CHAPTER XI.. Ii. Sphenophyllales.

II. SPHENOPHYLLALES.

Sphenophyllum.

The genus Sphenophyllum is placed in a special class, as representing a type which cannot be legitimately included in any of the existing groups of Vascular Cryptogams. Although this Palaeozoic genus possesses points of contact with various living plants, it is generally admitted by palaeobotanists that it constitutes a somewhat isolated type among the Pteridophytes of the Coal-Measures. Our knowledge of the anatomy of both vegetative shoots and strobili is now fairly complete, and the facts that we possess are in favour of excluding the genus from any of the three main divisions of the Pteridophyta.

In Scheuchzer’s Herbarium Diluvianum there is a careful drawing of some fragments of slender twigs, from an English locality, bearing verticils of cuneiform leaves, which the author compares with the common Galium. As regards superficial external resemblance, the Galium of our hedgerows agrees very closely with what must have been the appearance of fresh green shoots of Sphenophyllum.

A twig of the same species of Sphenophyllum is figured by Schlotheim in the first part of his work on fossil plants; he regards it as probably a fragment of some species of Palm. Sternberg was the first to institute a generic name for this genus of plants, and specimens were described by him in 1825 as a species of the genus Rotularia. The name Sphenophyllites was proposed by Brongniart in 1822 as a substitute for Schlotheim’s genus, and in a later work the French author instituted the genus Sphenophyllum. Dawson was the first to make any reference to the anatomy of this genus; but it is from the examination of the much more perfect material from St. Étienne, Autun, and other continental localities, the North of England and Pettycur in Scotland, by Renault, Williamson, Zeiller and Scott, that our more complete knowledge has been acquired.

The affinity of Sphenophyllum has always been a matter of speculation; it has been compared with Dicotyledons, Palms, Conifers (Ginkgo and Phyllocladus), and various Pteridophytes, such as Ophioglossum, Tmesipteris, Marsilia, Salvinia, Equisetum and the Lycopodiaceae.

We may define the genus Sphenophyllum as follows:—

Stem comparatively slender (1·5–15 mm.?), articulated, usually somewhat tumid at the nodes; the surface of the internodes is marked by more or less distinct ribs and grooves which do not alternate at the nodes, but follow a straight course from one internode to the next. A single branch is occasionally given off from a node. Adventitious roots are very rarely seen, their surface does not show the ridges and grooves of the foliage-shoots.

The leaves are borne in verticils at the nodes, those in the same whorl being usually of the same size, but in some forms two of the leaves are distinctly smaller than the others. Each verticil contains normally 6, 9, 12, 18 or more leaves, which are separate to the base and not fused into a sheath; the number of leaves in a verticil is not always a multiple of six. They vary in form from cuneiform with a narrow tapered base, and a lamina traversed by several forked veins, to narrow uninerved leaves and leaves with a lamina dissected into dichotomously branched linear segments. The leaves of successive whorls are superposed.

The strobili are long and narrow in form, having a length in some cases of 12 cm., and a diameter of 12 mm.; they occur as shortly stalked lateral branches, or terminate long leaf-bearing shoots. The axis of the cone bears whorls of numerous linear lanceolate bracts fused basally into a coherent funnel-shaped disc, bearing on its upper surface sporangiophores and sporangia.

The strobili are usually isosporous, but possibly heterosporous in some forms.

The stem is monostelic, with a triarch or hexarch triangular strand of centripetally developed primary xylem, consisting of reticulate, scalariform and spiral tracheae; the protoxylem elements being situated at the blunt corners of the xylem-strand. Foliar bundles are given off, either singly or in pairs, from each angle of the central primary strand. The secondary xylem consists of radially disposed reticulate or scalariform tracheae, developed from a cambium-layer. The phloem is made up of thin-walled elements, including sieve-tubes and parenchyma. Both xylem and phloem include secondary medullary rays of parenchymatous cells. The cortex consists in part of fairly thick-walled elements; in older stems the greater part of the cortical region is cut off by the development of deep-seated layers of periderm.

The roots are apparently diarch in structure, with a lacunar and smooth cortex.

• • • • •

The branch of Sphenophyllum emarginatum Brongn. given in fig. 109 shows the characteristic appearance of the genus as represented by this well-known species which Brongniart figured in 1822. The Indian species shown in fig. 111 illustrates the occurrence of unequal leaves in the same whorl, and in fig. 110, B, we have a form of verticil in which the leaves are deeply divided into filiform segments. A larger-leaved form is represented by S. Thoni, Mahr. (fig. 110, A), a species occasionally met with in Permian rocks.

No specimens of Sphenophyllum have so far been found attached to a thick stem; they always occur as slender shoots, which sometimes reach a considerable length. One of the longest examples known is in the collection of the Austrian Geological Survey; the axis is 4 mm. in breadth and 85 cm. long, bearing a slender branch 61 cm. in length. The manner of occurrence of the specimen as a curved slender stem on the surface of the rock suggests a weak plant, which must have depended for support on some external aid, either water or another plant. The anatomical structure and other features do not favour the suggestion of some writers that Sphenophyllum was a water-plant, but there would seem to be no serious obstacle in the way of regarding it as possibly a slender plant which flung itself on the branches and stems of stronger forest trees for support.

A. The anatomy of Sphenophyllum.

The following account of the structural features of the stem and root is based on the work of Renault, Williamson and Williamson and Scott. We may first consider such characters as have been recognised in different examples of the genus, and then notice briefly the distinguishing peculiarities of two well-marked specific types.

a. Stems.

i. Primary structure.

In a transverse section of a young Sphenophyllum stem such as that diagrammatically sketched in fig. 105, A, we find in the centre the xylem portion of a single stele with a characteristic triangular form. The primary xylem consists mainly of fairly large tracheae with numerous pits on their walls; towards the end of each arm the tracheids become scalariform, and at the apex there is a group of narrower spiral protoxylem elements. In the British species there is a single protoxylem group at the apex of each arm, but Renault has described some French stems in which the stele appears to be hexarch, having two protoxylem groups at the end of each of the three rays of the stele. The primary xylem strand of Sphenophyllum has therefore a root-like structure, the tracheids having been developed centripetally from the three initial protoxylem groups. This type of structure is typical of roots, but it also occurs in the stems of some recent Vascular Cryptogams.

c, outer cortex; b, space next the stele, originally occupied by phloem etc.; a, xylem strand. (After Renault.) × 7.]

As a rule the tissue next the xylem has not been petrified, but in exceptionally well-preserved examples it is seen to consist of a band of thin-walled elements, of which those in contact with the xylem may be spoken of as phloem, and those beyond as the pericycle. Succeeding this band of delicate tissue there is a broader band of thicker-walled and somewhat elongated elements, constituting the cortex. The specimen drawn in fig. 105, A, shows very prominent grooves in the cortex opposite the middle of each bay of the primary wood. It is these grooves that give to the ordinary casts of Sphenophyllum branches the appearance of longitudinal lines traversing each internode. In a longitudinal section of a stem, the cortical tissue (fig. 104, c) is found to be broader in the nodal regions, thus giving rise to the tumid nodes referred to in the diagnosis. The increased breadth at the nodes does not mean that the xylem is broader in these regions, as it is in Calamite stems. Small strands of vascular tissue are given off from the three edges of the triangular stele (fig. 105 A) at each node; these branch in passing through the cortex on their way to the verticils of leaves. The space b in the diagrammatic section of fig. 104 was originally occupied by the phloem and inner cortex. In some species of Sphenophyllum the apex of each arm of the xylem strand, as seen in transverse section, is occupied by a longitudinal canal surrounded by spiral tracheids, as in the primary xylem of the old stem shown in fig. 105, C.

A. Transverse section of young stem.

B. Transverse section of the wood of a young stem; px, protoxylem; x, secondary xylem. (A and B. Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum.) × 20.

C. Transverse section of an old stem; (S. insigne); a, phloem; b, periderm; c, fascicular secondary xylem; d, interfascicular secondary xylem. × 9. (No. 914 in the Williamson Collection.)

D. Longitudinal section of the reticulate tracheae and medullary rays; r, r, r, of S. plurifoliatum. × 36.

E. Similar section of S. insigne. × 75. (D and E after Williamson and Scott.)]

ii. Secondary structure.

With the exception of very young twigs the petrified Sphenophyllum stems usually show a greater or less development of secondary wood. In the xylem-strand of fig. 105, B, the broad concave bays of the primary wood have been filled in by the development of two rows of large secondary tracheids, x, but opposite the protoxylem groups, px, there are no signs of cambial activity. In the unusually large stem represented by a rough sketch in fig. 105, C, the triangular primary xylem lies in the centre of a thick mass of secondary vascular tissue. The secondary and primary wood together have a diameter of about 5 mm.

After the bays between each protoxylem corner have been filled in, the formation of secondary wood proceeds uniformly along the stem radii, but the rows of tracheids and medullary rays which are developed opposite the corners of the primary strand, c, differ in certain characters from the broader masses of wood opposite the bays. For convenience, the secondary wood, c, opposite the protoxylem groups has been spoken of as fascicular wood, and the rest, d, as interfascicular wood.

The secondary xylem consists either of tracheae with numerous bordered pits on their radial walls (fig. 105, D), or of tracheae with broad and bordered scalariform pits (fig. 105, E). The suggestion of concentric rings of growth in the wood in fig. 105, C, is rather deceptive; there are no well-marked regular rings in Sphenophyllum stems, but irregular bands of smaller elements occasionally interrupt the uniformity of the secondary xylem. In some stems the medullary rays have the form of rows of parenchymatous cells, which in tangential longitudinal section are found to consist frequently of a single row of radially disposed elements; this type of medullary rays occurs in the species Sphenophyllum insigne, in which the tracheae are scalariform. Three medullary rays, r, are seen on the radial face of the scalariform tracheids in fig. 105, E, which represents a radial section of this species. In other species, e.g. S. plurifoliatum, the medullary rays have a peculiar and characteristic structure; in a transverse section of the stem they appear as groups of a few parenchymatous cells in the spaces between the truncated angles of the large tracheae (fig. 106). In longitudinal section these medullary-ray elements resemble thick bars stretching radially across the face of the tracheae (fig. 105, D, r); the apparent septa or bars are however thin-walled cells connecting the different groups of medullary-ray cells, as seen in a transverse section. These radial connecting cells are occasionally seen as short rays in transverse sections of stems.

The cambium and phloem elements are occasionally preserved in good specimens of older stems; the former consist of tabular flatted thin-walled cells, and the latter in some cases include large sieve-tubes and narrower parenchymatous elements.

The sections shown in fig. 107, E and F, illustrate the preservation of cambial and phloem tissue. In the transverse section of fig. 107, F, the secondary xylem with the medullary rays, r, is succeeded by a few tabular cambium cells, and external to these there are thin-walled elements of unequal size representing the phloem. In fig. 107, E, the scalariform tracheids are succeeded by narrow thin-walled cells, and the larger elements with transverse and oblique septa are no doubt sieve-tubes.

In the large stem of fig. 105, C, the xylem is succeeded by a band of tissue, a, which is no doubt phloem, and external to this there is a considerable development of periderm (b). The periderm in Sphenophyllum stems had a deep-seated origin, the phellogen or cork-cambium occasionally being formed in the secondary phloem-parenchyma, and in other cases in the pericycle, as in the stems of some living dicotyledons. Williamson and Scott describe stems in which a succession of phellogens were formed at different levels, thus producing a scaly type of bark, such as we find in the Pine or the Plane tree.

Before describing the structure of the strobili of Sphenophyllum, we may briefly point out the distinguishing features of two specific types of the genus recently described by Williamson and Scott. One of these species, S. insigne, was originally described by Williamson as an Asterophyllites; the numerous narrow linear leaves in each verticil led to the inclusion of the specimens in the latter genus. The material on which this species is founded is from the volcanic beds of Pettycur, Burntisland, on the coast of the Firth of Forth.

1. Sphenophyllum insigne (Will.). Figs. 105, C and E, and 107, E and F.

1891. Asterophyllites insignis. Williamson.

An intercellular space occurs at each angle of the three-rayed primary xylem strand, and spiral tracheae are abundant. The tracheae of the secondary wood have scalariform markings on the radial walls. Regular medullary rays extend through the secondary wood. The phloem contains large sieve-tubes.

This species occurs in the Calciferous sandstone rocks of Burntisland, and has lately been recorded from Germany. It characterises a lower horizon than S. plurifoliatum (Will. and Scott).

2. Sphenophyllum plurifoliatum (Williamson and Scott). Figs. 105, A, B, and D, and 106.

1891. Asterophyllites sphenophylloides. Will.

The specific name plurifoliatum was proposed by Williamson and Scott for a type of stem originally described by Williamson as an Asterophyllites, from the Coal-Measures of Oldham, Lancashire. This form of stem has not so far been connected with any of the older species founded on external characters, but it evidently bore foliage in which the leaves were deeply divided, as in Sphenophyllum trichomatosum (fig. 110, B).

In this species there are no canals at the angles of the primary xylem, and there are fewer spiral tracheae than in S. insigne. The tracheae of the secondary wood have numerous small pits on the radial walls, and the medullary rays are chiefly composed of parenchymatous cells, which appear in transverse section as groups of cells between the truncated angles of the tracheae. The characters are fairly well seen in the xylem portion of a stele shown in fig. 106. The fascicular wood includes some rows of parenchymatous medullary-ray cells in addition to the characteristic groups, as seen in the figure. A slightly oblique transverse section of a stem is often convenient in the interpretation of histological features; one of the sections of S. plurifoliatum in the Williamson collection (no. 893), which has been cut somewhat obliquely, shows very clearly the differences in pitting exhibited by the different xylem elements.

b. Roots.

Our knowledge of the anatomy of Sphenophyllum roots is very limited. Renault has described a somewhat imperfect example of a silicified root from St. Étienne and Autun. The drawing in fig. 107, B, which is copied from one of Renault’s figures, shows a cylindrical mass of xylem with a small band of narrower elements occupying the centre, and surrounded by rows of larger secondary tracheae. The central bipolar band is described as the diarch primary xylem, around which the secondary pitted elements have been developed.

It is probable that the specimen described by Renault is a root of Sphenophyllum, but my impression gained from an examination of the section was that the diarch primary strand is not quite so clear as in the published figures. Until we possess better material we cannot attempt any very satisfactory description of the anatomical features of the roots of this genus.

A section of a Sphenophyllum stem has been figured by Felix, in which a lateral member is being given off; this may possibly represent the origin of an adventitious root, but the preservation is not sufficiently distinct to render this certain.

c. Leaves.

Renault has described some silicified leaves of Sphenophyllum from Autun in which the laminae consist of thin-walled loose parenchyma, traversed by small groups of tracheids constituting the simple or forked veins. The epidermis is made up of a single layer of cells, with here and there indistinct indications of stomata. A more perfect stoma has, however, been described by Solms-Laubach from the epidermis of a bract in a strobilus (fig. 107, A).

d. Cones.

The history of the recognition of the cones of Sphenophyllum has already been briefly alluded to in chapter V., p. 100. The main points in the structure of the cones of this genus were known for several years, before the fact was established that they belonged to Sphenophyllum stems. In 1871 Williamson published an account of an imperfect fossil strobilus from the Lower Coal-Measures of Oldham, Lancashire, under the name of Volkmannia Dawsoni. The generic term Volkmannia has been used by different writers for cones varying considerably in structural features; in the case of Williamson’s fossil, Weiss substituted the name Bowmanites, a genus instituted by Binney for a strobilus apparently of the same type as Volkmannia Dawsoni. In 1891 Williamson described some additional specimens of Bowmanites Dawsoni, and, as in his earlier paper, he compared the strobilus with Asterophyllites and Sphenophyllum, but it was still a matter of speculation as to what was the form of the vegetative branches. Soon after the more complete account of the English cones was published, Zeiller recognised a close agreement between some French and Belgian specimens of Sphenophyllum strobili and the strobilus described by Williamson. A closer comparison thoroughly established the connection between Bowmanites Dawsoni and Sphenophyllum; and there is little doubt that this strobilus belongs to the stem known as Sphenophyllum cuneifolium (Sternb.)—a well-known species of the genus.

The most important morphological features of the strobilus of Sphenophyllum may best be illustrated by a detailed account of one specific type, and by a brief reference to other forms which are characterised by certain differences in the number and attachment of the sporangia. When we know that a given strobilus must have grown on a Sphenophyllum stem, the obvious name to assign to it would seem to be that of the plant which bore it; but there are advantages in making use of special generic terms for detached cones, which cannot be referred with certainty to a particular species of stem. The genus Calamostachys affords an example of a name which is intended to denote that a cone so called belongs to a Calamarian plant; similarly such a name as Sphenophyllostachys may be used for Sphenophylloid cones which cannot be connected with certainty to particular species of Sphenophyllum. It has been suggested that the genus Bowmanites, first used for a cone which was afterwards recognised as belonging to a Sphenophyllum, should be employed instead of the sesquipedalian term Sphenophyllostachys. The latter is used here as being in accordance with a generally accepted and convenient system of nomenclature, and as a name which at once denotes the fact that the fossil is not only a cone but that it belongs to a Sphenophyllum.

Sphenophyllostachys Dawsoni (Will.). Figs. 107, A and G, 108.

Probably the strobilus of Sphenophyllum cuneifolium (Sternb.).

The cone consists of a central axis bearing a number of verticils of bracts coherent in their lower portions in the form of a widely open funnel-shaped disc, which splits up peripherally into 14–20 linear-lanceolate segments. The free segments of each verticil have an obliquely ascending or almost vertical position, and extend upwards for a distance of about six internodes. The smaller drawing in fig. 108 shows the appearance in side view of the narrow bracts of a single whorl. A transverse section of a strobilus would include, therefore, sections of several concentric series of ascending bracts. The verticils of Sphenophyllostachys Dawsoni are probably superposed, but this point has not been definitely settled. From the upper surface of the coherent basal portion of each verticil, there are given off twice as many sporangiophores as there are free segments, and these are attached close to the line of junction of the axis of the cone and the funnel-shaped disc. Each sporangiophore has the form of a slender stalk which bends inwards at its distal end and bears a single sporangium (cf. fig. 107, D). The sporangiophores given off from the same verticil of bracts vary in length. All the sporangiophores are attached to the coherent bracts at the same distance from the axis of the cone; but as the sporangia between each verticil of bracts are arranged in two or three concentric series, it follows that the length of the sporangiophores varies considerably. The diagrammatic longitudinal section of a strobilus in fig. 108 shows three concentric series of sporangia between successive bract-verticils. A similar diagram was published by Williamson in 1892, and afterwards copied by Potonié, but in Williamson’s restoration the sporangiophores of the three series of sporangia are erroneously represented as arising from different points on the surface of the bracts. There is little doubt, as regards the strobilus of S. cuneifolium, that the sporangiophores were given off in a single series close to the axils of the bracts, as is partially shown in fig. 108.

The central part of the axis of the cone is occupied by a single triangular stele like that of the stem, except that each ray of the xylem strand has a comparatively broad blunt termination, and is not tapered to a narrow arm as in fig. 105, A and B. The wood consists of pitted tracheae, with two groups of protoxylem elements at each of the truncated angles of the solid strand of xylem. From the angles of the stele branches of vascular tissue pass out through the cortex to supply the sterile and fertile segments of each verticil. One of the transverse sections of the Sphenophyllum cone in the British Museum Collection (no. 1898 E) affords a good example of the misleading appearance occasionally presented by an intruded ‘rootlet’ of Stigmaria; the vascular tissue of the cone has disappeared, and a Stigmarian appendage with its vascular bundle occupies the position of the stelar tissues.

The bracts consist of parenchymatous tissue limited externally by an epidermis containing stomata. A single stoma with subsidiary cells is represented in fig. 107, A. The sporangiophores are composed internally of thin-walled cells with stronger cells towards the surface. The longer sporangiophores in a series may be more or less coherent for part of their length to the upper surface of the verticil of bracts. In fig. 108 the slender sporangiophores do not appear to come off always from the same portion of the bracts, but this is due to some of them lying on the surface of the latter during part of their course to support the external circle of sporangia. The hook-like distal end of a sporangiophore, towards the point of attachment of the sporangium, is characterised by the larger size and greater prominence of the surface cells; these larger cells, which pass over the upper surface of a sporangium base, probably constitute a kind of annulus which determines the dehiscence of the sporangial wall.

Fig. 107, G, represents a sporangiophore and its sporangium cut through transversely just below the point of attachment of the latter to the end of the hook-like termination of the former. The spores are characterised by an irregularly reticulate thickening of the outer coat or exospore, as seen in the figure.

One of the chief points of interest suggested by a Sphenophyllum cone is the exact morphological nature of the sporangiophores. Are they branches borne in the axils of bracts, or may we regard each sporangiophore as a modified leaf, which has become coherent with the whorls of sterile leaves? Or is a sporangiophore merely a stalk of a sporangium; or a ventral lobe of a leaf, of which the sterile bracts represent the dorsal lobes? Although it is impossible without the evidence of development to decide with certainty between these alternatives, it would seem most probable that a sporangiophore may be looked upon as a ventral lobe of a leaf, the sterile lobes forming the bracts or members of the sterile whorls of the cone. This question is discussed by Zeiller and Williamson and Scott, also more recently by Scott in his memoir on Cheirostrobus.

