruciatus Sternb. (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 377 103. Archaeocalamites scrobiculatus (Schloth.). (From a photograph by Mr Edwin Wilson) 385 104. Diagrammatic longitudinal section of Sphenophyllum 393 105. Transverse and longitudinal sections of Sphenophyllum insigne (Will.) and S. plurifoliatum Will. and Scott 394 106. Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum Will. and Scott. (From a photograph by Mr Highley) 398 107. Sphenophyllum strobilus, stem and root 400 108. Diagrammatic longitudinal section of a Sphenophyllum strobilus. (M. S.) 402 109. Sphenophyllum emarginatum (Brongn.) (M. S.) 407 110. Sphenophyllum Thoni Mahr.; S. trichomatosum Stur. (M. S.) 410 111. Sphenophyllum speciosum (Royle). (M. S.) 411

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