Sphenophyllostachys Römeri (Solms-Laubach). Fig. 107, C and D.

In another type of Sphenophyllum strobilus, recently described by Solms-Laubach, the incurved end of each sporangiophore bore two sporangia. In most respects this species, which has not been found in connection with a vegetative shoot, agrees with Sphenophyllostachys Dawsoni.

In fig. 107, C, which is copied from one of Solms-Laubach’s drawings, we have an oblique transverse section of part of a strobilus, including portions of two series of sporangia borne on one verticil of bracts, and at the right-hand edge the section has passed through the sporangia belonging to another whorl of bracts. There were probably three concentric series of sporangia attached to each verticil of bracts, as in the case of fig. 108. The unshaded area, b (fig. 107, C), represents the bracts of two successive sterile whorls in transverse section. The shaded areas are the sporangia, with their sporangiophores, s. The relative position of the sporangia and sporangiophores suggests that each pedicel bore two sporangia at its tip, instead of one, as in the strobilus of Sphenophyllum cuneifolium (Sternb.).

A further variation in the structure of the strobili is illustrated by some specimens of S. trichomatosum Stur, described by Kidston, from the Coal-Measures of Barnsley. Each whorl of bracts bears a single series of oval sporangia which appear to be sessile on the basal portion of the whorl. It is possible that delicate sporangiophores may have been present, but in the imperfect examples in Kidston’s collection the sporangia present the appearance of being seated directly on the surface of the bracts. As the specimens do not show any internal structure, it would be unwise to lay too much stress on the apparent absence of the characteristic sporangiophores. In any case, Kidston’s cones afford an illustration of the occurrence of a single series of sporangia in each whorl, instead of the pluriseriate manner of occurrence in some other species.

The statement is occasionally met with that some Sphenophyllum cones possessed two kinds of spores, but we are still in want of satisfactory evidence that this was really the case. Renault has described an imperfect specimen, which he considers points to the heterosporous nature of a Sphenophyllum cone, but Zeiller and Williamson and Scott have expressed doubts as to the correctness of Renault’s conclusions. While admitting the possibility of undoubted heterosporous strobili being discovered, we are not in a position to refer to Sphenophyllum as having borne strobili containing two kinds of spores.

S. plurifoliatum. 874, 882, 884, 893, 894, 897, 899, 901, 903, 908, 1893. S. insigne. 910, 914, 919, 921, 922, 924, 926, 1420, 1898. Sphenophyllostachys. 1049A–1049C, 1898.]

B. Types of vegetative branches of Sphenophyllum.

1. Sphenophyllum emarginatum (Brongniart). Fig. 109.

1822. Sphenophyllites emarginatus, Brongniart. 1828. Sphenophyllum emarginatum, Brongniart. 1828. Sphenophyllum truncatum, Brongniart. 1828. Rotularia marsileaefolia, Bischoff. 1862. Sphenophyllum osnabrugense, Römer.

This species of Sphenophyllum bears verticils of six or eight wedge-shaped leaves varying in breadth and in the extent of dissection of the laminae; they are truncated distally, and terminate in a margin characterised by blunt or obtusely-rounded teeth, each of which receives a single vein. The larger leaves are usually more or less deeply divided by a median slit. The narrow base of each leaf receives a single vein which branches repeatedly in a dichotomous manner in the substance of the lamina. Several drawings have been given by Sterzel in a memoir on Permian plants, showing the variation in leaf-form in Sphenophyllum emarginatum, but as Kidston and Zeiller have pointed out Sterzel’s specimens probably belong to S. cuneifolium (Sternb.).

Branches are given off singly from the nodes, and the cones are borne at the tips of branches or branchlets. The cone of S. emarginatum agrees very closely with that of S. cuneifolium, and is of the same type as that shown in fig. 108. The small branch of S. emarginatum represented in fig. 109 does not show clearly the detailed characters of the species, as the leaf-margins are not well preserved.

In one of the largest specimens of this species which I have seen, in the Leipzig Museum, the main stem has internodes of about 3·9 cm. in length, from which a lateral branch with much shorter internodes is given off from a node.

It is important to notice the close resemblance, as pointed out by Zeiller, between some of the narrower-leaved forms of S. emarginatum and S. cuneifolium (Sternb.); but in the latter species the margins of the leaves have sharp, and not blunt teeth.

The cone described and figured by Weiss as Bowmanites germanicus, since investigated by Solms-Laubach, must be referred to this species. Geinitz figured a cone in 1855 as that of S. emarginatum, but his determination of the species is a little doubtful. Good figures of the true cone of S. emarginatum have been given by Zeiller in his Flore de Valenciennes, as well as in his important memoir on the fructification of Sphenophyllum.

2. Sphenophyllum trichomatosum Stur. Fig. 110, B.

The finely-divided leaves of the single whorl shown in fig. 110, B (from the Middle Coal-Measures of Barnsley, Yorkshire), afford an example of a form of Sphenophyllum which is represented by such species as S. tenerrimum Ett., S. trichomatosum Stur, and S. myriophyllum Crép. Probably the specimen should be referred to S. trichomatosum, but it is almost impossible to speak with certainty as to the specific value of an isolated leaf-whorl of this form. It has long been known that the leaves of Sphenophyllum may vary considerably, as regards the size of the segments, on the same plant; and the occurrence of such finely-divided leaves has lent support to an opinion which was formerly held by some writers, that Asterophyllites and Sphenophyllum could not be regarded as well-defined separate genera. This heterophylly of Sphenophyllum has thus been responsible for certain mistaken opinions both as to the relation of the genus to Calamocladus (Asterophyllites), and as regards the view that the finely-divided laminae belonged to submerged leaf-whorls, while the broader segments were those of floating or subaerial whorls.

There is a very close resemblance between some of the deeply-cut and linear segments of a Sphenophyllum and the leaves of Calamocladus, but in the former genus the linear segments are found to be connected basally into a narrow common sheath. The assertion that the deeply-cut leaves occur on the lower portions of stems is not supported by the facts. Kidston has pointed out that the cones are often borne on branches with such leaves, and the same author refers to a figure by Germar, in which entire and much-divided leaves occur mixed together in the same individual specimen. M. Zeiller recently pointed out to me a similar irregular association of broader and narrower leaf-segments on the same shoots in some large specimens in the École des Mines, Paris. Cones of Sphenophyllum tenerrimum have been figured by Stur and others; they are characterised by their small size and by the dissection of the slender free portions of the narrow bracts.

3. Sphenophyllum Thoni Mahr. Fig. 110, A.

Another type of Sphenophyllum is illustrated by S. Thoni Mahr as shown in fig. 110, A. This species was first described by Mahr from the Coal-Measures of Ilmenau, and has since been figured by Zeiller and other authors. Each whorl consists of six large obcuneiform leaves with the broad margin somewhat irregularly fringed. The unusually good specimen of which fig. 110, A, represents a single verticil was originally described and figured by Zeiller in 1880; it is now in the École des Mines Museum, Paris.

A. Sphenophyllum Thoni, Mahr. (After Zeiller.) B. Sphenophyllum trichomatosum, Stur. From a specimen in the Woodwardian Museum; from the Coal-Measures of Barnsley, Yorks. A and B ¾ nat. size.]

The leaf-forms illustrated by figs. 109 and 110 are some of the more extreme types of Sphenophyllum leaves; but these are more or less connected by a series of intermediate forms. For a more complete systematic account of the different species the student should consult such works as those by Coemans and Kickx, Zeiller, Schimper, and others.

4. Sphenophyllum speciosum (Royle). Fig. 111.

1834. Trizygia speciosa, Royle.

The species shown in fig. 111 has been usually described as a separate genus Trizygia, a name instituted by Royle in 1834 for some Indian fossils from the Lower Gondwana rocks of India. Zeiller has lately pointed out the advisability of including this Asiatic type in the genus Sphenophyllum. The slender stem bears verticils of cuneate leaves in three pairs at each node, the anterior pair being smaller than the two lateral pairs. The characteristic Sphenophyllum venation is clearly seen in the enlarged leaf, fig. 111, B.

The inequality of the members of a single whorl, which characterises this Indian plant, is sometimes met with in European species. A specimen of Sphenophyllum oblongifolium, which Prof. Zeiller showed me in illustration of this point, was practically indistinguishable from Trizygia.

In some of the earlier descriptions of the Indian species the generic name Sphenophyllum was used by McClelland and others, but the supposed difference in the leaf-whorls was made the ground of reverting to the distinct generic term Trizygia. Now that a similar type of leaf-whorl is known to occur in Sphenophyllum, it is better to adopt that genus rather than to allow the question of locality to unduly influence the choice of a separate generic name for an Indian plant.

C. Affinities, range and habit of Sphenophyllum.

It has been pointed out in the description of Sphenophyllum, that the most widely separated families of recent plants have been selected by different authors as the nearest living allies of this Palaeozoic genus. It is now generally admitted that Sphenophyllum is a generic type apart; it cannot be classed in any family or sub-class of recent or fossil plants, without considerably extending or modifying the recognised characteristics of existing divisions of the plant-kingdom. The anatomical characters of the Sphenophyllum stem are such as one finds in some recent genera of the Lycopodineae, especially Psilotum. If the stele of Psilotum were composed internally of a solid strand of xylem, we should have a close correspondence between the centripetally-developed wood of this genus and that of Sphenophyllum. Similar comparisons might be drawn with other existing genera, but the more detailed consideration of the affinities of the Palaeozoic plant will be more easily dealt with after other members of the Pteridophytes have been described. The recent discovery of an entirely new type of Carboniferous strobilus in rocks of Calciferous sandstone age on the shores of the Firth of Forth has thrown new light on the position of Sphenophyllum. Cheirostrobus Pettycurensis, the new cone which Scott has described in an able memoir, affords certain points of contact with Sphenophyllum on the one hand and with Calamites on the other. This important question will be dealt with after we have given an account of Cheirostrobus. To put the matter shortly, Sphenophyllum agrees with some Lycopodinous plants in its anatomical features; with the Equisetales it is connected by the verticillate disposition of the leaves, and some of the forms of Sphenophyllum strobili present features which also point to Equisetinous affinities.

In his Presidential address to the Botanical Section at the British Association Meeting of 1896 Scott thus refers to the Sphenophyllums:—“We may hazard the guess that this interesting group may have been derived from some unknown form lying at the root of both Calamites and Lycopods. The existence of the Sphenophyllae certainly suggests the probability of a common origin for these two series.” The result of the subsequent investigation of the new cone Cheirostrobus amply justifies this opinion as to the position of Sphenophyllum.

It is probable that Sphenophyllum lived during the Devonian period, but the unsatisfactory specimens on which Dawson has founded a species of this age, S. antiquum, can hardly be said to afford positive evidence of the Pre-Carboniferous existence of the genus. From the Culm rocks and other strata older than the Coal-Measures, we have such species as S. insigne (Will.), Sphenophyllostachys Römeri (Solms-Laubach), and Sphenophyllum tenerrimum, Ett. while S. emarginatum, Brongn. occurs in the Upper Coal-Measures and in the Transition rocks. S. cuneifolium (Sternb.) has been recorded from the Transition, Middle and Lower Coal-Measures. Sphenophyllum oblongifolium, Germ., is recorded from Lower Permian rocks, as is also S. Thoni, Mahr.

The comparison which has naturally been drawn between Sphenophyllum with its slender stems bearing occasionally dimorphic leaves, and water-plants is not, I believe, supported by the facts of anatomy or external characters. The entire and finely-dissected leaves do not exhibit that regularity of relative disposition which is characteristic of aquatic plants; the two forms of leaves may occur indiscriminately on the same branch. The well-developed and thick xylem is not in accordance with the anatomical features usually associated with water-plants. It is true that in some living dicotyledons of the family Leguminosae, which inhabit swampy places, the secondary xylem is represented by a thick mass of unlignified and thin-walled parenchyma, as in the genus Aeschynomene, from which the material of ‘pith’-helmets is obtained; but the wood of Sphenophyllum was obviously thick-walled and thoroughly lignified.

It is not improbable that the long and slender stems of this plant may have grown like small lianas in the Coal-Measure forests, supporting themselves to a large extent on the stouter branches of Calamites and other trees. The anatomical structure of a Sphenophyllum stem would seem to be in accord with the requirements of a climbing plant. It has been shewn that in recent climbing plants the tracheae and sieve-tubes are characterised by their large diameter, a fact which may be correlated with the small diameter of climbing stems and the need for rapid transport of food material. In Sphenophyllum the tracheae of the xylem have a wide bore, and in S. insigne the phloem contains unusually wide sieve-tubes. The central position of the stele is another feature which is not inconsistent with a climbing habit. Schwendener and others have demonstrated that in climbing organs, as in underground stems and roots, there is a tendency towards a centripetal concentration of mechanical or strengthening tissue. The axial xylem strand of Sphenophyllum would afford an efficient resistance to the tension or pulling force which climbing stems encounter.

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=Guillemard, F. H. H.= (86) The Cruise of the “Marchesa” to Kamschatka and New Guinea. London, 1886.

=Gümbel, C. W.= (71) Die sogenannten Nulliporen. Pt. ii. Abh. k. Münchener Akad. Wiss. vol. XI. p. 231, 1871.

=Gutbier, A. von.= (49) Die Versteinerungen des Rothliegendes in Sachsen. Dresden and Leipzig, 1849.

=Haberlandt, G.= (96) Physiologische Pflanzenanatomie (edit. 2). Leipzig, 1896.

=Hall, J.= (47) and (52) Natural History of New York. Palaeontology. Vol. I. Albany, 1847, vol. II. Albany, 1852.

=Harker, A.= (95) Petrology for students. Cambridge, 1895.

=Harper, R. A.= (95) Die Entwickelung des Peritheciums bei Sphaerotheca Castagnei. Bericht. deutsch. Bot. Ges. vol. XIII. p. 475, 1895.

=Harrison, J. B.= (91) Vide Jukes-Browne.

=Hartig, R.= (78) Die Zersetzungserscheinungen des Holzes der Nadelholzbäume und der Eiche in förstlicher botanischer und chemischer Richtung bearbeitet. Berlin, 1878.

—— (94) Text-book of the diseases of trees. (Translation by W. Somerville.) London, 1894.

=Harvey, W. H.= (58) Phycologia Australica. London, 1858.

=Hauck, F.= (85) Die Meeresalgen Deutschlands und Oesterreichs. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, vol. II. Leipzig, 1885.

=Heer, O.= (53) Beschreibung der angeführten Pflanzen und Insekten. Neue Denksch. Schweiz. Ges. gesammt. Wiss. Vol. XIII. 5, p. 117, 1853. (Appendix to a Memoir by A. Escher v. d. Linth.)

—— (55) Flora Tertiaria Helvetiae. Winterthur, 1855.

—— (65) Die Urwelt der Schweiz. Zürich, 1865.

—— (68) Flora fossilis Arctica. Die fossile Flora der Polarlände. Vol. I. 1868. Vol. II. 1871. Vol. III. 1875. Vol. IV. 1877. Vol. V. 1878. Vols. VI. and VII., Flor. foss. Grön. Die fossile Flora Grönlands. 1882–83.

—— (76) Flora fossilis Helvetiae. Zürich, 1876.

—— (77) Beiträge zur Jura-Flora Ost-Sibiriens und des Amurlandes. Flora fossilis Arctica, vol. V. Zürich, 1877.

—— (82) Nachträge zur Jura-Flora Sibiriens. (Flor. foss. Grönlandica, Th. i.) Flora foss. Arct. vol. VI. Zürich, 1882.

=Heim, A.= (78) Untersuchungen über den Mechanismus der Gebirgsbildung. Basel, 1878.

=Heinricher, E.= (82) Die näheren Vorgänge bei der Sporenbildung der Salvina natans verglichen mit den der übrigen Rhizocarpeen. Sitzber. kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. LXXXVII. Abt. I. p. 494, 1882.

=Hensen, V.= (92) Ergebnisse der in dem Atlantischen Ocean Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt Stiftung. Kiel and Leipzig, vol. I. 1892.

=Herzer, H.= (93) A new fungus from the Coal-Measures. American Geologist, vol. XI. p. 365, 1893.

=Hick, T.= (78) and (81) Vide Cash, W.

—— (93) Calamostachys Binneyana, Schimp. Proc. Yorks. Geol. Polytech. Soc. vol. XII. pt. IV. p. 279, 1893.

—— (93²) The fruit-spike of Calamites. Nat. Science, vol. II. p. 354, 1893.

—— (94) On the primary structure of the stem of Calamites. Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. vol. VIII. p. 158. Manchester, 1894.

—— (95) On the structure of the leaves of Calamites. Ibid. vol. IX. p. 179, 1895.

—— (96) On a sporangiferous spike, from the Middle Coal-Measures, near Rochdale. Ibid. vol. X. p. 73, 1896.

=Hicks, H.= (81) On the discovery of some remains of plants at the base of the Denbighshire grits, near Corwen, N. Wales; with an appendix by R. Etheridge. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. XXXVII. p. 482, 1881.

=Hinde, G. J.= and =Fox, H.= (95) On a well-marked horizon of Radiolarian rocks in the Lower Culm-Measures of Devon, Cornwall and West Somerset. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. LI. p. 609, 1895.

=Hirschwald, J.= (73) Über Umwandlung von verstürzter Holzzimmerung in Braunkohle im alten Mann der Grube Dorothea bei Clausthal. Zeit. deutsch. geol Ges. vol. XXV. p. 364, 1873.

=Holmes, E. M.= and =Batters, E. A.= (90) A revised list of British marine algae. Annals Bot. vol. V. p. 63, 1890–91.

=Holmes, W. H.= (80) Fossil forests of the Volcanic Tertiary formations of the Yellowstone National Park. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. vol. V. no. 2, 1880.

=Hooker, J. D.= (44) The Botany of the Antarctic voyage of H. M. Discovery Ships “Erebus” and “Terror” in the years 1839–43. London, 1844.

—— (53) Vide Strickland.

—— (81) Presidential Address before Section E of the York meeting of the British Association. Annual Report, p. 727, 1881.

—— (89) On Pachytheca. Annals Bot. vol. III. p. 135, 1889.

—— (91) Himalayan Journals. London, 1891. (Minerva Library Edition.)

=Hooker, W. J.= (20) Musci Exotici. Vol. II. London, 1820.

—— (61) A second century of ferns. London, 1861.

=Howse, R.= (88) A catalogue of fossil plants from the Hutton Collection. Newcastle, 1888.

=Hughes, T. McKenny= (79) On the relation of the appearance and duration of the various forms of life upon the earth to the breaks in the continuity of the sedimentary strata. Proc. Phil. Soc. Cambridge, vol. III. pt. VI. p. 247, 1879.

—— (84) On some tracks of terrestrial and freshwater animals. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. XL. p. 178, 1884.

=Humboldt, A. von.= (48) Cosmos. (Translated by E. C. Otté.) London, 1848.

=Huxley, T. H.= (93) Science and Hebrew tradition. Collected Essays, vol. IV. London, 1893.

=Jäger, G. F.= (27) Über die Pflanzenversteinerungen welche in dem Bausandstein von Stuttgart vorkommen. Stuttgart, 1827.

=James, J. F.= (93) Studies in the problematic organisms. No. 2. The genus Fucoides. Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 1893.

—— (93²) Notes on fossil fungi. U. S. Dpt. Agriculture, vol. VII. no. 3, p. 268, 1893.

—— (93³) Fossil fungi. Translated from the French of R. Ferry, with remarks. Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 1893, p. 94.

=Judeich, J. F.= and =Nitsche, F.= (95) Lehrbuch der mitteleuropäischen Forstinsektenkunde. Vienna, 1895.

=Jukes-Browne, A. J.= (86) The Student’s Handbook of Historical Geology. London, 1886.

=Jukes-Browne, A. J.= and =Harrison, J. B.= (91) The Geology of Barbados. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. XLVII. p. 197, 1891.

=Kayser, E.= (95) Text-book of Comparative Geology. (Translated and edited by P. Lake.) London, 1895.

=Kent, S.= (93) The Great Barrier Reef of Australia. London, 1893.

=Kickx, J. J.= (64) Vide Coemans, E.

=Kidston, R.= (83) Report on fossil plants collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland in Eskdale and Liddesdale. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. XXX. p. 531, 1883.

—— (83²) On the affinities of the genus Pothocites, Paterson; with the description of a specimen from Glencartholm, Eskdale. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. XVI. p. 28.

—— (86) Catalogue of the Palaeozoic plants in the department of geology and palaeontology, British Museum. London, 1886.

—— (88) Vide Young.

—— (90) On the fructification of Sphenophyllum trichomatosum, Stur, from the Yorkshire Coal-field. Proc. R. Soc. Phys. Edinburgh, vol. XI. p. 56, 1890–91.

—— (90²) Note on the Palaeozoic species mentioned in Lindley and Hutton’s fossil Flora. Proc. R. Soc. Phys. Edinburgh, vol. X. p. 345, 1890–91.

—— (92) On the occurrence of the genus Equisetum (E. Hemingwayi, Kidston) in the Yorkshire Coal-Measures. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. IX. p. 138, 1892.

—— (93) On the fossil plants of the Kilmarnock, Galston, and Kilwinning Coal-fields, Ayrshire. Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. XXXVII. pt. II. p. 307, 1893.

—— (94) On the various divisions of British Carboniferous rocks as determined by their fossil flora. Proc. R. Soc. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. XII. p. 183, 1894.

=Kinahan, J. R.= (58) The genus Oldhamia. Trans. R. Irish Acad. vol. XXIII. p. 547, 1858.

=Kippis, A.= (78) A narrative of the voyage round the world, performed by Captain James Cook. London, 1878.

=Kitton, F.= (81) Vide Shrubsole, W. H.

=KJellman, F. R.= (83) The Algae of the Arctic Sea. Kongl. Svensk Vetenskaps Akad. Hand. vol. XX. no. 5, 1883.

=Knowlton, F. H.= (89) Fossil wood and lignite of the Potomac formation. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. no. 56, 1889.

—— (89²) Description of a problematic organism from the Devonian at the falls of the Ohio. Amer. Journ. Science, vol. XXXVII. p. 202, 1889.

—— (94) Fossil plants as aids to geology. Journ. Geol. vol. II. no. 4, p. 365, 1894.

—— (96) The nomenclature question. Bot. Gazette, vol. XXI. p. 82, 1896.

=Koechlin-Schlumberger, J.= Vide Schimper, W. P.

=Kölliker, A.= (59) On the frequent occurrence of vegetable parasites in the hard structures of animals. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. IV. p. 300, 1859.

—— (59²) Über das ausgebreitete Vorkommen von pflanzlichen Parasiten in den Hartgebilden niederer Thiere. Zeitsch. wiss. Zool. vol. X. p. 215, 1859.

=König, C.= (29) Vide Murchison (29) p. 298.

=Kuntze, O.= (80) Über Geysirs und nebenan entstehende verkieselte Bäume. Ausland, 1880, p. 361.

=Lake, P.= (95) The Denbighshire series of South Denbighshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. LI. p. 9, 1895.

=Lamarck, de.= (16) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Paris, vol. II. 1816.

=Lamouroux, J.= (21) Exposition méthodique des genres de l’ordre des Polypiers. Paris, 1821.

=Lapworth, C.= (81) Appendix to W. Keeping’s Geology of Central Wales. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. XXXVII. p. 171, 1881.

=Leckenby, J.= (64) On the sandstones and shales of the Oolites of Scarborough, with descriptions of some new species of fossil plants. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. XX. p. 74, 1864.

=Lehmann.= (1756) Dissertation sur les fleurs de l’Aster montanus. Hist. Acad. R. Sci. et bell. lett. Berlin, 1756.

=Lesquereux, L.= (66) Geological Survey of Illinois. Vol. II. New York, 1866.

—— (70) Ibid. vol. IV. 1870.

—— (79) Atlas to the Coal Flora of Pennsylvania and of the Carboniferous formation throughout the United States. Second Geol. Surv. Penn. Report of Progress P. Harrisburg, 1879.

—— (80) Description of the Coal Flora of the Carboniferous formation in Pennsylvania and throughout the United States. Ibid. 1880 and 1884.

—— (84) Ibid. vol. III. 1884.

—— (87) A species of Fungus recently discovered in the shale of the Darlington Coal bed at Canneton, Pennsylvania. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. vol. XVII. p. 173, 1887.

=Lhwyd (Luidius), E.= (1760) (1699) Lithophylacii Britannici ichnographia. Oxford, 1760. (First edition published in 1699.)

=Limpricht, K. G.= (90) Die Laubmoose. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, vol. IV. Leipzig, 1890.

=Lindenberg, J. B. W.= (39) Species Hepaticarum. Bonn, 1839.

=Lindley, J.= and =Hutton, W.= (31) The fossil Flora of Great Britain. London, 1831–37.

Vol. I. Pls. 1–79; 1831–33. Vol. II. Pls. 80–156; 1833–35. Vol. III. Pls. 157–230; 1837.

=Linnarsson, J. G. O.= (69) On some fossils found in the Eophyton Sandstones at Lugnås in Sweden. Geol. Mag. vol. VI. p. 393, 1869.

=Lister, A.= (94) A monograph of the Mycetozoa, being a descriptive Catalogue of the species in the Herbarium of the British Museum. London, 1894.

=Ludwig, R.= (57) Fossile Pflanzen aus der jüngsten Wetterauer Braunkohle. Palaeontograph, vol. V. p. 81, 1857.

—— (59) Fossile Pflanzen aus der ältesten Abtheilung der Rheinisch-Wetterauer Tertiär-Formation. Palaeontograph, vol. VIII.

=Luerssen, C.= (89) Die Farnpflanzen oder Gefässbündelkryptogamen. Rabenhorst’s Krypt. Flora, vol. III. Leipzig, 1889.

=Lydekker, R.= (89) Vide Nicholson.

=Lyell, C.= (29) On a recent formation of freshwater limestone in Forfarshire. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. II. p. 73, 1829.

—— (45) Travels in North America. London, 1845.

—— (55) A manual of Elementary Geology. London, 1855, (Edit. 5).

—— (67) Principles of Geology. London, 1867, (Edit. 10).

—— (78) Elements of Geology. London, 1878, (Edit. 3).

=M‘Coy, F.= (47) On the Fossil Botany and Zoology of the rocks associated with the coal of Australia. Annals Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. XX. p. 145, 1847.

=Mahr=, — (68) Über Sphenophyllum Thoni, eine neue Art aus dem Steinkohlengebirge von Ilmenau. Zeit. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. XX. p. 433, 1868.

=Mantell, G.= (44) Medals of Creation. LONDON, 1844.

=Marsh, O. C.= (71) Notice of a fossil forest in the Tertiary of California. Amer. Journ. Sci. vol. I. p. 266, 1871.

=Martin, W.= (09) Petrificata Derbiensia. Wigan, 1809.

=Maskell, W. M.= (87) The Scale-insects. Wellington, 1887.

=Massalongo, E. G.= (51) Sopra le piante fossili dei terreni terziarj del Vicentino, Osservazioni, &c. Padova, 1851.

—— (59) Studii sulla flora fossile e geologia stratigrafica del Senigalliese. Imola, 1859.

=Matthew, G. F.= (89) The Cambrian organisms in Acadia. Trans. R. Soc. Canada (Sect. IV.) 1889, p. 135.

=Meek, F. B.= (73) Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio. Vol. I.

=Meschinelli, A.= (92) Fungi fossiles. In P. A. Saccardo’s Sylloge Fungorum. Vol. X. p. 741, Patavii, 1892.

=Michelin, H.= (40) Iconographie zoophytologique. Paris, 1840–47.

=Migula, W.= (90) Die Characeen. Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, vol. V. Leipzig, 1890.

=Milde, J.= (67) Monographia Equisetorum. Nova Act. Acad. Caes. Leop. Car. vol. XXXII. p. 1, 1867.

=Morris, J.= (54) A catalogue of British fossils. London, 1854, (Edit. 2).

=Morton, G. H.= (91) The geology of the country around Liverpool. London, 1891, (Edit. 2).

=Moseley, H. N.= (75) Notes on freshwater algae obtained at the boiling springs at Furnas, St. Michael’s, Azores, and the neighbourhood. With notes by W. T. Thiselton-Dyer. Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. XIV. (Botany) p. 321, 1875.

=Mougeot, A.= (44) Vide Schimper.

—— (52) Essai d’une flore du nouveau Grès Rouge des Vosges. Epinal, 1852.

=Munier-Chalmas, E.= (77) Observations sur les algues calcaires appartenant au groupe des Siphonées verticillées (Dasycladées Harv.) et confondues avec les Foraminifères. Compt. Rend. vol. LXXXV. p. 814, 1877.

—— (79) Observations sur les algues calcaires confondues avec les Foraminifères et appartenant au groupe des Siphonées dichotomes. Bull. Soc. Géol. vol. VII. p. 661, 1879.

=Murchison, R. I.= (29) On the Coal-field of Brora in Sutherlandshire, and some other stratified deposits in the North of Scotland. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. II. p. 293.

—— (72) Siluria. (Edit. 5.) London, 1872.

=Murray, G.= (92) On a fossil alga belonging to the genus Caulerpa, from the Oolite. Phycological Memoirs, pt. I. p. 11, 1892.

—— (95) An introduction to the study of seaweeds. London, 1895.

—— (95²) Calcareous pebbles formed by Algae. Phycol. Mem. pt. III. p. 74, 1895.

—— (95³) A new part of Pachytheca. Ibid. p. 71, 1895.

—— (97) On the reproduction of some marine Diatoms. Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. XXI. p. 207, 1897.

=Murray, G.= and =Blackman, V. H.= (97) Coccospheres and Rhabdospheres. Nature, vol. LV. p. 510, 1897.

=Murray, J.= and =Renard, A.= (91) Vide “Challenger.”

=Nathorst, A. G.= (80) Reseberättelse. Öfversigt Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akad. Förh. 1880, no. 5, p. 23.

—— (81) Om spår af några evertebrerade djur m. m. och deras paleontologiska betydelse. K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Hand. vol. XVIII. no. 7, 1881.

—— (81²) Om Aftryck af Medusar i Sveriges Kambriska layer. K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Hand. vol. XIX. no. 1, 1881.

—— (83¹) Quelques remarques concernant la question des algues fossiles. Bull. Soc. Géol. vol. XI. p. 452, 1883.

—— (83²) Fossil Algae. (Letter.) Nature, vol. XXVIII. p. 52, 1883.

—— (86) Nouvelles observations sur des traces d’animaux et autres phénomènes d’origine purement mécanique décrits comme “algues fossiles.” Kongl. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand. vol. XXI. no. 14. Stockholm, 1886.

—— (90) Beiträge zur mesozoischen Flora Japans. Denkschr. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. LVIII. 1890.

—— (94) Zur paläozoischen Flora der arktischen Zone. Kongl. Svensk. Vetenskaps-Akad. Hand. vol. XXVI. no. 4, 1894.

—— (94²) Sveriges Geologi. Stockholm, 1894.

=Naunyn, B.= (96) A treatise on Cholelithiasis. (Translation by A. E. Garrod.) New Sydenham Society, London, 1896.

=Neumayr, M.= (83) Über klimatische Zonen während der Jura- und Kreidezeit. Denkschr. k. Ak. Wiss. Wien, vol. XLVII. 1883.

=Newberry, J. S.= (88) Fossil fishes and fossil plants of the Triassic rocks of New Jersey and the Connecticut Valley. U. S. Geol. Surv. (Monographs), vol. XIV. 1888.

—— (91) The genus Sphenophyllum. Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. 1891, p. 212.

=Nicholson, H. A.= (69) On the occurrence of plants in the Skiddaw Slates. Geol. Mag. vol. VI. p. 494, 1869.

=Nicholson, H. A.= and =Etheridge, R. junr.= (80) A monograph of the Silurian fossils of the Girvan district in Ayrshire. Edinburgh, 1880.

=Nicholson, H. A.= and =Lydekker, R.= (89) A manual of Palaeontology. London, 1889.

=Nicol, W.= (34) Observations on the structure of recent and fossil Coniferae. Edinb. New Phil. Journ. vol. XVI. p. 137, 1834.

=Noll, F.= (95) Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen. Strasburger, Noll, Schimper und Schenk. Jena, 1895, p. 248 (Edit. 2).

=Parkinson, J.= (11) Organic Remains of a former world. London, 1811. (Vol. I. 1811, vol. II. 1808, vol. III. 1811.)

=Parsons, J.= (1757) An account of some fossil fruits and other bodies found in the island of Sheppey. Phil. Trans. vol. L. pt. I. p. 396, 1757.

=Paterson= (41) Description of Pothocites Grantoni, a new fossil vegetable from the Coal Formation. Trans. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. I. p. 45, 1841.

=Penhallow, D. P.= (89) On Nematophyton and allied forms from the Devonian (Erian) of Gaspé and Bay des Chaleurs. Trans. R. Soc. Canada, vol. VI. sect. 4 (1888).

—— (93) Notes on Nematophyton crassum. Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, vol. XVI. p. 115, 1893.

—— (96) Nematophyton Ortoni, n. sp. Annals Bot. vol. X. p. 41, 1896.

=Petzholdt, A.= (41) Über Calamiten und Steinkohlenbildung. Dresden and Leipzig, 1841.

=Pfitzer, E. H. H.= (67) Über die Schutzscheide. Pringsh. Jahrb. Wiss. Bot. vol. VI. p. 292, 1867–68.

—— (71) Untersuchungen über Bau und Entwickelung der Bacillariaceen. Hanstein’s Bot. Abhand. 1871.

=Philippi, R. A.= (37) Beweis das die Nulliporen Pflanzen sind. Wiegmann, Archiv. vol. I. Jahrg. 3, p. 387, 1837.

=Phillips, J.= (29) Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. York, 1829.

—— (75) Ibid. (Edit. 3) edited by R. Etheridge. London, 1875.

=Phillips, W.= (93) The breaking of the Shropshire Meres. Midland Naturalist, vol. XVI. p. 56, 1893.

=Plot, R.= (1705) The Natural History of Oxfordshire. Oxford, 1705.

=Potonié, R.= (87) Die fossile Pflanzen-Gattung Tylodendron. Jahrb. k. Preuss. geol. Landesanst. 1887, p. 313.

—— (90) Der im Lichthof der Königl. Geol. Landesanstalt und Bergakademie aufgestellte Baumstumpf mit Wurzeln aus dem Carbon des Piesberges. Ibid. 1890, p. 246.

—— (92) Der äussere Bau der Blätter von Annularia stellata (Schloth.) mit ausblicken auf Equisetites zeaeformis (Schloth.) Andrae, und auf die Blätter von Calamites varians Sternb. Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. vol. X. Heft 8, p. 561, 1892.

—— (93) Die Flora des Rothliegenden von Thüringen. (Th. I.) Jahrb. k. Preuss. geol. Landesanst. vol. IX. 1893.

—— (94) Über die Stellung der Sphenophyllum im System. Ber. deutsch. bot. Ges. Bd. XII. Heft 4, p. 97, 1894.

—— (96) Die floristische Gliederung des deutschen Carbon und Perm. Abhand. k. Preuss. geol. Landesanst. (N. F.) Heft. XXI. p. 1, 1896.

—— (96²) Palaeophytologische Notizen. Naturwiss. Wochenschrift, vol. XI. no. 10, p. 115, 1896.

=Quekett, J.= (54) Lectures on Histology. Vols. I. and II. London, 1852–54.

=Raciborski, M.= (94) Flora Kopalna ogniotrwalych Glinek Krakowskich. Pamiȩt. Akad. Umiejȩtności, 1894.

=Reinsch, P. F.= (81) Neue Untersuchungen über die Mikrostruktur der Steinkohle. Leipzig, 1881.

=Renault, B.= (73) Recherches sur l’organisation des Sphenophyllum et des Annularia. Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. XVIII. p. 5, 1873.

—— (76) Recherches sur la fructification de quelques végétaux. Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. III. p. 5, 1876.

—— (76²) Nouvelles recherches sur la structure des Sphenophyllum. Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. IV. p. 277, 1876.

—— (82) Cours de botanique fossile. Vol. II. Paris, 1882.

—— (85) Recherches sur les végétaux fossiles du genre Astromyelon Ann. Sci. Géol. vol. XVII. 1885.

—— (93) Bassin Houiller et Permien d’Autun et d’Epinac. (Atlas.) Études des gîtes minéraux de la France, Fasc. IV. Paris, 1893.

—— (95) Note sur les cuticles de Tovarkovo. Soc. Hist. Nat. d’Autun, 1895.

—— (95²) Sur quelques Bactéries des temps primaires. Autun, 1895.

—— (96) Bassin Houiller et Permien d’Autun et d’Epinac. (Text.) Études des gîtes minéraux de la France, Fasc. IV. Paris, 1896.

—— (96²) Notice sur les travaux scientifiques. Autun, 1896.

—— (96³) Recherches sur les Bactériacées fossiles. Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. II. p. 275, 1896.

=Renault, R.= and =Bertrand= (94) Sur une bactérie coprophile de l’époque Permienne. Compt. Rend. vol. CXIX. p. 377, 1894.

=Renault, R.= and =Zeiller, R.= (88) Études sur le terrain houiller de Commentry. St Étienne, 1888–90. Pt. I. pp. 1–366, 1888. Pt. II. pp. 367–746, 1890.

“=Report=” (62) Report of the Jury trial in the action of declaration, &c. at the instance of Mr and Mrs Gillespie, of Torbanehill, against Messrs James Russell and Son, Coal-masters, Falkirk. Edinburgh, 1862.

=Reuss, A. E.= (61) Über die fossile Gattung Acicularia d’Archiac. Sitzb. d. k. Akad. Wiss. Bd. XLIII. Abth. I. p. 7, 1861.

=Rodway, J.= (95) In the Guiana Forest. London, 1895.

=Römer, A.= (54) Beiträge zur geologischen Kenntniss des nordwestlichen Harzgebirges von Friedrich. Palaeontograph. vol. III. p. 1, 1854.

=Römer, F.= (62) Beiträge zur geologischen Kenntniss des nordwestlichen Harzgebirges. Palaeontograph. vol. IX. 1862.

—— (70) Geologie von Oberschlesien. Breslau, 1870.

=Rosanoff, S.= (66) Recherches anatomiques sur les Mélobésiées. Mém. Soc. Sci. nat. Cherbourg, vol. XI. 1865.

=Rose, C. B.= (55) On the discovery of parasitic borings in fossil fish-scales. Trans. mic. soc. (N. S.) vol. III. p. 7, 1855.

=Rosenvinge, L. K.= (93) Grønlands Havalger. Conspectus florae Groenlandicae. Pt. III. p. 765. Grønlands Havalger. (Meddelelser om Grønland. III. Supplt. 3), 1887–94.

=Rothpletz, A.= (80) Die Flora und Fauna der Carbon Culmformation bei Hainischen in Sachsen. Bot. Cent. vol. II. (Gratis Beilage 3), 1880.

—— (90) Über Sphaerocodium Bornemanni, eine neue fossile Kalkalge aus den Raibler Schichten der Ostalpen. Bot. Cent. vol. XLI. p. 9, 1890.

—— (91) Fossile Kalkalgen aus den Familien der Codiaceen und der Corallineen. Zeit. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. XLIII. p. 295, 1891.

—— (92) Über die Bildung der Oolithe. Bot. Cent. vol. LI. p. 265, 1892.

—— (92²) Über die Diadematiden-Stacheln und Haploporella fasciculata aus dem Oligocän von Astrupp. Bot. Cent. vol. LII. p. 235, 1892.

—— (94) Ein geologischer Querschnitt durch die Ost-Alpen nebst Anhang über die sogenannte Glarner Doppelfalte. Stuttgart, 1894.

—— (96) Über die Flysch-Fucoiden und einige andere fossile Algen sowie über liassische Diatomeen führende Hornschwämme. Zeit. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. XLVIII. p. 854, 1896.

=Royle, J. F.= (39) Illustrations of the Botany and other branches of the Natural History of the Himalayan Mountains and of the flora of Cashmere. London, 1839.

=Rultey, F.= (92) Notes on Crystallites. Min. Mag. vol. IX. p. 261, 1891.

=Salter, J. W.= (63) On some fossil crustacea from the Coal-Measures and Devonian rocks of British North America. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. XIX. p. 75, 1863.

—— (73) A catalogue of Cambrian and Silurian fossils. Cambridge, 1873.

=Saporta, de G.= (68) Prodrome d’une flore fossile des travertins anciens de Sézanne. Mém. Soc. Géol. France, vol. VIII. 1865–68.

—— (72) Plantes Jurassiques. Paléont. Franç. Végétaux, vols. I–IV. 1872–1891.

—— (73) Ibid. vol. I. Algues, Équisétacées, Characées, Fougères, 1873.

—— (75) Ibid. vol. II. Cycadées, 1875.

—— (77) Sur la découverte d’une plante terrestre dans la partie moyenne du terrain Silurien. Compt. Rend. vol. LXXXV. p. 500, 1877.

—— (79) Le monde des plantes avant l’apparition de l’homme. Paris, 1879.

—— (81) Vide Saporta and Marion.

—— (82) A propos des algues fossiles. Paris, 1882.

—— (84) Les organismes problématiques des anciennes mers. Paris, 1884.

—— (86) Nouveaux documents relatifs à des fossiles végétaux et à des traces d’invertébrés associés dans les anciens terrains. Bull. Soc. bot. France, vol. XIV. p. 407, 1886.

—— (91) Plantes Jurassiques. Vol. IV. Paris, 1891.

=Saporta, de G.= and =Marion, A. F.= (81) L’Évolution du règne végétal. Les Cryptogames. Paris, 1881.

=Schenk, A.= (65) Vide Schoenlein.

—— (67) Die fossile Flora der Grenzschichten des Keupers und Lias Frankens. Wiesbaden, 1867.

—— (83) Pflanzliche Versteinerungen. Richthofen’s “China,” vol. IV. Berlin, 1883.

—— (88) Die fossile Pflanzenreste. (Handbuch der Botanik.) Breslau, 1888.

—— (90) Vide Schimper.

=Scheuchzer, J. T.= (1723) Herbarium diluvianum. Lugduni Batavorum, 1723.

=Schiffner, V.= and =Müller, C.= (95) Engler und Prantl; Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Teil I. Abt. 3. Leipzig, 1895.

=Schimper, W. P.= (65) Euptychium Muscorum Neocaledonicorum genus novum et genus Spiridens. Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop. Car. vol. XXXII. 1865.

—— (69) Traité de Paléontologie végétale. Paris, vol. I. 1869, vol. II. 1870–72, vol. III. 1874.

—— (74) Ibid. Atlas.

=Schimper, W. P.= and =Koechlin-Schlumberger, J.= (62) Mémoire sur le Terrain de transition des Vosges. Mém. Soc. Sci. Nat. Strasbourg, vol. V. 1862.

=Schimper, W. P.= and =Mougeot= (44) Monographie des plantes fossiles du grès bigarré de la Chaîne des Vosges. Leipzig, 1844.

=Schimper, W. P.= and =Schenk, A.= (90) Palaeophytologie. Zittel’s Handbuch der Palaeontologie, Abt. II. Munich and Leipzig, 1890.

=Schlotheim, E. F. von.= (04) Beschreibung merkwürdiger Kräuter-Abdrücke und Pflanzen-Versteinerungen. Gotha, 1804.

—— (20) Die Petrefactenkunde auf ihrem jetzigen Standpunkte durch die Beschreibung seiner Sammlung versteinerter und fossiler Überreste des Thier- und Pflanzenreichs der Vorwelt erläutert. Gotha, 1820.

—— (22) Nachträge zur Petrefactenkunde. Gotha, 1822–23.

=Schlüter, C.= (79) Coelotrochium Decheni, eine Foraminifere aus dem Mitteldevon. Zeit. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. XXXI. p. 668, 1879.

=Schmalhausen, J.= (79) Beiträge zur Juraflora Russlands. Mém. Acad. imp. St Pétersbourg, vol. XXVII. no. 4, 1879.

=Schmitz, F.= (97) Rhodophyceae. Engler und Prantl; Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Teil I. Abt. 2. Leipzig, 1897.

=Schoenlein, J. L.= and =Schenk, A.= (65) Abbildungen von fossilen Pflanzen aus dem Keuper Frankens. Wiesbaden, 1865.

=Schröter, J.= (89) Engler und Prantl; Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Teil I. Abth. 1. 1889.

=Schulze, C. F.= (1755) Kurtze Betrachtung derer Kräuterabdrücke im Steinreiche. Dresden and Leipzig, 1755.

=Schulze, F.= (55) Über das Vorkommen wohlerhaltener Cellulose in Braunkohle und Steinkohle. Bericht. k. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1855, p. 676.

=Schütt, F.= (93) Das Pflanzenleben der Hochsee. Kiel and Leipzig, 1893. (From Hensen’s Plankton-Expedition.)

—— (96) Bacillariales. Engler und Prantl; Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Teil I. Abt. 1. b. 1896.

=Schweinfurth, G.= (82) Zur Beleuchtung der Frage über den versteinerten Wald. Zeit. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. XXXIV. p. 139, 1882.

=Schwendener, S.= (74) Das mechanische Princip im anatomischen Bau der Monocotylen. 1874.

=Scott, D. H.= (94) (95) (96) Vide Williamson, W. C.

—— (96) An introduction to structural Botany. Pt. II. Flowerless plants. London, 1896.

—— (96²) Presidential address. (Liverpool Meeting.) British Assoc. Report, p. 992, 1896.

—— (97) On the structure and affinities of fossil plants from the Palaeozoic rocks. On Cheirostrobus, a new type of fossil cone from the Lower Carboniferous strata (Calciferous Sandstone Series). Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CLXXXIX. B. p. 1, 1897.

=Seeman, B.= (65) A gigantic Equisetum. Journ. Bot. vol. III. p. 123, 1865.

=Seward, A. C.= (88) On Calamites undulatus. Geol. Mag. vol. V. p. 289, 1888.

—— (89) Sphenophyllum as a branch of Asterophyllites. Mem. and Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, vol. III. p. 1, 1889–90.

—— (94) Algae as rock-building organisms. Science Progress, vol. II. no. 7, p. 10, 1894.

—— (94²) Catalogue of the Mesozoic plants in the Department of Geology, British Museum. The Wealden Flora, Pt. I. London, 1894.

—— (95) Ibid. Pt. II. London, 1895.

—— (95²) Coal: its structure and formation. Science Progress, vol. II. p. 355, 1895.

—— (95³) Notes on Pachytheca. Proc. Phil. Soc. Cambridge, vol. VIII. pt. 5, p. 278, 1895.

—— (96) Notes on the geological history of Monocotyledons. Annals Bot. vol. X. p. 205, 1896.

—— (96²) Vide Feilden, H. W.

—— (97) On Cycadeoidea gigantea, a new Cycadean stem from the Purbeck beds of Portland. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. LIII. p. 22, 1897.

—— (97²) On the association of Sigillaria and Glossopteris in South Africa. Ibid. p. 315, 1897.

=Sharpe, S.= (68) On a remarkable incrustation in Northamptonshire. Geol. Mag. vol. V. p. 563, 1868.

=Sherborn, C. D.= (93) An index to the genera and species of the Foraminifera. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 856. Washington, 1893.

=Shrubsole, W. H.= and =Kitton, F.= (81) The Diatoms of the London Clay. Journ. R. Mic. Soc. vol. I. p. 381, 1881.

=Skertchly, J. B. J.= (77) The geology of the Fenland. Mem. Geol. Surv. 1877.

=Smith, W. G.= (77) A fossil Peronospora. Gard. Chron. Oct. 20, 1877, p. 499.

=Sollas, W. J.= (86) On a specimen of slate from Bray-Head traversed by the structure known as Oldhamia radiata. Proc. R. Soc. Dublin (N.S.) vol. V. pp. 355, 358, 1886–87.

=Solms-Laubach, Graf zu.= (81) Die corallinen Algen des Golfes von Neapel und der augrenzenden Meeres-Abschnitte. Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, vol. IV. Leipzig, 1881.

—— (91) Fossil Botany. Oxford, 1891.

—— (93) Über die Algen-genera Cymopolia, Neomeris und Bornetella. Ann. Jard. Buitenzorg, vol. XI. p. 61, 1893.

—— (95) William Crawford Williamson. (Obit. notice.) Nature, vol. LII. p. 441, 1895.

—— (95²) Über Devonische Pflanzenreste aus den Lenneschiefern der Gegend von Gräfrath am Niederrhein. Jahrb. k. preuss. geol. Landesanst. Berlin, 1895, p. 67.

—— (95³) Monograph of the Acetabularieae. Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. V. pt. 1. p. 1, 1895.

—— (95⁴) Bowmanites Römeri, eine neue Sphenophylleen-Fructification. Jahrb. k. k. geol. Reichsanst. Wien, vol. XLV. Heft 2, p. 225, 1895.

—— (96) Über die seinerzeit von Unger beschriebenen Struktur bietenden Pflanzenreste des Unterculm von Saalfeld in Thüringen. Abhand. k. Preus. Geol. Landesanst. (N.F.) Heft XXIII. Berlin, 1896.

—— (97) Über die in den Kalksteinen des Culm von Glätzisch Falkenberg in Schlesien enthaltenen Structur bietenden Pflanzenreste. Bot. Zeit. Heft XII. p. 219, 1897.

=Sorby, H. C.= (79) Presidential Address. Proc. Geol. Soc. 1878–79, p. 56.

=Spencer, J.= (81) Astromyelon and its affinities. Geol. Polytech. Soc. W. R. Yorks. 1881, p. 439.

=Sprengel, A.= (28) Commentatio de Psarolithis. Halle, 1828.

=Stefani, K. de.= (82) Vorläufige Mittheilung über die rhätischen Fossilen der apuanischen Alpen. Verhand. k. k. Geol. Reichsanst. Wien, 1882, p. 96.

=Steinhauer, H.= (18) On fossil Reliquia of unknown vegetables in the Coal Strata. Trans. Phil. Soc. America, N. S. vol. I. p. 265, 1818.

=Steinmann, G.= (80) Zur Kenntniss fossiler Kalkalgen (Siphoneae). Neues Jahrb. vol. II. p. 130, 1880.

=Stenzel, G.= (86) Rhizodendron oppoliense, Göpp. Jahresbericht. Schles. Ges. Vat.-Cult. Ergänzheft LXIII. 1886.

=Sternberg, C. von.= (20) Versuch einer geognostisch-botanischen Darstellung der Flora der Vorwelt. Fasc. I. Leipzig, 1820.

—— (21) Ibid. Fasc. II.

—— (25) Ibid. Fasc. IV.

—— (38) Ibid. Fasc. VIII.

=Sterzel, J. T.= (82) Über die Fruchtähren von Annularia Sphenophylloides (Zenk.). Zeit. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. XXXIV. p. 685, 1882.

—— (86) Die Flora des Rothliegenden im nordwestlichen Sachsen. Pal. Abh. Dames und Kayser, vol. III. Heft 4, 1886.

—— (93) Die Flora des Rothliegenden im Plauenscher Grunde bei Dresden. Abhand. k. Sächs. Ges. Wiss. vol. XIX. Leipzig, 1893.

=Stokes, C.= (40) Notice respecting a piece of recent wood partly petrified by carbonate of lime, with some remarks on fossil wood. Trans. Geol. Soc. vol. V. p. 207, 1840.

=Stolley, E.= (93) Über Silurische Siphoneen. Neues Jahrb. vol. II. p. 135, 1893.

=Strasburger, E.= (91) Über den Bau und die Verrichtungen der Leitungsbahnen in den Pflanzen. Histologische Beiträge, Heft III. Jena, 1891.

=Strickland, H. E.= and =Hooker, J. D.= (53) On the distribution of organic contents of the Ludlow bone-bed in the districts of Woolhope and May Hill. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. IX. p. 8, 1853.

=Stur, D.= (75) Die Culm-Flora. Heft 1. Die Culm-Flora des mährischschlesischen Dachschiefers. Heft 2. Die Culm-Flora des Ostrauer und Waldenburger Schichten. Abhand. k. k. geol. Reichsanst. Wien, vol. VIII. 1875–77.

—— (85) Über die in Flötzen-reiner Steinkohle enthaltenen Stein-Rundmassen und Torf-Sphärosiderite. Jahrb. k. k. geol. Reichsanst. Wien, vol. XXXV. Heft 3, p. 613, 1885.

—— (87) Die Carbon-Flora der Schatzlarer Schichten. Abt. II. Die Calamarien. Abhand. k. k. geol. Reichsanst. Wien, vol. XI. Abt. 2, 1887.

=Suckow, G. A.= (1784) Beschreibung einiger merkwürdigen Abdrücke von der Art der sogenannten Calamiten. Hist. Comm. Acad. elect. Sci. litt. Theod.-Palat. vol. V. p. 355. Mannheim, 1784.

=Tenison-Woods, J. E.= (83) On the Fossil Flora of the Coal deposits of Australia. Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, vol. VIII. p. 37. Sydney, 1884.

=Thiselton-Dyer, W. T.= (72) On some fossil wood from the Lower Eocene. Geol. Mag. vol. IX. P. 241, 1872.

—— (91) Note on Mr Barber’s paper on Pachytheca. Annals Bot. vol. V. p. 223, 1890–91.

—— (95) Presidential address. Brit. Assoc. Report, Ipswich, p. 836, 1895.

=Thomas, K.= (48) On the Amber of East Prussia. Annals Mag. vol. II. p. 369, 1848.

=van Tieghem, P.= (77) Sur le Bacillus amylobacter et son rô1e dans le putréfaction des tissues végétaux. Bull. Soc. bot. vol. XXIV. p. 128, 1877.

—— (79) Sur le ferment butyrique (Bacillus amylobacter) à l’époque de la houille. Compt. Rend. vol. LXXXIX. p. 1102, 1879.

—— (91) Traité de Botanique. Paris, 1891.

=Tilden, J. E.= (97) On some algal characteristics of the Yellowstone Park. Bot. Gazette, vol. XXIV. p. 194, 1897.

=Treub, M.= (88) Notice sur la nouvelle Flore de Krakatoa. Ann. jard. bot. Buitenzorg, vol. VII. p. 213, 1888.

=Turner, D.= (11) Historia Fucorum. London, 1811.

=Unger, F.= (40) Über die Struktur der Calamiten und ihre Rangordnung im Gewächsreiche. Flora, Jahrg. XIII. p. 654, 1840.

=Unger, F.= (44) Ein Wort über Calamiten und Schachtelhalmähnliche Pflanzen der Vorwelt. Bot. Zeit. Jahrg. 2, p. 177, 1844.

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=Vinci, Leonardo da.= (83) Literary works. Compiled and edited from the original MSS. by J. P. Richter. London, 1883.

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=Vogelsang, H.= (74) Die Krystalliten. Bonn, 1874.

=Volkmann, G. A.= (1720) Silesia subterranea. Leipzig, 1720.

=Wallace, A. R.= (86) The Malay Archipelago. London, 1886.

=Walther, J.= (85) Die Gesteinbildenden Kalkalgen des Golfes von Neapel und die Entstehung structurloser Kalke. Zeit. deutsch. geol. Ges. vol. XXXVII. p. 329, 1885.

—— (88) Die Korallenriffe der Sinaihalbinsel. Abh. math. phys. Cl. K. Sächs. Ges. vol. XIV. 1888.

=Ward, L. F.= (84) Sketch of Palaeobotany. U. S. Geol. Surv. Fifth Ann. Report. Washington, 1883–84.

—— (92) Principles and methods of geologic correlation by means of fossil plants. 1892.

—— (96) Fossil plants of the Wealden. Science, June 12, p. 869, 1896.

=Warming, E.= (96) Lehrbuch der ökologischen Pflanzengeographie. (German edit.) Berlin, 1896.

=Watelet, Ad.= (66) Description des plantes fossiles du Bassin de Paris. Paris, 1866.

=Wedl, C.= (59) Über die Bedeutung der in den Schalen von manchen Acephalen und Gasteropoden vorkommenden Canäle. Sitzbericht. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. XXXIII. p. 451, 1859.

=Weed, W. H.= (87) The formation of Travertine and siliceous Sinter. U. S. Geol. Surv. Annual Rep. IX. 1887–88.

=Weiss, C. E.= (76) Steinkohlen-Calamarien, mit besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Fructificationen. Abhand. geol. Specialkarte von Preussen und den Thüringischen Staaten, Bd. II. Heft 1, 1876.

—— (84) Steinkohlen-Calamarien. Ibid. Bd. V. Heft 2, 1884.

=Westermaier, M.= and =Ambronn, H.= (81) Beziehungen zwischen Lebensweise und Structur der Schling- und Kletterpflanzen. Flora, 1881, p. 417.

=Wethered, E.= (93) On the microscopic structure of the Wenlock limestone. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. XLIX. p. 236, 1893.

=Whitney, J. D.= and =Wadsworth, M. E.= (84) The Azoic system. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. VII. 1884.

=Wille, N.= (97) Die Chlorophyceae. Engler und Prantl; Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. Teil I. Abt. 2. Leipzig, 1897.

=Williamson, W. C.= (71) On the organization of the Fossil Plants of the Coal-Measures. Memoir I. Calamites. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. vol. CLXI. p. 477, 1871.

—— (71²) On the structure of the woody zone of an undescribed form of Calamite. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, vol. IV. p. 155, 1871.

—— (71³) On a new form of Calamitean Strobilus from the Lancashire Coal-Measures. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, vol. IV. p. 248, 1871.

—— (73) On the organization, &c. Mem. IV. Dictyoxylon, Lyginodendron and Heterangium. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXIII. p. 377, 1873.

—— (74) Ibid. Mem. V. Asterophyllites. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXIV. p. 41, 1874.

—— (76) On the organization of Volkmannia Dawsoni, an undescribed verticillate strobilus from the Lower Coal-Measures of Lancashire. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, vol. V. p. 28, 1876.

—— (78) On the organization, &c. Mem. IX. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXIX. p. 319, 1878.

—— (80) Ibid. Mem. X. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXXI. p. 493, 1880.

—— (81) Ibid. Mem. XI. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXXII. p. 283, 1881.

—— (82) Helophyton Williamsonis. Nature, vol. XXV. p. 124, 1882.

—— (83) On some anomalous Oolitic and Palaeozoic forms of vegetation. R. Instit. Great Britain. (Weekly Evening Meeting), Feb. 16, 1883.

—— (83²) On the organization, &c. Mem. XII. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXXIV. p. 459, 1883.

—— (85) On some undescribed tracks of invertebrate animals from the Yoredale rocks. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, vol. X. p. 19, 1885.

—— (87) A monograph of the morphology and histology of Stigmaria ficoides. Palaeont. Soc. London, 1887.

—— (87²) On the relations of Calamodendron to Calamites. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, vol. X. p. 255, 1887.

—— (88) On some anomalous cells developed within the interior of the vascular and cellular tissues of the fossil plants of the Coal-Measures. Annals Bot. vol. I. 315, 1888.

—— (88²) On the organisation &c. Mem. XIV. The true fructification of Calamites. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXXIX. p. 47, 1888.

—— (89) Ibid. Mem. XV. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXXX. p. 155, 1889.

—— (91) General, morphological and histological Index to the Author’s Collective Memoirs on fossil plants of the Coal-Measures. Pt. I. Proc. Lit. Phil. Soc. Manchester, vol. IV. 1891.

—— (91²) On the organisation &c. Mem. XVIII. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXXXII. B. p. 255, 1891.

—— (92) The genus Sphenophyllum. Nature, vol. XLVII. p. 11, 1892.

—— (96) Reminiscences of a Yorkshire Naturalist (edited by Mrs Crawford Williamson). London, 1896.

=Williamson, W. C.= and =Scott, D. H.= (94) Further observations on the organisation of the fossil plants of the Coal-Measures. Pt. I. Calamities, Calamostachys and Sphenophyllum. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXXXV. p. 863, 1894.

—— (95) Ibid. Pt. II. The roots of Calamites. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXXXVI. p. 683, 1895.

—— (96) Ibid. Pt. III. Lyginodendron and Heterangium. Phil. Trans. vol. CLXXXVI. p. 703, 1896.

=Wilson, J. S. G.= (87) The Diatomite of Cuithir. Min. Mag. vol. VII. p. 35, 1887.

=Witham, H.= (31) A description of a fossil tree discovered in the quarry at Craigleith near Edinburgh. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northumberland, Durham and Newcastle-on-Tyne, 1831.

—— (33) The internal structure of fossil vegetables found in the Carboniferous and Oolitic deposits of Great Britain. Edinburgh, 1833.

=Woodward, H.= (72) A monograph of the British fossil Crustacea belonging to the order Merostomata. Palaeont. Soc. 1866–78.

=Woodward, H. B.= (87) The Geology of England and Wales. London, 1887.

—— (95) The Jurassic rocks of Britain. Mem. Geol. Surv. vol. V. 1895.

=Woodward, J.= (1695) An essay toward a Natural History of the Earth. London, 1695.

—— (1728) A catalogue of the additional English fossils in the collection of J. Woodward, M.A. London, vol. II. 1728.

—— (1729) An attempt towards a Natural History of the fossils of England; in a catalogue of the English fossils in the collection of J. Woodward, M.A. London, vol. I. 1729.

=Young, G.= and =Bird, J.= (22) A Geological Survey of the Yorkshire Coast. Whitby, 1822.

=Young, J.=, =Glen, D. C.= and =Kidston, R.= (88) Notes on a section of Carboniferous strata containing erect stems of fossil trees &c. in Victoria Park, Whiteinch. Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. VIII. p. 227, 1888.

=Zeiller, R.= (80) Végétaux du terrain houiller de la France. L’explication de la carte géologique de la France, vol. IV. Paris, 1880.

—— (82) Observations sur quelques cuticles fossiles. Ann. Sci. Nat. vol. XIII. p. 217, 1882.

—— (84) Sur des traces d’insectes simulant des empreintes végétales. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol. XII. p. 676, 1884.

—— (88) Bassin houiller de Valenciennes. Description de la flore fossile. Études Gîtes Min. France. Paris, 1888.

—— (88) Vide Renault, B.

—— (91) Sur la valeur du genre Trizygia. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol. XIX. p. 673, 1891.

—— (92) Sur les empreintes du sondage de Douvres. Compt. Rend. Oct. 24, 1892.

—— (92²) Bassin houiller et permien de Brive. Études Gîtes Min. France. Paris, 1892.

—— (93) Étude sur la constitution de l’appareil fructificateur des Sphenophyllum. Mém. Soc. Géol. France, 1893, p. 3.

—— (94) Note sur la flore des Couches permiennes de Trienbach (Alsace). Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol. XXII. p. 193, 1894.

—— (95) Notes sur la flore des Gisements houillers de la Rhune et d’Ibantelly (Basses-Pyrénées). Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol. XXIII. p. 482, 1895.

—— (95²) Sur la flore des dépôts houillers d’Asie Mineure et sur la présence, dans cette flore, du genre Phyllotheca. Compt. Rend. vol. CXX. p. 1228, 1895.

—— (96) Remarques sur la flore fossile de l’Altaï. Bull. Soc. Géol. France, vol. XXIV. p. 466, 1896.

=Zenker, F. C.= (33) Beschreibung von Galium sphenophylloides. Neues Jahrb. Min. 1833, p. 398.

=Zigno, A. de= (56) Flora fossilis formationis Oolithicae. Vol. I. Padova, 1856.

INDEX.

Acetabularia, 165, 166

A. mediterranea, 162, 165, 166

Achyla, 127

Acicularia, 162, 166, 167

A. Andrussowi, 162, 168

A. miocenica, 162, 168

A. pavantina, 167

A. Schencki, 162, 166, 168

Aegoceras planicosta, 61

Aeolian rocks, 25

Aeschynomene, 414

Africa, South, 80, 284

Agaricus melleus, 211, 212, 215

Algae, 138–202

Algites, 148, 149, 204, 205

Amazons, 66

Amber, 70, 71, 206, 211, 221, 255

America, 182

Amphiroa, 184

Anarthrocanna, 283

A. tuberculata, 386

Andersson, G., 60

Andrae, K. J., 276

Andreaeales, 236

Andrussow, N., 168

Annularia, 255, 260, 282, 283, 289, 329, 332, 333, 336–339, 340, 361, 362, 379, 381

A. calamitoides, 335

A. Geinitzi, 338

A. longifolia, 338, 341

A. radiata, 283

A. ramosa, 363

A. sphenophylloides, 340, 341, 363

A. stellata, 338–341, 363

A. westphalica, 338

Antigua, 79

Aphlebia, 142

Araucaria imbricata, 101, 104

Araucarioxylon Withami, 81, 82

Archaean system, 34–36

Archaeocalamites, 254, 255, 256, 263, 285, 336, 383–388

A. scrobiculatus, 385–387

d’Archiac, A., 166, 167

Arctic plants, 16, 17

Arenig series, 37

Arran, 88, 89

Arthrodendron, 301, 302, 324, 325, 326, 327, 366, 379, 381

Arthropitys, 300, 301, 302, 304, 311, 324, 325, 326, 328, 333, 349, 369, 375, 379, 380, 381, 384

A. approximata, 371

A. bistriata, 326

Arthropod eggs, 108

Artis, F. T., 4, 104, 297

Artisia, 104

Ascomycetes, 208, 209, 220

Asia Minor, Coal-Measures of, 282, 283

Asterocalamites scrobiculatus, 386

Asterophyllites, 264, 276, 329, 332, 333, 338, 369, 371, 379, 397, 409

A. elegans, 386

A. equisetiformis, 335, 338

A. insignis, 397

A. longifolius, 338

A. spaniophyllus, 386

A. sphenophylloides, 397

Astromyelon, 342, 343, 381

Australia, 179, 290, 291

Autun, 6, 46, 83, 179, 181, 182, 206, 390, 399

Azoic system, 36

Bacillariaceae, 150–156

Bacillus, 135, 136

B. amylobacter, 136

B. permicus, 135

B. Tieghemi, 135, 136

Bacteria, 75, 132, 138

Bactryllium, 154–156

B. deplanatum, 155

Bala series, 37

Balanoglossus, 145

Balfour, Bayley, 178

Balfour, J. H., 101

Bambusa arundinacea, 322

Barbados, 188

Barber, C. A., 193, 197, 198, 203, 204

Barrois, C., 146

Barton, R., 80

de Bary, A., 132

Basidiomycetes, 208, 211, 212

Bates, H. W., 64, 66

Bauhin, C., 225

Bear Island, 366

Bentham, G., 98, 99

Bergeria, 101

Bernician series, 43

Bertrand, C. E., 87, 154, 178, 181

Beyrich, E., 52

Bilin, 152

Bilobites, 148

Binney, E. W., 9, 10, 304, 311, 343, 351, 386, 401

Bituminous deposits, 178–183

Blackman, V. H., 119, 120

Blandowia, 231

Boghead, 178–183

Boring algae, 127, 128

Boring fungi, 127, 128

Bornemann, J. G., 129, 130, 148, 177

Bornet, E., 181

Bornet, E. and Flahault, 128, 129

Bornetella, 177

Bornia, 263

B. equisetiformis, 335

B. scrobiculata, 386

B. stellata, 338

Bostrychus, 210, 211

Bothrodendron, 133, 134

Botrydium, 157

Bowmanites, 401, 402

B. Dawsoni, 401

B. Germanicus, 408

Brazil, 79

Brodie, P. B., 240

Brongniart, A., 5, 6, 9, 11, 17, 18, 111, 112, 145, 177, 233, 269, 281, 288, 289, 291, 297, 299, 300, 301, 332, 336, 351, 390, 391

Bronn, H. G., 118

Brora, 269

Brown, A., 189, 190

Brukmannia, 350, 360, 361

Bryales, 236

Bryophyta, 229–241, 243

Bryozoa, 187

Buccinum, 159

Buckman, J., 240, 278

Bunbury, Sir C. J. F., 270, 271, 273, 284, 287, 288, 289

Bunter series, 47, 267, 292, 293

Burntisland, 88, 90, 397

Buthotrephis radiata, 338

Büzistock, 28

Calamarieae, 255, 295–388

Calamitea, 298, 300, 301, 303

C. bistriata, 301

Calamites, 18, 19, 77, 86, 94, 104, 114, 252, 254–257, 259, 260, 262, 264, 269, 285, 286, 289, 295–383, 386–388, 413

Calamites, sub-genera of, 381

C. alternans, 378

C. approximatus, 369, 370, 374, 378

C. arborescens, 363

C. Beani, 270, 273

C. cannaeformis, 374

C. communis, 326, 351

C. cruciatus, 376–378

C. decoratus, 374

C. equisetiformis, 335

C. giganteus, 271

C. gigas, 271

C. Göpperti, 368, 372–374

C. lateralis, 276

C. laticulatus, 386

C. obliquus, 386

C. pedunculatus, 358

C. ramosus, 363

C. Sachsei, 372

C. scrobiculatus, 386

C. Suckowi, 372, 374, 375

C. transitionis, 386

C. varians, 371

C. variolatus, 386

C. verticillatus, 372

Calamitina, 260, 266, 267, 329, 330, 362, 364, 365, 367–376, 381, 383, 388

C. pauciramis, 367

Calamocladus, 227, 289, 328, 329, 332, 333, 336, 337, 350, 361–364, 381, 409

C. equisetiformis, 333–335, 363

C. frondosus, 289

Calamodendron, 300–302, 328, 349, 364, 375, 378, 379, 380, 382

C. bistriatum, 300

C. commune, 311, 317

C. cruciatum, 378

C. intermedium, 328

C. striatum, 300

Calamophyllites, 371

C. Göpperti, 372

Calamopitys, 301, 302, 381

Calamostachys, 339, 342, 350, 351–357, 362, 371, 379, 381, 384, 387, 402

C. Binneyana, 351–355, 356, 357, 361

C. calathifera, 341, 363

C. Casheana, 355–357, 361

C. longifolia, 363

C. ramosa, 363

C. Solmsi, 363, 364

C. tenuissima, 261

C. tuberculata, 363

Calciferous sandstone, 43, 148, 397, 412

Callus wood, in Calamites, 319, 320

Calothrix, 126

Cambrian, 36, 37, 149, 177

de Candolle, A., 297

Carboniferous limestone, 40, 42, 43, 387

Carboniferous system, 39–45

Carinal canals, 249, 306, 307, 308

Carlsbad, 123, 126

Carpenter, W. B., 167

Carpolithus, 280

Carruthers, W., 9, 10, 87, 193, 197, 202, 212, 217, 240, 304, 351

Cash, W. and Hick, T., 206, 218, 219, 342

Castracane, F., 154

Casuarina stricta, 95, 96

Casuarinites, 332

C. equisetiformis, 335

C. stellata, 338

Caterpillars, Liassic, 240

Caulerpa, 157–159

C. abies-marina, 142

C. cactoides, 142, 158

C. Carruthersi, 159

C. ericifolia, 142

C. plumaris, 142

C. pusilla, 142

C. scalpelliformis, 142

C. taxifolia, 142

Caulerpaceae, 157–159

Caulerpites, 142, 158

C. cactoides, 158

Celastrum, 181

Celluloxylon primaevum, 198

Ceratium, 117

Chalk, 26, 50, 120

Challenger, H. M. S., 65, 66, 101, 117, 118, 119, 122, 151

Chara, 69, 223, 228

C. Bleicheri, 226

C. foetida, 224, 225

C. Jaccardi, 226

C. Knowltoni, 224, 226, 227

C. Wrighti, 226, 227

Characeæ, 222–228

Chareae, 223–228

Charophyta, 222–228

Cheirostrobus, 258, 413

C. Pettycurensis, 412

Chert, 227

Chlorophyceae, 127–130, 156–190

Chondrites, 142, 144

C. plumosa, 148

C. verisimilis, 146, 147

Chondrus, 231

C. crispus, 191

Chroococcaceae, 122, 123, 181

Church, A. H., 171

Chytridineae, 216

Cingularia, 290, 364

Cladochytrium, 216

Cladosporites bipartitus, 217, 220

Clayton, fossil tree, 71

Coal, 44, 45, 68, 76, 92, 133, 134, 178, 179

Coal-balls, 85, 86

Coalbrook Dale, 361

Coal-Measures, 40–45, 55, 84, 85, 217, 238, 256, 259, 261, 268, 282, 283, 296, 301, 302, 325, 329, 358, 375, 376, 378, 382, 397, 401, 406, 413

Coccoliths, 120

Coccospheres, 118–121

Codiaceae, 159–164

Codium, 159, 160

C. Bursa, 160

C. tomentosum, 160

Coelotrochium, 176

Coemans, E. and Kickx, J. J., 411

Coenocyte, 116, 117

Cohn, F., 123, 126

Cole, G., 83

Cone-in-cone structure, 83

Confervites, 177

C. chantransioides, 178

Confervoideae, 177–178

Conglomerate, 24

Coniferae, 232

Convallarites, 291

Conwentz, H., 80, 211, 212, 221

Cook, Capt., 122

Coprolites, 108, 135, 137, 182

Coral reefs, 26, 40, 48

Corallina officinalis, 183, 184

Corallinaceae, 183–190

Corallineae, 184

Corallines, 159, 169, 184

Coralliodendron, 163

Corals, fossil, 25

Corda, A. J., 5, 8

Cordaites, 75, 80, 99, 104, 366

Cormack, B. G., 251, 252

Coscinodiscus, 153

Costa, Mendes da, 3

Cotta, C. B., 9, 298

‘Crag’, 53, 62

Craigleith Quarry, Edinburgh, 81

Cramer, C., 171, 177

Credner, H., 149

Crépin, F., 109

Cretaceous system, 50, 51, 188

Cromer Forest bed, 53

Crossochorda, 148

Cruziana, 144, 145

Culm rocks, 42, 68, 383, 413

Cuticles, fossil, 68, 133

Cyanophyceae, 121, 122–132

Cyathophyllum bulbosum, 237

Cycadaceæ, 98

Cycadeoidea gigantea, 88, 214

Cycadorachis, 114, 115

Cycads, 49, 56, 99, 281

Cyclocladia, 371

C. major, 372

Cymopolia, 165, 169, 170, 172, 177

C. barbata, 162, 169, 171

C. elongata, 172

C. Mexicana, 169

Dactylopora, 175, 176

D. cylindracea, 176

Dactyloporella, 176

Darwin, C., 16, 17, 65, 70, 79, 100

Dasycladaceae, 164–176

Dasyporella, 176

Dawes, J. S., 297, 302

Dawson, Sir W., 147, 192, 193, 195, 338, 390, 413

Dawsonia, 237

D. polytrichoides, 237

D. superba, 237

Decorticated stems, 105

Deecke, W., 173

Defrance, J. L. M., 172

Dendrophycus triassicus, 146

Denudation, 23, 24, 35

Desmideae, 221

Devonian system, 39, 133, 173, 193, 195, 225, 256, 338, 383, 413

Diatomaceae, 150–156

Diatomite, 151

Diatoms, 117, 118, 123, 141, 185

Dichothrix, 123

Dicotyledons, 98, 99

Dictyogens, 99

Dinoflagellata, 118

Diplopora, 173–176

Dirt-beds, of Portland, 56, 57

Dismal swamp, 74

Dixon, H. N. and Joly, J., 120

Dorset, coast, 56, 226

Dover coal, 45

Drifting of trees &c., 64

Duncan, M., 127, 129

Duval-jouve, J., 247

Dyas system, 46, 209

Echinoid spines, 177

Ehrenberg, C. G., 117, 118, 151, 153

Elaters, 245

Ellis, J., 159, 169

Endophytic algae, 132

Eocene rocks, 29, 52, 164, 171

Eophyton, 144, 148

Eopteris Morierei, 106

Ephedra distachya, 95, 97

Equisetaceae, 19, 244–254, 255, 256

Equisetales, fossil, 254–388

Equisetales, recent, 244–254

Equisetites, 254, 257–273, 282, 291, 330, 413

E. arenaceus, 268, 269, 275, 280

E. Beani, 270–275

E. Brodii, 278

E. Burchardti, 279, 280

E. Burejensis, 280

E. columnaris, 72, 265, 269–271

E. Göpperti, 386

E. Hemingwayi, 259, 262–264

E. lateralis, 265, 275–279

E. Monyi, 266

E. Mougeoti, 267

E. Münsteri, 278, 279

E. Parlatori, 280

E. platyodon, 267

E. rotiferum, 279

E. spatulatus, 264, 265

E. Vaujolyi, 261

E. Yokoyamae, 280

E. zeaeformis, 265–266

Equisetum, 19, 245–254, 258, 262, 263, 267, 268, 281, 282, 285, 286, 287, 290, 292, 297, 298, 304, 307, 308, 309, 327, 337, 346, 360, 381, 384, 388, 390

E. arvense, 246, 247, 251, 279

E. debile, 95, 96, 97

E. giganteum, 245, 297

E. hiemale, 270

E. limosum, 263

E. litorale, 253

E. maximum, 245, 246, 247, 250–253

E. palustre, 247, 253

E. ramosissimum, 259, 265, 270

E. sylvaticum, 247, 279

E. Telmateia, 245

E. trachyodon, 270

E. variegatum, 95, 252

E. xylochaetum, 250

Eryngium Lassauxi, 99

E. montanum, 99

Etheridge, R., 200, 215, 290

Ettingshausen, C. von, 6, 7, 311, 332, 372

Eucalamites, 367, 376, 379

Eurypterus, 371

E. mammatus, 371

Feilden, Col. H. W., 211

Feistmantel, O., 284, 291, 293, 387

Felix, J., 399

Fischer, A., 217

Fish-scales, 127, 182

Fleurs d’eau, 132, 182

Fliche, P. and Bleicher, 232

Flint, 62

Florideae, 175, 183–190

Flowers, fossil, 70

Flysch, 147, 148, 192

Fontinalis, 240

Foraminifera, 26, 161, 163, 175, 185

Forbes, E., 16

Forbes, H. O., 63

Forest-bed, 53

Forests, fossil, 56

Fossil, meaning of term, 67

Fossil plants, determination of, 93–109

Fossil trees, 74, 79, 80

Fossils in half-relief, 77

Fracastaro, 2

Freeman, E. J., 23

Frullania, 236

Frustules of Diatoms, 150

Fuchs, T., 159, 164

Fucoides, 142, 191

F. erectus, 233

Fucoids, 87, 147, 148

Fucus, 191, 192, 202, 231

F. crispus, 191

Funafuti Island, 184

Fungi, 207–222, 305

Galium, 338, 389

G. sphenophylloides, 341

Gallionella, 153

Gardiner, Stanley, 184

Gardner, Starkie, 58, 240, 273

Geikie, Sir A., 39

Geinitz, H. B., 408

Geological evolution, 53

Geological history, 22–53

Germar, E. F., 297, 409

Geysers, 92, 126

Ginkgo, 58, 210, 390

G. biloba, 15

Girvanella, 124–126, 160

Globigerine ooze, 118

Glœocapsa, 122, 130

Glœotheca, 122

Gloioconis, 130

Glossopteris Browniana, 182

Glossopteris Flora, 291, 294

Gomphonema, 153

Gomphosphaeria, 181

Gondwana system, 46–47, 84, 288, 292, 411

Gondwana Land, 294

Goniada maculata, 143, 144

Goniolina, 176, 177

Göppert, H. R., 1, 9, 146, 283, 284, 300, 301, 304, 386, 387

Göppert and Berendt, 235

Göppert and Menge, 206

Gottsche, 236

Gottschea, 237

Gramineae, 273

Grand’Croix, 80, 137

Grand’Eury, C., 101, 261, 262, 289, 316, 332, 336, 343, 371, 375, 381

Gray, Asa, 16

Greensand rocks, 50, 145

Grevillea, 99

Gryllotalpa vulgaris, 146

Guillemard, F. H. H., 90

Gümbel, C. W., 171, 176, 188

Gymnostomum, 241

Gyroporella, 174, 175, 176

G. bellerophontis, 175

Hakea, 99

Half-relief fossils, 77

Halimeda, 164, 185, 202

H. gracilis, 164

H. Saportae, 164

Haplographites cateniger, 217, 220

Haploporella fasciculata, 177

Hartig, R., 212

Harvey, W. H., 164

Hauck, F., 187, 188

Heer, O., 6, 40, 51, 68, 132, 155, 276, 280, 286, 290, 366

Heim, A., 28

Helophyton, 342

Henson, 118

Hepaticae, 230–236

Herzer, H., 211

Heterospory, 355, 356, 357, 406

Hick, T., 304, 306, 330

Hicks, H., 199, 200, 203

Hippurites, 332, 371

H. gigantea, 267

H. longifolia, 335

Holmes, W. H., 79

Homotaxis, 31

Hooker, Sir J., 10, 16, 63, 90, 139, 151, 203, 204

Hookeria pennata, 231

Hostinella, 200

Hughes, T. McKenny, 31

Humboldt, A. von, 14

Hutton, W., 87

Huttonia, 360, 363

Huxley, T. H., 31

Hydatica, 344

Hydrozoa, 187, 190

Hyella, 127

Hyphochytrium infestans, 217

Ice-Age, 17, 53

Igneous rocks, 26, 27, 35

Incrustation, 79

Incrusting springs, 68

India, 84, 287–289, 292–294, 411

Infranodal canals, 285, 324, 327, 375

Inversion of strata, 29, 30

Italy, 286, 287, 291

James, J. F., 210

Jungermannia, 230, 236

Jurassic system, 48–50, 55, 226, 257, 269, 282, 283, 290, 291

Kaulfussia æsculifolia, 97, 98

Keeling Island, 65

Keeping, W., 147

Kellaways rock, 49

Kent, S., 184

Kerguelen Land, 16

Kerosene shale, 179–182

Keuper series, 47, 48, 130

Kickx, J. J., 411

Kidston, R., 44, 82, 148, 263, 264, 334, 374, 375, 385, 386, 406, 408, 409

Kieselguhr, 150

Kiltorkan beds, 39

Kimeridge clay, 49, 78, 158, 159

Kjellman, F. R., 187

Koechlin-Schlumberger, J., 269

Kolguev Island, 211

Kölliker, A., 127

König, C., 269

Knorria, 101, 102, 366

Knowlton, F. H., 8, 225

Krakatoa, 58, 131

Kuntze, O., 92

Laggan Bay, Arran, 88

Lake, P., 200

Lamarck, de, 161, 175

Laminaria, 140, 141, 194, 202

Lamouroux, J., 161

Lapworth, C., 37, 147

Laurentian rocks, 36

Lavas, Tertiary, 58

Leasowe, 58, 59

Leckenby, J., 233, 234

Lehmann, 336

Leithakalk, 169, 187

Leocarpus, 206

Lepidodendron, 10, 57, 72, 75, 81, 82, 89, 101, 107, 216, 217, 218, 237

L. Veltheimianum, 101

Lepidostrobus, 3

Leptothrix, 126

Lesquereux, L., 6, 210, 240

Lessonia, 140, 141, 191, 193, 202

Lettenkohle, 48, 268

Lhwyd, E., 4, 112, 341

Lias, 48, 49, 61, 120, 154, 229, 240, 278

Limestone, 25

Limulus, 145

Lindley, T., 99, 105

Lindley, T. and Hutton, W., 10, 267, 276, 298, 330, 332, 343, 366, 369, 371, 375

Linnaeus, 113, 225

Lithophyllum, 183–187

Lithothamnion, 183–189

L. crassum, 185

L. fasciculatum, 185

L. mamillosum, 155, 188

L. suganum, 186, 188

Lithoxylon, 112, 386

Llandeilo flags, 37

London clay, 153

Lough Neagh, 80

Ludlow rocks, 38, 203

Ludwig, R., 212, 241

Lulworth Cove, 56

Lunularia, 231

Lycopodiaceae, 390, 412, 413

Lycopodites, 232, 237

L. Meeki, 240

Lycopodium phlegmaria, 237

Lyell, Sir C., 52, 60, 64, 65, 74, 227, 324

Lyginodendron, 19, 20, 88, 103, 221

Lyme Regis, 61

McClelland, 412

McCoy, F., 284, 288

McMurtrie, J., 335

Macrocystis, 191, 194

Macrostachya, 350, 360, 362, 363, 364, 371, 381

Magnesian limestone, 46

Mahr, 410

Mantell, G., 62, 145

Marattiaceae, 98

Marchantia, 230–235

M. oolithus, 232

Marchantiales, 233–236

Marchantites, 233–236

M. erectus, 233

M. Sezannensis, 235

M. Zeilleri, 234

Marcou, J., 46

Marsh, O. C., 79

Marsilia, 342, 390

Martin, W., 297

Massalongo, E. G., 6

Medusa, 144

Meek, F. B., 235

Melobesia, 184

Melobesieae, 184

Memecylon, 214

Meschinelli, 210

Mesomycetes, 208, 211

Metamorphism, 30

Michelin, H., 163, 167

Micrococci, 138

Micrococcus, 135, 136

M. Guignardi, 136

M. Zeilleri, 134

Migula, W., 222

Millstone grit, 40, 42, 43, 376

Miocene rocks, 52, 187, 241

Mississippi, rafts, 64, 65

Mniaceae, 239

Möbius, K. A., 166, 167

Monocotyledons, 99, 240, 273, 291, 366

Mougeot, A., 300

Mountain limestone, 40, 43

Mucor, 213, 221

M. combrensis, 213

Mull, leaf-beds in, 58

Munier-Chalmas, E., 161, 163, 167, 168, 171, 172, 176

Murchison, Sir R., 37, 38, 42

Murray, G., 119–121, 125, 158, 159, 170, 204, 240

Murray, J., 118, 120

Murray, Dr, 87

Muschelkalk series, 47

Musci, 236–241

Muscites, 238, 239, 241

M. ferrugineus, 241

M. polytrichaceus, 239

Mycelium, 207

Mycomycetes, 208, 211

Myeloxylon, 19, 86

Myriophylloides Williamsonis, 342

Myriophyllum, 344

Myxomycetes, 205, 206, 220

M. Mangini, 205, 206

Najadita, 240

Nansen, 151

Nathorst, A. G., 60, 77, 78, 144, 145, 148, 232, 366

Navicula, 153

Nematophycus, 192–204

N. crassus, 198, 201, 202

N. Dechianus, 201

N. Hicksi, 199, 201

N. laxus, 201

N. Logani, 194–197, 199, 201, 202

N. Ortoni, 200, 201

N. Storriei, 193, 198–201

N. tenuis, 201

Nesea, 161

Neumayr, M., 49

Neu Paka, 369

Neuropteris Scheuchzeri, 45

New South Wales, 179, 181, 182, 288

Newberry, J. S., 146

Nicholson, H. A., 338

Nicholson, H. A. and Etheridge, J., 123, 124, 190

Nicol, W., 8

Nipa fruticans, 63

Nitelleæ, 222, 223, 225

Nodules, calcareous, 85, 86, 108

Nomenclature, 110–115

Nostoc, 123, 132

Nostocaceae, 122, 123

Nuclei, fossil, 87, 88, 331

Nullipores, 171, 184, 185

Odontocaulis Keepingi, 147

Old Red Sandstone, 39, 204

Oldhamia, 146

O. antiqua, 145

O. radiata, 145, 146

Olenellus, 37

Oligocene, 52, 188, 209, 211, 234

Olpidium, 216

Oncylogonatum carbonarium, 269

Onychiopsis Mantelli, 112

Onychium, 112

Oochytrium Lepidodendri, 216, 217

Oolite, 49, 72, 269, 271, 276, 286

Oolitic structure, 123–126

Ophioglossum, 390

d’Orbigny, A. D., 175

Ordovician, 37, 38, 189, 338

Oscillariaceae, 122

Osmunda, 87

Osmundites Dowkeri, 212

Ostracoblabe, 129

O. implexa, 129

Ovulites, 161–164, 173

O. elongata, 163

O. margaritula, 162, 163, 174

Oxford clay, 49

Pachytheca, 202–204

Palaeachyla, 127, 129

Palaeomyces, 221

P. gracilis, 218

Palaeoperone endophytica, 215

Palaeostachya, 350, 357–360, 362, 364, 371, 381

P. arborescens, 363, 364

P. pedunculata, 357, 358, 362, 363

P. vera, 358, 359, 362

Paleohepatica Rostafinski, 234

Pandanus, 99

Paracalamostachys, 361

Paris basin, 161, 167, 171, 176

Parkinson, J., 1, 78

Parsons, J., 4

Peat, 26, 75, 228, 236

Pellia, 230, 231

Penarth, 48

Penhallow, D. P., 193, 194, 197, 201, 202, 210

Penicillus, 159, 161, 163, 164, 202

P. pyramidalis, 162

Peridiniaceae, 117

Peridiniales, 117, 118

Peridinium, 117, 118

P. divergens, 118

P. pyrophorum, 118

Permian system, 45, 47, 130, 182, 209, 256, 282, 283, 298, 300, 391, 408, 413

Permo-Carboniferous, 46, 213, 222, 256, 284, 289, 292, 293

Peronosporites, 218

P. antiquarius, 214, 217, 219

Petrifaction, 79–90, 92

Petrified wood, 79–90

Petrifying springs, 68

Pettycur, 88, 390, 397

Petzholdt, A., 298, 299

Phaeophyceae, 150, 191–202

Philippi, R. A., 185

Phillips, J., 275, 276

Phloeoterma, 254

Phycodes, 149

Phycomycetes, 218

Phycopsis, 192

Phyllotheca, 254–256, 276, 277, 281–289, 292, 293, 337

P. australis, 284, 287–289

P. Brongniarti, 286, 287

P. carnosa, 291

P. deliquescens, 283

P. indica, 284, 287–289

P. Rallii, 283

P. sibirica, 290

Phymatoderma, 120, 146, 154

Phytolithus, 297, 335, 373

P. sulcatus, 374

Pila, 180–182

P. bibractensis, 181

P. scotica, 181

Pinnularia, 344, 381

Pith-casts, of Calamites, 365–380

Plagiochila, 232

Plankton, 117, 118, 152

Plauenscher Grund, 298

Pleurococcaceae, 181

Pliocene rocks, 52, 53

Plot, R., 4

Poacites, 366

Podocarpus cupressina, 231, 232

Podostemaceae, 231

Pollen-grains, 182

Polydonia frondosa, 144

Polygonaceæ, 96

Polygonum equisetiforme, 96, 97

Polyporus, 208, 211, 212

P. vaporarius, 217, 221

Polytrichum, 236, 239

Polytrypa, 172

Polyzoa, 142, 231

Portland, Dirt-beds, 49, 56, 57

Pothocites, 385

P. Grantoni, 386

Potonié, R., 209, 259, 286, 337, 403

Precambrian rocks, 36

Presl, R., 5

Priority, rule of, 113

Protannularia, 338

Proteaceæ, 98

Protonema, 230

Prototaxites, 192, 193

Psilotum, 412

Pteridophyta, 242–414

Pteropods, 156

Puccinia, 213

Purbeck, 49, 56, 57, 227

Pyrula, 158

Pyxidicula, 154

Quekett, J., 127

Rachiopteris, 86

Radiolaria, 42, 118

Radstock, 335, 375

Reboulia, 231

Reefs, 184, 185

Reid, Clement, 60

Reinsch, 106

Reinschia, 180–182

Renault, B., 108, 130, 134, 136, 138, 178, 206, 213, 216, 217, 218, 221, 222, 309, 320, 328, 339, 340, 342, 348, 349, 362–364, 369, 375, 384, 390, 392, 399, 406

Renault, B. and Bertrand, C. E., 135, 137, 178, 180, 181

Renault, B. and Zeiller, R., 240, 266, 371

Restio tetraphylla, 95

Reuss, A. E., 169

Rhabdoliths, 120

Rhabdospheres, 118, 121

Rhacophyllum, 142

Rhaetic series, 48, 155, 278, 279

Rhizodendron oppoliense, 84

Rhizogonium, 239

Rhodophyceae, 127, 183, 190

Richea dracophylla, 99

Richmond, Virginia, 152

Rill-marks, 144

Rivularia, 126

Rivulariaceae, 129

Rock-building, 23

Rodway, J., 64

Roots, Calamites, 342–349

Rosanoff, 187

Rose, C. B., 127, 128

Rosellinia congregata, 209

Rosellinites, 209

R. Beyschlagii, 209

Rosenvinge, L. K., 187

Ross, Sir J., 139

Rothliegendes strata, 46

Rothpletz, A., 120, 147, 148, 154, 160, 175, 177, 192, 387

Rotularia, 390

R. marsileaefolia, 407

Rotuma Island, 184

Royle, J. F., 411

Rubeola mineralis, 341

Rufford, P., 114, 280

Rules for nomenclature, 111–115

Russia, 282

Saccamina, 151

Saccardo, P. A., 210

St. Étienne, 137, 390, 399

Salt Lake, 122, 123

Salvinia, 355, 390

Sandberger, F., 173

Sanderson, 8

Sandstone, 24

Saporta, Marquis de, 6, 106, 114, 176, 234, 235

Saprolegnia, 215

Sardinia, 177

Sargassum, 191

Saxony, 79

Scale-insects, 210

Schenk, A., 9, 279

Scheuchzer, J. T., 4, 296, 338, 389

Schimper, W. P., 9, 269, 271, 276, 322, 351, 362, 386, 411

Schimper and Mougeot, 291, 293

Schizomycetes, 121, 132–138

Schizoneura, 254–256, 276, 284, 285, 291–294

S. gondwanensis, 292, 293

S. paradoxa, 292, 293

Schizophyceae, 121–132

Schizophyta, 121–138

Schizopteris dichotoma, 232

S. trichomanoides, 232

Schizothrix, 125

Schlotheim, E. F. von, 5, 297, 332, 389

Schlüter, C., 176

Schmalhausen, J., 282, 283, 286, 289, 290

Schoenlein, J. L. and Schenk, A., 269

Schröter, J., 206

Schulze, C. F., 296

Schulze, F., 87

Schütt, F., 118, 119, 121, 154

Schweinfurth, G., 92

Schwendener, S., 414

Sclerotia, 207

Sclerotites Salisburiae, 210

Scott, D. H., 301, 390, 405, 412, 413

Sea sawdust, 122

Secondary thickening, 300

Sections, geological, 27–29

Sedgwick, A., 36, 37, 42

Seeds, fossil, 91

Selaginella, 231, 232, 237, 355

S. Oregana, 231, 232, 240

S. rupestris, 232

Selaginellites, 232, 236

Sequoia, 16

Sézanne, 70, 235

Shales, 24

Sharpe, S., 69, 227

Shell-boring organisms, 183

Shells, 24

Sheppey fruits, 4

Shrubsole, W. H. and Kitton, F., 153

Siberia, 290

Sigillaria, 3, 6, 10, 75, 108

Silurian system, 38, 171, 173, 176, 204

Siphoneae, 125, 156, 157–177, 193

Siphonema, 160

Skiddaw slate, 338

Skye, Island of, 151

Smilax, 99

Smith, William, 43, 48

Smith, Worthington, 217, 218

Solenhofen plants, 78

Solenopora, 189, 190

S. compacta, 189

Sollas, W. J., 146

Solms-Laubach, Graf zu, 77, 92, 149, 166–168, 175, 177, 187, 193, 194, 200, 204, 277, 282, 286, 360, 362, 399, 405

Solomon Islands, 65

Sorby, H. C., 120

Spencer, J., 342

Sphaeriaceae, 209, 220

Sphaerites, 209

Sphaerocodium, 160

S. Bornemanni, 160, 186

Sphaerospermum, 87

Sphagnales, 236

Sphagnum, 236, 241

Sphenophyllales, 389–414

Sphenophyllites, 390

S. emarginatus, 407

Sphenophyllostachys, 400, 402

S. Dawsoni, 402, 403, 405

S. Römeri, 405, 413

Sphenophyllum, 100, 350, 387–414

S. antiquum, 413

S. cuneifolium, 401, 402, 405, 408, 413

S. emarginatum, 391, 407, 408

S. furcatum, 386

S. insigne, 394, 396, 397, 400, 413

S. myriophyllum, 409

S. oblongifolium, 413

S. osnabrugense, 407

S. plurifoliatum, 394, 396–398, 400

S. speciosum, 411

S. tenerrimum, 409, 413

S. Thoni, 391, 410, 413

S. trichomatosum, 398, 408, 409

S. truncatum, 407

Sphenopteris, 77, 112

S. Mantelli, 112

Sphenothallus angustifolia, 148

Spiridens, 237

S. longifolius, 237

Spirophyton, 144

Sprengel, A., 7

Sprudelstein, 123

Stachannularia, 340, 361

Starch-grains, in fossil cells, 213

Stefani, K. de, 155, 156

Steinhauer, H., 5, 297, 373

Stenopora crinita, 215

Stenzel, G., 9, 298

Stephanopyxis, 154

Sternberg, Graf C. von, 5, 104, 257, 297, 332, 336, 363, 371, 389

Sternbergia, 104

Sterzel, J. T., 341, 378, 408

Stigmaria and Stigmarian appendages, 3, 10, 57, 71, 72, 73, 106, 111, 123, 218, 305, 311, 348, 404

Stigmatocanna Volkmanniana, 386

Stokes, C., 80

Stolley, E., 172

Stoneworts, 222–228

Storrie, J., 198, 203, 204

Strata, table of, 31, 32, 33

Stratigraphical Geology, 26

Strickland, H. E., 111, 203

Stromatopora compacta, 189

Stur, D., 310, 343, 369, 370, 375, 376, 378, 384, 385, 386, 387, 409

Stylocalamites, 367, 374–376

Submerged forests, 59, 60

Suckow, G. A., 296, 297, 302

Surface-soils, 55–60

Swanage, 227

Sycidium, 173

S. melo, 155, 173

Synedra, 153

Tchikatcheff, P. de, 283

Teleutospora Milloti, 213

Tenison-Woods, J. E., 279, 291

Teredo, 61, 62

Tertiary Period, 51–53

Thallophyta, 116–228

Thiselton-Dyer, W. T., 87

Thomas, K., 71

van Tieghem, 136

Tmesipteris, 390

Torbanehill, 179, 182

Torbanite, 178, 179

Toula paper-coal, 68, 133

Trametes radiciperda, 215

Transition series, 40, 44, 413

Travertine, 69, 70, 234, 235

Treub, M., 131

Triassic system, 47, 48, 77, 78, 80, 146, 155, 160, 171, 174, 175, 256, 267, 268, 292–294

Trichomanes Goebelianum, 242

Trigonocarpon, 91

Triploporella, 177

Tristichia hypnoides, 231, 232

Trizygia, 411, 412

T. speciosa, 411

Tuedian series, 43

Tulip tree, 16

Turner, D., 191

Tylodendron, 104

Udotea, 171, 185, 202

Unconformity, 27

Underclay, 43

Unger, F., 187, 298, 299, 301

Uteria, 177

Vaillant, S., 225

Vascular Cryptogams, 242–414

Vaucheria, 157, 178

Venation, 99

Vermiporella, 172, 176

Vexillum, 149

Vinci, Leonardo da, 2

Vogelsang, H., 137

Volcanic rocks, 34, 51, 88, 89, 90

Volkmann, G. A., 296

Volkmannia, 350, 360, 361, 362

V. Binneyi, 351

V. Dawsoni, 401

V. Ludwigi, 351

Wallace, A. R., 245

Ward, L., 1

Wealden, 50, 55, 112, 114, 234, 257, 279, 280

Weed, W. H., 126

Weiss, C. E., 290, 343, 344, 351, 357, 358, 360–364, 367, 369, 370, 371, 375, 377, 388, 401, 408

Wenlock series, 38, 124, 200, 203

Wethered, E., 124

Willdenow, K. L., 231

Wille, N., 170

Williamson, W. C., 9, 10, 71, 94, 100, 103, 132, 154, 218, 220, 231, 273, 276, 301, 304, 315, 322, 324–326, 342, 346, 355, 358, 390, 392, 397, 401, 403

Williamson, W. C. and Scott, D. H., 88, 307, 312, 319, 320, 342, 346, 349, 355, 358, 390, 392, 396, 397, 405, 406

Witham, H., 7, 8

Withamia, 115

Wood-boring insects, 107

Woodward, J., 3, 10, 34, 71, 296

Woronina, 216

Wünsch, 89

Yellowstone Park, 79, 92, 126, 150

Yoredale rocks, 40, 43

Yorkshire coast, 55

Young, G. and Bird, J., 269

Zechstein series, 46

Zeiller, R., 76, 100, 133, 146, 232, 261, 264, 265, 282, 283, 289, 367, 375, 378, 390, 401, 403, 405, 406, 408, 409, 410, 411

Zigno, A. de, 6, 271, 276, 287

Zonatrichia calcivora, 130

Zonatrichites, 129, 130

Zygosporites, 214, 220, 221

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. AND C. F. CLAY, AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.

FOOTNOTES:

Ward (84).

Göppert (36).

Parkinson (11), vol. I.

For an account of the early views on fossils, v. Lyell (67), Vol. I. Vide also Leonardo da Vinci (83).

Woodward, J. (1695), Preface.

Woodward, J. (1728), p. 59.

Mendes da Costa (1758), p. 232.

Scheuchzer (1723), p. 7, Pl. I. fig. 1.

Parsons (1757), p. 402.

Plot (1705), p. 125, Pl. VI. fig. 2.

Ibid. Pl. VI. fig. 2.

Lhwyd (1760).

Artis (25).

Steinhauer (18).

Schlotheim (04).

Sternberg (20).

Brongniart (28) (28²) (49).

Brongniart (39).

Heer (55) (68) (76).

Lesquereux (66) (70) (80) etc.

Zigno (56).

Massalongo (51).

Saporta (72) (73).

Ettingshausen (79). Also numerous papers on fossil plants from Austria and other countries.

Sprengel (28).

Witham (33).

ibid., p. 3.

Witham (33), p. 5.

Nicol (34). See note by Prof. Jameson on p. 157 of the paper quoted, to the effect that he has long known of this method of preparing sections.

Limpricht (90) in Rabenhorst, vol. IV. p. 73.

Knowlton (89).

Corda (45).

Binney (68), Introductory remarks.

Williamson (71), etc.

Solms-Laubach (95), p. 442.

Lindley and Hutton (31).

Woodward (1729), Pt. ii. p. 106.

Humboldt (48), vol. I. p. 274.

Vide Hooker, J. D. (81), for references to other writers on this subject; also Darwin (82), ch. XII.

Darwin (87), vol. III. p. 247.

Brongniart (49), p. 94.

Grand’Eury (77), Potonié (96), Kidston (94), &c.

Ward (92), Knowlton (94), Grand’Eury (90), p. 155.

Old Persian writer, quoted by E. G. Browne in A Year among the Persians, p. 220, London, 1893.

W. R. W. Stephens, Life of Freeman, p. 132, London, 1895.

Rothpletz (94).

Heim (78).

Geikie (93), p. 706.

Hughes (79), p. 248.

Whitney and Wadsworth (84).

Murchison (72), p. 5.

Kayser and Lake (95), p. 88.

Kidston (94).

Geikie (93), p. 825.

Woodward, H. B. (87), p. 197.

Hinde and Fox (95), p. 662.

Kidston (94).

Vide Zeiller (92) for a list of species of Coal-Measure plants found in the pieces of shale included in the core brought up by the borer.

Jukes-Browne (86), p. 252.

Kayser and Lake (95), p. 196.

Neumayr (83).

Woodward, H. B. (87), p. 255.

Kayser and Lake (95), p. 326.

Huxley (93), p. 27.

Discussed at greater length in vol. II.

Woodward, H. B. (95), Figs. 124 and 133 from photographs by Mr Strahan.

Buckland (37) Pl. LVII.

Young, Glen, and Kidston (88).

Gardner (87), p. 279.

Treub (88).

Morton (91), p. 228.

Lyell (45), vol. I. p. 180.

Mantell (44), vol. I. p. 168.

Forbes, H. O. (85), p. 254.

Hooker, J. D. (91), p. 477.

Hooker, J. D. (91), p. 1. There are several good specimens of the black pyritised nipadite fruits in the British Museum and other collections.

Rodway (95), p. 106.

Bates (63), p. 139.

Bates (63), p. 239.

Lyell (67) vol. II. p. 361.

Lyell (67) vol. I. p. 445.

Darwin (90) p. 443.

Challenger (85), Narrative, vol. I. Pt. ii. p. 679.

Bates (63) p. 389.

Challenger (85), Narrative, vol. I. p. 459.

Zeiller (82) and Renault (95).

Heer (76).

Schimper and Mougeot (44).

Sharpe, S. (68) p. 563.

There are still more perfect casts from Sézanne in Prof. Munier-Chalmas’ Geological collection in the Sorbonne. The best examples have not yet been figured.

Saporta (68).

Darwin (90) p. 432.

For figures of fossil plants in amber, vide Göppert and Berendt (45), Conwentz (90), Conwentz (96) &c.

Thomas (48).

Adamson (88).

Williamson (87) Pl. XV. p. 45. A very fine specimen, similar to that in the Manchester Museum, has recently been added to the School of Mines Museum in Berlin; Potonié (90).

The British Museum collection contains a specimen of Stigmaria preserved in the same manner as the example shown in fig. 12.

Lyell (45) vol. I. p. 60.

Lyell (45) vol. I. p. 147.

Warming (96) p. 170.

Bornemann (56), Schenk (67), Zeiller (82).

Solms-Laubach (95²).

Nathorst (86) p. 9. See also Delgado (86).

Parkinson (11) vol. I. p. 431.

The British Museum collection contains many good examples of the Solenhofen plants.

There is a splendid silicified tree stem from Tasmania of Tertiary age several feet in height in the National Museum.

Darwin (90) p. 317.

Holmes (80) p. 126, fig. 1.

Marsh (71).

Conwentz (78).

A large piece from one of these South African trees is in the Fossil-plant Gallery of the British Museum.

Barton (1751) p. 58.

Gardner (84) p. 314.

Stokes (40) p. 207.

Witham (81), Christison (76).

Cole (94), figs. 1 and 3.

Harker (95) p. 233, fig. 56.

I am indebted to Dr Renault of Paris for showing to me several preparations illustrating this method of petrifaction.

Cash and Hick (78).

Stur (85).

Thiselton-Dyer (72) Pl. VI.

Carruthers (70).

Schultze (55).

I am indebted to Prof. Lebour of the Durham College of Science for the loan of this letter.

Seward (97).

Williamson and Scott (96) Pl. XXIV. fig. 16.

Bryce (72) p. 126, fig. 23.

An erroneous interpretation of the Arran stems is given in Lyell’s Elements of Geology: Lyell (78) p. 547.

Guillemard (86) p. 322.

Heer (55).

Göppert (36), etc.

Hirschwald (73).

Kuntze (80) p. 8.

Schweinfurth (82).

Solms-Laubach (91), p. 29.

Göppert (57). Some of the large silicified trees mentioned by Göppert may be seen in the Breslau Botanic gardens.

An example referred to by Carruthers (71) p. 444.

Williamson (71) p. 507.

Dealt with more fully in vol. II.

Bentham (70).

See also Bunbury (83) p. 309.

Seward (96) p. 208.

Darwin (90) p. 416.

Solms-Laubach (91) p. 9.

Balfour (72) p. 5.

Grand’Eury (77) Pt. i., p. 3.

1 Renault and Zeiller (88) Pl. LX. fig. 1.

Williamson (73) p. 393, Pl. XXVII. Described in detail in vol. II. See also Solms-Laubach (91) p. 7, fig. 1.

A good example is figured by Newberry (88) Pl. XXV. as a decorticated coniferous stem of Triassic age.

Potonié (87).

Lindley and Hutton (31) vol. III. p. 4. See also Schenk (88) p. 202.

Saporta (79) (77). Eopteris is included among the ferns in Schimper and Schenk’s volume of Zittel’s Handbuch der Palaeontologie (p. 115), and in some other modern works.

Reinsch (81).

Williamson has drawn attention to the occurrence of such borings and coprolites in Coal-Measure plant tissues. E.g. Williamson (80) Pl. 20, figs. 65 and 66.

Renault (96) p. 437.

Slide No. 1923 in the Williamson collection.

Crépin (81).

Rules for Zoological Nomenclature, drawn up by the late H. E. Strickland, M.A., F.R.S., London, 1878.

Lhwyd (1699).

Knowlton (96) p. 82.

Thiselton-Dyer (95) p. 846.

Saporta (75) p. 193.

Seward (95) p. 173.

Ward (96) p. 874.

Challenger (85) p. 934.

Ehrenberg (36) p. 117, Pl. I. figs. 1 and 4, and Ehrenberg (54) Pl. XXXVII. fig. vii.

Schütt (96) p. 22.

Bütschli (83–87) p. 1028.

Challenger Reports (85) p. 939.

Challenger Reports (91) p. 257.

Hensen (92), Schütt (93) p. 44.

Murray, G., and Blackman, V. H. (97).

Dixon and Joly (97).

Sorby (79) p. 78.

Rothpletz (96), p. 909, Pl. XXIII. fig. 4.

Challenger (85) passim. Schütt (93).

Phillips W. (93).

Kippis (78) p. 115.

Darwin (90) p. 13.

Rothpletz (92).

Walther (88).

Cohn (62).

Murray, G. (95²).

Thiselton-Dyer (91) p. 226.

Nicholson and Etheridge (80) p. 28, Pl. IX. fig. 24.

Wethered (93) p. 237.

For figures of the sheaths of Cyanophyceous algae, see Murray (95²), Pl. XIX. fig. 5. Gomont (88) and (92); etc.

Brown (94) p. 203.

For references to the papers of Wethered and others, see Seward (94), p. 24.

E. G. Bornemann (87), Pl. II.

Moseley, H. N. (75), p. 321.

Weed (87–88), vide also Tilden (97).

Bornet and Flahault (89²) Pl. XI.

Batters (92).

Quekett (54), fig. 78.

Kölliker (59) and (59²); good figures in the latter paper.

Rose (55), Pl. I.

For other references vide Bornet and Flahault (89²).

Duncan (76) and (76²).

Similar borings are figured by Kölliker (59²), Pl. XVI. 14, in a scale of Beryx ornatus from the Chalk.

Bornet and Flahault (89²).

E. G. Wedl (59). Good figures are given in this paper.

Bornemann (86), p. 126, Pls. V. and VI.

Renault (96¹) p. 446.

Treub (88).

Williamson (88).

Heer (55) vol. I. p. 21, Pl. IV. fig. 2.

de Bary (87) p. 9. A good account of the Schizomycetes has lately been written by Migula in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien, Leipzig, 1896.

1 µ = 0·001 millimetres.

James (98²), translation of a paper by M. Ferry in the Revue Mycologique, 1893.

Zeiller (82).

Renault (95¹), (96¹) p. 478, (96²) p. 106. (Several figures of the cuticles are given in these publications.)

Renault (96¹) p. 492.

Renault (95²), (96¹), (96²).

Renault and Bertrand (94). See also Renault (95²) p. 3, (96¹) p. 449, Pl. LXXXIX. (96²) p. 94, and (96³) p. 280, fig. 3.

Renault (95²) p. 17, fig. 9, (96¹) p. 460, fig. 102, and (96³) p. 292, fig. 10.

Renault (96³) p. 297, fig. 14.

Van Tieghem (77).

Van Tieghem (79).

Vogelsang (74). Vide also Rutley (92).

I am indebted to Prof. Kanthack for calling my attention to an interesting account of Bacilli in small stones found in gall-bladders; a manner of occurrence comparable to that of the fossil forms in petrified tissues. Vide Naunyn (96) p. 51.

Renault (96³) p. 277.

Hooker, J. D. (44) p. 457. Pls. CLXVII. CLXVIII. and CLXXI. D.

An American writer has recently discussed the literature and history of Fucoides; he gives a list of 85 species. It is very doubtful if such work as this is worth the labour. (James .)

Wille (97) p. 136, also Murray, G. (95) p. 121.

Linnarsson (69) Pl. XI. fig. 3. There are many good specimens of this fossil in the Geological Survey Museum, Stockholm.

Nathorst (81²), and (96).

Nathorst (81) p. 14.

Mantell (33) p. 166. Vide also Morris (54) p. 6.

Bateson (88).

Nathorst (81), (86) &c. Dawson (88) p. 26 et seq. Dawson (90) Delgado (86) Williamson (85) Hughes (84) Zeiller (84) Saporta (81) (82) (84) (86) Fuchs (95) Rothpletz (96).

Kinahan (58).

Sollas (86).

Barrois (88). References to other records of this genus may be found in Barrois’ paper.

Zeiller (84). Phymatoderma is probably a horny sponge (vide p. 154).

Newberry (88) p. 82, Pl. XXI. There are some large specimens of this supposed alga in the National Museum, Washington; they are undoubtedly of the nature of rill-marks.

Vide Williamson (85).

Dawson (90) p. 615.

Salter (78) p. 99.

Lapworth (81) p. 176, Pl. VII. fig. 7.

Rothpletz (96).

A term applied to a certain facies of Eocene and Oligocene rocks in Central Europe.

Hall (47) Pl. LXVIII. 1 and 2, p. 261.

Nathorst (83) p. 453.

Seward (94²) p. 4.

Kidston (83) Pl. XXXII. fig. 2. Specimens of this form may be seen in the British Museum collection.

Cf. Matthew, G. F. (89). Hall called attention in 1852 to the prevalent habit of describing ‘algae’ from the older strata, without any evidence for a vegetable origin. (Hall p. 18.)

Credner (87) p. 431.

Saporta (84) p. 45, Pl. VII.

Solms-Laubach (91) p. 51.

A monograph on the Diatomaceae has recently been written by Schütt for Engler and Prantl’s systematic work. See also Murray, G. (97) and Pfitzer (71).

Darwin (90) p. 5.

Weed (87).

Wilson (87).

Ehrenberg (54).

Noll (95) p. 248.

Hooker, J. D. (44) vol. I. p. 503.

Murray, J. and Renard (91) p. 208.

Nansen, Daily Chronicle, Nov. 2, 1896.

Schütt (93) p. 10.

Ehrenberg (36) p. 77.

Cayeux (92), (97).

Shrubsole and Kitton (81).

I am indebted to Mr Murton Holmes for specimens of these London Clay Diatoms.

Rothpletz (96) p. 910, fig. 3, Pl. XXIII. fig. 203.

Schütt (96) p. 62.

Castracane (76).

Heer (76) p. 66, Pl. XXIII. and (53) p. 117, Pl. VI.

Stefani (82) p. 103.

The Chlorophyceae have recently been exhaustively dealt with by Wille (97) in Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien.

Vide p. 142.

Murray G. (95) p. 123.

Göppert (60) p. 439. Pl. XXXIV. fig. 8.

Zeiller (84).

Murray G. (92) p. 11; also (95) p. 127.

Damon (88) Pl. XIX. fig. 12.

Vide also Rothpletz (96) p. 894.

Ellis (1755) Pl. XXXIII. α p. 86.

Fuchs (96) Pl. VIII. fig. 3.

Murray G. (95) Pl. III. figs. 1 and 2.

Rothpletz (90), and (91) Pls. XV. and XVI.

Bornemann (87) p. 17, Pl. II. pp. 1–4.

Lamouroux (21) Pl. XXV. fig. 5, p. 23.

Munier-Chalmas (79).

For references to genera of calcareous algae previously referred to Foraminifera, vide Sherborn (93).

Lamarck (16) p. 193.

Defrance (26) Pl. XLVIII. fig. 2, and Pl. L. fig. 6.

Carpenter (62) p. 179, Pl. XII. figs. 9 and 10.

Michelin (40–47) Pl. XLVI. fig. 24.

Munier-Chalmas (79).

Lamouroux (21) Pl. XXV. fig. 6, p. 23.

Harvey (58) Vol. I. Pl. XXII. fig. 3.

Fuchs (94).

Lamouroux gives a figure of Acetabularia, and includes this genus with several other algae in the animal kingdom (Lamouroux p. 19), Pl. LXIX.).

Solms-Laubach (95³).

D’Archiac (43) p. 386, Pl. XXV. fig. 8.

Solms-Laubach loc. cit. p. 33, Pl. III.

D’Archiac (43) p. 386, Pl. XXV. fig. 8.

Michelin (40) p. 176, Pl. XLVI. fig. 14.

Carpenter (62) p. 137, Pl. XI. figs. 27–82.

Solms-Laubach loc. cit. p. 32.

Ibid. p. 34, Pl. III. fig. 13.

Andrussow (87).

Solms-Laubach (95³) p. 11.

Carpenter (62) Pl. XI. fig. 32.

Reuss (61) p. 8, figs. 5–8.

Ellis (1755) Pl. XXV. C.

Solms-Laubach (91) p. 38 gives a detailed description with two figures of a recent species of Cymopolia.

Murray G. (95).

Wille (97).

Munier-Chalmas (77).

Cramer (87) (90).

Solms-Laubach (91) (93) (95³).

Church (95).

Gümbel (71).

Benecke (76).

Defrance (26) p. 453.

Munier-Chalmas (77) p. 815.

Munier-Chalmas ibid.

Defrance (26) Pl. XLVIII. fig. 1.

Stolley (93).

Deecke (83).

Benecke (76) Pl. XXIII.

Solms-Laubach (91) p. 42.

Rothpletz (94) p. 24.

Lamarck (16) p. 188.

Carpenter (62) Pl. X.

Gümbel (71). Vide also Solms-Laubach (91) p. 39.

Stolley (93).

Schlüter (79).

Saporta (91) Pl. XXXII. &c.

Solms-Laubach (93), Pl. IX. figs. 1, 8.

Cramer (90).

Rothpletz (92²) p. 235.

Steinmann (80).

Solms-Laubach (91), p. 40. fig. 3. Vide also Deecke (83) Pl. I. fig. 12.

Brongniart (28) p. 211.

Bornemann (91) p. 485. Pls. 42 and 43.

Seward (95²) p. 367.

Report of the Trial (62).

Bertrand and Renault (92) p. 29.

Bertrand (93), Bertrand and Renault (92) (94), Bertrand (96), Renault (96). Additional references may be found in these memoirs.

Batters (92). Vide also Schmitz (97) p. 315.

Hauck (85) in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, vol. II.

Kent (93) p. 140.

Agassiz (88) vol. I. p. 82.

Walther (85).

Ibid. (88) p. 478.

Philippi (37) p. 387.

Rosanoff(66) Pl. VI. fig. 10.

Rothpletz (91) Pl. XVII. fig. 4.

Früh (90) fig. 12.

Kjellman (83).

Holmes and Batters (90) p. 102.

Hauck (85). Rosanoff (66). Rosenvinge (93) p. 779. Kjellman (83) p. 88. Solms-Laubach (81).

Unger (58).

A microscopic section of the Vienna Leithakalk is figured in Nicholson and Lydekker’s Manual of Palæontology (89) vol. II. p. 1497.

Gümbel (71) Pl. II. fig. 7, p. 41.

Hauck (85) p. 272.

Rothpletz (91) Pl. XVII. fig. 4.

Vide Walther (88) p. 499; also Jukes-Browne and Harrison (91) passim. I am indebted to Mr G. F. Franks, who has studied the Barbadian reefs, for the opportunity of examining sections of West-Indian coral-rock.

Brown A. (94).

Brown A. (94) p. 147.

ibid. p. 200.

e.g. Saporta (82) p. 12.

Turner (11) vol. II. p. 51.

Rothpletz (96).

Penhallow (96) p. 45.

Dawson (59).

Vide ‘Academy’ 1870, p. 16.

Carruthers (72).

Penhallow (89).

Barber (92).

Solms-Laubach (95²).

Penhallow (96).

loc. cit. p. 83.

Dawson (59), also (71) p. 17.

Penhallow (89) and (96) p. 46.

Barber (92) p. 336.

Penhallow (89) and (93).

Dawson (81) p. 302.

Barber (92).

Hicks (81) p. 490.

Lake (95) p. 22.

Solms-Laubach (95²).

A similar method of fossilisation has been noted by Rothpletz in the case of the Lower Devonian alga Hostinella. [Rothpletz (96) p. 896.]

Penhallow (96) p. 47.

Carruthers (72) p. 162 regards this species as identical with N. Logani.

Seward (95³).

Strickland and Hooker (53).

Hicks (81) p. 484.

Dawson (82) p. 104.

Barber (89) and (90).

Murray G. (95³).

Hooker J. D. (89).

loc. cit.

Solms-Laubach (95²) p. 81.

Seward (94²) p. 4.

An excellent monograph on the Mycetozoa has lately been issued by the Trustees of the British Museum under the authorship of Mr A. Lister (94). Vide also Schröter (89) in Engler and Prantl’s Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien.

Renault (96) p. 422, figs. 75 and 76.

Schröter (89) p. 32, fig. 18 B.

Cash and Hick (78²) Pl. VI. fig. 3.

Göppert and Menge (83) Pl. XIII. fig. 106.

Harper (95).

e.g. Ludwig (57) Pl. XVI. fig. 1.

Potonié (93) p. 27, Pl. I. fig. 8.

References are given by Potonié to illustrations by Zeiller (92²) Pl. XV. fig. 6, Grand’ Eury (77) Pl. XXXIII. fig. 7, and others in which possible fungi are represented.

Engelhardt (87).

For figures of the Coccineae, see Comstock (88), Maskell (87), Judeich and Nitsche (95) &c.

Massalongo (59) Pl. I. fig. 1, p. 87.

Meschinelli (92).

James, J. F. (93²).

Lesquereux (87).

Herzer (93).

Conwentz (90) Pl. XII. fig. 5.

Feilden, H. W. (96); Seward (96²) p. 62, appendix to Feilden’s paper. I am indebted to Dr Bonney for an opportunity of examining the plant remains from the Feilden collection.

Hartig (78).

Conwentz (80) Pl. V. fig. 17.

Carruthers (70) Pl. XXV. fig. 3.

Renault (96) p. 427, fig. 80, d.

ibid. p. 427, fig. 80, a–c.

p. 127.

Etheridge (92) Pl. VII.

Hartig (78) and (94), Göppert and Menge (83).

Renault (96) p. 425, fig. 78.

Fischer in Rabenhorst, vol. i. (92) p. 144.

Carruthers (76) p. 22, fig. 1.

Smith, W. O. (77) p. 499.

Williamson (81) Pl. XLVIII. p. 301.

Renault (96) p. 439, figs. 88 and 89.

Cash and Hick (78²).

Cash and Hick, Pl. VI. fig. 3.

Felix (94) p. 276, Pl. XIX. fig. 1.

ibid. p. 274, Pl. XIX. figs. 5 and 6.

Williamson (78) and (80).

Conwentz (90) p. 119, Pl. XI. pp. 2, 3, Pl. XV. fig. 8.

Migula (90) in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen Flora, vol. V.

Vaillant (1719) p. 17.

Migula (90) p. 53.

Knowlton (89²).

Meek (73) p. 219.

Saporta (73) p. 214, Pl. IX. figs. 8–11.

Seward (94²) p. 13, fig. 1.

Woodward, H. B. (95) pp, 234, 261, etc.

Forbes, E. (56) p. 160, Pl. VII.

Vide p. 69, fig. 10.

Lyell (29).

Skertchly (77) p. 60.

Schiffner and Müller in Engler and Prantl (95), Campbell (95), Dixon and Jameson (96) are among the best of modern writers on the Bryophyta.

Hooker, J. D. (91) p. 513.

Schiffner (95) p. 140.

Hooker, W. J. (20) Pl. CLXIII.

Bennett and Brown (38), Pl. V.

Bennett and Brown (38) p. 35.

Nathorst (90) Pl. II. fig. 3.

Lindenberg (39) Pl. IX. fig. 1.

Zeiller (92²) Pl. I. figs. 7 and 8.

Fliche and Bleicher (81).

Brongniart (49) p. 12.

Seward (94²) p. 17.

Leckenby (64) Pl. XI. fig. 3.

Seward loc. cit. p. 18, Pl. I. fig. 3.

Raciborski (94) p. 10, Pl. VII. figs. 1–3.

Brongniart (49) p. 12.

Saporta (68) p. 308, Pl. I. figs. 1–8. Vide also Watelet (66) p. 40, Pl. XI. fig. 6.

Göppert and Berendt (45) Pl. VI. and (53).

Gottsche (86).

Schimper (65) Pl. III.

Greville (47) Pl. XII.

Brown, R. (11) Pl. XXIII.

Hooker, W. J. (20) Pl. CLXII.

Limpricht (90) p. 67.

Brongniart (28²) p. 93.

Renault and Zeiller (88) p. 84, Pl. XLI. figs. 2–4.

Solms-Laubach (91) p. 186.

Lesquereux (79) Pl. LXII. fig. 1.

Heer (65) p. 89.

Buckman (50) 1.

Gardner (86) p. 203.

Ludwig (59) p. 165, Pl. LXIII. fig. 9.

Schimper and Schenk (90) p. 75.

e.g. the Fern Trichomanes Goebelianum Gies. Giesenhagen (92) p. 157.

Scott (96) a text-book for elementary students; a full account is given of Equisetum and other genera of primary importance. Vines (95) Part iii. Campbell (95), Luerssen (89) in Rabenhorst’s Kryptogamen-Flora, vol. III., Van Tieghem (91), de Bary (84), Baker (87).

Wallace (86) p. 117.

Baker (87) p. 4. Hooker, W. J. (61) Pl. LXXIV. Vide also Milde (67) for figures of Equisetum.

Seeman (65).

Duval-Jouve (64) Pl. I. fig. 5.

Milde (67) Pl. XIX. fig. 8.

ibid. Pl. XXXI. fig. 3.

Cormack (93) p. 71.

Williamson and Scott (94) p. 877. These authors, in referring to Cormack’s description of the secondary nodal wood of E. maximum, express doubts as to the existence of such secondary growth in all species of the genus.

Pfitzer (67).

Strasburger (91) p. 443.

Strasburger (91) p. 435.

Bower (94) p. 495.

Sternberg (38) p. 43.

Scott (97). This genus will be described in Volume II.

Potonié (93) Pl. XXV. fig. 1a.

ibid. p. 179. Vide also Potonié (92).

Zeiller (92²) p. 56, Pl. XII. Other similar leaf-sheaths have been figured by Germar (44) Pl. X., Schimper (74) Pl. XVII. and others.

Grand’Eury (90) p. 223, Pl. XV. fig. 16.

Renault (93) Pl. XLII. figs. 6 and 7.

Kidston (92).

Zeiller (95).

Potonié (93) p. 179, Pl. XXV. figs. 2–4.

Renault and Zeiller (88) p. 396, Pl. LVII. fig. 7.

Lindley and Hutton (31) Pl. CXIV.

Schoenlein and Schenk (65) Pl. V. fig. 1.

Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 58, Pl. XXIX.

Jäger (27).

Schimper (74) Pls. IX–XI.

Schimper and Koechlin-Schlumberger (62).

Schoenlein and Schenk (65) Pls. I–IV.

Brongniart (28) p. 115, Pl. XIII.

Young and Bird (22) p. 185, Pl. III. fig. 3.

König, in Murchison (29) p. 293, Pl. XXXII.

Murchison (29) p. 368.

Bunbury (51) p. 189.

Schimper (69) p. 267.

Zigno (56) Pl. III. fig. 1, p. 45.

Gardner (86) Pl. IX. fig. 3.

Williamson (83) p. 4.

Williamson and Scott (94) p. 889, Pl. LXXIX. fig. 19.

Phillips J. (29) Pl. X. fig. 13.

Lindley and Hutton (31) Pl. CLXXXVI.

Bunbury (51) p. 189.

Zigno (56) Pl. III. fig. 3, p. 46.

Heer (77) p. 43, Pl. IV.

Schimper (69) p. 284. Vide also Nathorst (80) p. 54.

Andrae (53) Pl. VI. figs. 1–5.

Solms-Laubach (91) p. 180.

cf. p. 283.

There is a similar specimen in the Oxford Museum.

Since this was written I have found a specimen of Equisetites lateralis in the Woodwardian Museum, in which a diaphragm like that in fig. 64, C, occurs in the centre of a flattened leaf-sheath similar to that of fig. 64, B.

Buckman (50) p. 414.

Schenk (67).

Tenison-Woods (83), Pl. VI. figs. 5 and 6. Specimen no. V. 3358 in the British Museum.

Dunker (46) p. 2, Pl. V. fig. 7.

Seward (94²) p. 30.

Seward (94²) p. 33.

Heer (55) vol. III. p. 158, Pl. CXLV.

Heer (77) p. 99, Pl. XXII.

Vide Saporta (73) p. 227.

The distribution will be dealt with in Volume II.

Brongniart (28) p. 151.

Schmalhausen (79) p. 12, Pl. I. figs. 1–3.

Solms-Laubach (91) p. 181.

Zeiller (96).

Zeiller (96²).

ibid. (96).

Letter, July 30, 1897.

On this character of Annularian leaves, vide p. 337.

Göppert (45) p. 379, Pl. XXV. figs. 1, 2.

Schmalhausen (79) p. 12.

McCoy (47) Pl. XI. fig. 7.

Bunbury (61) Pl. XI. fig. 1.

Seward (97²) p. 324, Pl. XXIV. fig. 1.

Feistmantel (81) Pl. IX. A. fig. 7, &c.

ibid. (90) Pl. XIV. fig. 5.

Bunbury (61) Pl. XI. fig. 1.

Solms-Laubach (91) p. 181, fig. 17.

Heer (82) p. 9.

Potonié (96²) p. 115, fig. 3.

Zigno (56) Pl. VII. p. 59.

Bunbury (61).

Feistmantel (81), Pl. XII. A.

Brongniart (28) p. 152.

Bunbury (61).

Grand’Eury (90) p. 221.

Etheridge (95).

Weiss (76) p. 88.

Heer (77) p. 43, Pl. IV. (78) p. 4, Pl. I.

Tenison-Woods (83) Pl. IX. fig. 2.

Brongniart (28) p. 128.

Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 48, Pls. XXIV–XXVI.

Feistmantel (81) p. 59, Pls. I. A–X. A.

ante, p. 284.

Schimper and Mougeot (44) p. 50, Pls. XXIV–XXVI.

Seward (97²).

Scheuchzer (1723), p. 19, Pl. IV. fig. 1.

Volkmann (1720), p. 110, Pl. XIII. fig. 7.

Woodward, J. (1728), Pt. II. p. 10.

Schulze, C. F. (1755), Pl. II. fig. 1.

Suckow (1784), p. 363.

Steinhauer (18), Pls. V. and VI.

Martin (09), Pls. VIII. XXV. and XXVI.

Artie (25).

Brongniart (22), p. 218.

Brongniart (28), p. 34.

Lindley and Hutton (31).

Cotta (50). I am indebted to Prof. Stenzel of Breslau for calling my attention to the fact that Cotta’s work appeared in 1832, but in 1850 the same work was sold with a new title-page bearing this date.

Unger (40).

Petzholdt (41).

Unger (44).

Brongniart (49), p. 49.

E.g. Isoetes, Botrychium, &c.

Mougeot (52).

Göppert (64), p. 183.

ἄρθρον, joint; πίτυς, Pine-tree.

The original specimens described by Göppert are in the rich palaeobotanical Collection of the Breslau Museum.

Williamson (71³), p. 174.

vide Solms-Laubach (96).

Letter, November 1897.

Vide p. 310.

Hick (94), Pl. IX. fig. 1.

On this point vide Williamson and Scott (94), p. 869.

Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 876.

Renault (93), Pl. XLVII. fig. 4.

Stur (87).

The term primary ray may be conveniently restricted to the truly primary interfascicular tissue, and the term principal ray may be used for the outward extension of the primary rays by the cambium [Williamson and Scott (94), p. 878].

Binney (68).

Ettingshausen (55).

The sections of fossil plants described by Binney were presented to the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge, by his son (Mr J. Binney).

Vide footnote, p. 311.

Williamson (83²), Pl. XXXIII. fig. 19.

Williamson (78), p. 323, Pl. XX. figs. 14 and 15.

Williamson and Scott (94), p. 888.

Hartig (94), pp. 149, 297, etc.

Renault (96), p. 91.

Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 893. Vide specimens 133*–135* in the Williamson Collection.

E.g. specimen 132*** in the Williamson Collection.

Vide Williamson (71), Pl. XXVIII. fig. 38; (71²), Pl. IV. fig. 15; (78), Pl. XXI. figs. 26–28. Williamson and Scott (94), Pl. LXXII. figs. 5 and 6. Renault (93), Pl. XLV. figs. 4–6, etc. Felix (96), Pl. IV. figs. 2 and 3.

Strasburger (91), Pl. II. fig. 40.

Williamson (78).

Williamson (71), p. 507.

Williamson (71²), Pl. I. fig. 1; (78), Pl. XXI. fig. 31.

Lyell (55), p. 368.

Williamson (96), p. 194.

Vide specimens 15–17, etc. in the Williamson Collection.

The stem of fig. 83 is an example of Arthrodendron, but the appearance of the secondary xylem agrees with that in some forms of Arthropitys.

For figures of this type of stem vide Göppert (64); Cotta (50), Pl. XV. (specimens 13787 in the British Museum Collection); Mougeot (52), Pl. V.; Stur (87), pp. 27–31; Renault (93), Pls. XLIV. and XLV. etc.

Williamson (71), (71²), (87), fig. 5.

Williamson and Scott (94), p. 879

Vide Williamson (87²). In this paper Williamson compares the three subgenera of Calamite stems. Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. LXXV. Renault (93), Pls. LVIII. and LIX.

Renault (96), p. 125; (93), Pl. LIX. fig. 2.

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pls. CXIV., CXC. etc. Most of the specimens figured by these authors are in the Newcastle Natural History Museum. For notes on the type-specimens of Lindley and Hutton, vide Howse (88) and Kidston (90²).

Weiss (88), Stur (87), etc.

Vide, p. 367.

Ante, p. 260.

Hick (95).

Brongniart (22), p. 235.

Schlotheim (20).

Brongniart (28), p. 159.

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXC.

Ettingshausen (55).

Schimper (69), p. 323.

Grand’Eury (90).

Martin (09), Pl. XX. figs. 4 and 6.

Schlotheim (20), p. 397.

Sternberg (25), p. xxviii.

Brongniart (28), p. 154.

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXCI.

Ettingshausen (55), p. 28.

Schimper (69), Pls. XXII. and XXVI. fig. 1.

For other lists and synonyms, vide Zeiller (88), p. 368, and Kidston (86), p. 38 and (93), p. 316, also Potonié (93), p. 162.

Sternberg (20).

Brongniart (28), p. 155.

Lehmann (1756), p. 127. Vide also Volkmanns (1720), Pl. XV. p. 113.

Potonié (93), pp. 169 et seq., Pl. XXIV.

Dawson (71).

Nicholson (69) Pl. XVIII. B. Nicholson’s specimens are in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge.

Schlotheim (20), p. 397.

Sternberg (26), p. xxviii.

Brongniart (28), p. 156.

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXXIV.

Binney (68), Pl. VI. fig. 3.

Stur (87), Pl. XVI b, and Pls. IV b and XIII.

Scheuchzer (1723), p. 63, Pl. XIII. fig. 3.

Potonié (93), p. 166.

Vide pp. 351 et seq.

Renault (96), p. 66; (93), Pl. XXVIII.

One of the finest specimens of Annularia stellata is figured by Stur (87), Pl. XVI b; it is in the Leipzig Museum. VIDE also Schenk (83), Pl. XXXIX.; Germar (44), Pl. IX.; Renault and Zeiller (88), Pls. XLV. and XLVI. There are some well-preserved impressions of A. stellata in the British Museum from Radstock, Newcastle and elsewhere.

Zenker (33), Pl. V. pp. 6–9.

Heer (65), fig. 6, p. 9, and other authors.

Weiss (76), p. 27, Pl. III. fig. 2.

Lhwyd (1699), Pl. V. fig. 202.

Sterzel (82).

Vide Weiss (76), Pl. III. and Weiss (84), p. 178.

Williamson (71), p. 487, Pls. XXV. and XXVI.

Ibid. (78), p. 319, Pl. XIX.

Cash and Hick (81), p. 400.

Williamson (81), vide also Spencer (81).

Spencer (83), p. 459.

Williamson (83), p. 459, Pls. XXVII.–XXX.

Renault (85).

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pls. LXXVIII. and LXXIX. (The specimens are figured in a reversed position.)

Binney (68), p. 5, fig. 1.

Grand’Eury (77), Pls. I. and II.; (87), Pls. XXVII., XXVIII.

Weiss (84), Pls. II.–IV., VIII. and IX.

Stur (87), Pls. III., VI., VII., etc.; Zeiller (86), Pl. LIV.

Weiss (76), (84).

For references, vide Kidston (86), p. 58.

Artis (25), Pl. V.

Williamson and Scott (95), p. 694.

Williamson (83²), Pl. XXIX. fig. 7.

Williamson and Scott (95), Pls. XV.–XVII.

For figures vide Williamson, loc. cit., Williamson and Scott, and Renault (85), (93).

E.g. Schenk (90) in Zittel’s Handbuch, p. 237.

Williamson and Scott, loc. cit. p. 689.

de Bary (84), p. 474; van Tieghem (91), p. 720.

Renault (96), pp. 118, 126; (93), Pl. LV.

Carruthers (67), Pl. LXX.

Sternberg (25), Pl. XLVIII. and LI.

Brongniart (49), p. 51.

Binney (68), p. 23, Pls. IV. and V.

Schimper (69), p. 330.

For figures and descriptions of this type of cone vide Williamson (73), (80), (89); Hick (93), (94) and Williamson and Scott (94).

Weiss (84), Pls. XXII.—XXIV.

Williamson and Scott (94), p. 911, Pls. LXXXI. and LXXXII.

Vide Heinricher (82); Bower (94), p. 495; Campbell (95), pp. 396, 503.

Williamson (81), Pl. LIV.

An excellent figure illustrating the co-existence of heterospory and secondary thickening is given by Williamson and Scott, loc. cit., Pl. LXXXII. fig. 36.

Weiss (76), p. 103.

Williamson (71²).

Ibid. (88²).

Williamson and Scott (94), p. 900.

Weiss (84), Pl. XXI. fig. 4.

Williamson (74), Pl. V. fig. 32.

Williamson (88²), Pl. IX. fig. 20.

E.g. Renault (82), Pl. XIX. fig. 1; (96), Pl. XXIX. figs. 1 and 4.

Williamson (88²), Pl. VIII. figs. 1 and 4.

Renault (93), Pl. XXIX. fig. 7.

Solms-Laubach (91), p. 325.

Weiss (84) p. 161. Solms-Laubach, loc. cit. p. 326.

E.g. Volkmannia Ludwigi Carr., also Volkmannia elongata Presl. [Solms (91), p. 332 and Weiss (76), p. 108].

E.g. Brukmannia Grand’Euryi Ren. [Renault (76)].

Weiss (84), p. 190.

Weiss (76), p. 1.

Weiss (84), p. 161.

Renault (82), p. 139; (76).

Solms-Laubach (91), p. 330.

Schenk (88), p. 132; (83), p. 232.

Weiss (84), p. 161.

E.g. Volkmannia gracilis Sternb. [Renault (76), Pl. II.].

Schimper (69), p. 332. Vide also Renault and Zeiller (88), p. 420.

Renault (82), p. 120, Pl. XIX.; (93), Pl. XXIX. figs. 8–14; (96), p. 77.

Weiss (84), p. 98, Pl. XX. etc.

Sterzel (82).

Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. XLVI. fig. 7.

Kidston (86), p. 47; (93), p. 319. Vide also Renault (93), Pl. XXVIII.

Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. XLV.

Solms-Laubach (91), p. 339. Weiss (84), p. 159.

Weiss (84), Pl. XX. fig. 6.

Weiss (84), Pl. XX. fig. 7; Pl. XXI. fig. 4.

Ibid. Pls. XIV. and XV. Cf. also Stur (87), Pls. VI. and VII b, and Lesquereux (84), Pl. XC. fig. 1.

Grand’Eury (90), pp. 205, 208. Renault and Zeiller (88), Pl. LI.

Vide Unger (50), p. 63.

Weiss, loc. cit.

Solms-Laubach (91), p. 328.

Schenk (83), p. 234.

Weiss (76), p. 88; (84), p. 162. Solms-Laubach, loc. cit. p. 334, fig. 47.

Renault (96), p. 132.

Zeiller (88), Pl. LIV. fig. 4.

Stur (87), p. 17.

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXLII B. The original specimen is in the University College Collection, London.

Nathorst (94), p. 56, Pl. XV. figs. 1 and 2.

Seward (88).

Weiss (84), p. 54.

Zeiller (88), p. 329.

Weiss (76), p. 117; (84), p. 55.

Weiss (84), p. 93, Pl. XI. fig. 1.

Vide Weiss (84), Pl. XXV. fig. 2; Pl. XVI a, etc.

Weiss (76), Pl. XVII. fig. 1.

Weiss (84), Pl. I.

Grand’Eury (90), p. 208, and (77), Pl. V.

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXC.

Stur (87), Pl. V. fig. 1.

Grand’Eury (77), Pl. IV.

Stur (87), Pl. XVII.

Renault (82), Pl. XVII. fig. 2.

Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. II. p. 434, Pls. LII. and LIII.

Stur (87), p. 37, fig. 17. Vide also Grand’Eury (90), p. 208.

Stur, loc. cit.

Weiss (84), p. 61.

Vide Grand’Eury (77), Pl. V. fig. 5.

Weiss, loc. cit. Pl. XXI. fig. 5.

Stur (87), Pl. XI. fig. 1.

Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. II. Pl. LI. p. 423.

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CXIV. and Pl. CXC. The original specimens are in the Natural History Museum, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Ibid. Pl. CXXX. and Feistmantel (75), Pl. I. fig. 8.

Lesquereux (79), Pl. XIII. fig. 14.

Salter (63), figs. 6 and 7. Vide also Carruthers in Woodward, H. (72), p. 168.

Grand’Eury (69); vide also (77) and (90).

Renault and Zeiller (88), Pt. II. Pls. LII. and CIII.

Ibid. Pl. LI.

Sternberg (21), Pl. XII.

Weiss (84), p. 61.

Ettingshausen (55), Pl. I. fig. 4.

Ettingshausen, loc. cit.

Grand’Eury (69), p. 709.

Feistmantel (75), Pl. I. fig. 8.

Williamson (74), Pl. VII. fig. 45.

Weiss (76), Pl. XVII. figs. 1 and 2.

Weiss (84), Pl. XVI a. figs. 10 and 11.

Ibid. Pl. XXV. fig. 2.

Stur (87), Pl. II. etc.

Zeiller (88), p. 363, Pl. LVII. fig. 1.

Steinhauer (18), Pl. VI. fig. 1.

Kidston (93), p. 311, Pl. II.

Kidston (94), p. 248.

Weiss (84), p. 119.

Steinhauer (18), Pl. V. figs. 1 and 2.

Artis (25), Pl. XXIV.

Brongniart (28²), Pls. XV. and XVI.

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. LXXIX.

Kidston (93), p. 314; (86), p. 24.

Zeiller (88), p. 333.

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. LXXIX.

Weiss (84), Pl. IV. fig. 1.

Renault and Zeiller (88), p. 385.

Grand’Eury (90), p. 214.

Stur (87), p. 160, Pl. IX. fig. 2.

Kidston (94), p. 249.

Grand’Eury (89), p. 1087.

Zeiller (88), p. 355.

Weiss (84), p. 96.

Sterzel (93), p. 66.

Zeiller, loc. cit. p. 353.

Sternberg (25), Pl. XLIX. fig. 5.

Brongniart (28²), p. 128, Pl. XIX.

Germar and Kaulfuss (31), p. 221, Pl. XLV. fig. 1.

Lindley and Hutton (31), Pl. CCXVI.

Grand’Eury (77), p. 293.

Zeiller (80), Pl. CLXXIV. (expl. plates) fig. 3.

Weiss (84), pp. 112, 113, 114.

Zeiller (88), p. 353.

Kidston (94), p. 249.

Grand’Eury (90), p. 216 (expl. plates).

Stur (87), p. 68.

Stur (87), Pl. X.

Artis (25), Pl. II.

Weiss, loc. cit. Pls. V. VI. and X.

Grand’Eury (77), (90).

Vide Stur (75), etc. for remarks on the course of the vascular strands.

For good figures of the leaves vide Stur (75), Rothpletz (80), Ettingshausen (66), Solms (96).

Renault (96), p. 80; (93), Pls. XLII. and XLIII. Since the above was written an account of the internal structure of Archaeocalamites has been published by Solms-Laubach (97); he describes the wood as being of the Arthropitys type.

Renault, loc. cit. Pl. XLII. figs. 6 and 7.

Stur (75), p. 2, Pls. II.–V.

An examination of the specimens in the Museum of the Austrian Geology Survey did not enable me to satisfactorily verify the features of the cone as described by Stur; the impressions are far from clear.

Kidston (83²).

Vide Paterson (41); Lyell (67), vol. I. p. 149 etc.

Volkmann (1720), p. 93, Pl. VII. fig. 2.

Schlotheim (20), p. 402, Pl. XXII. fig. 4.

Sternberg (25).

Brongniart (28²), p. 122, Pl. XXVI. figs. 1 and 2.

Paterson (41), Pl. III.

Göppert (52), Pls. III., V., VI., VIII., XXXVIII.

Ettingshausen (66), Pls. I.–IV.

Feistmantel (73), Pl. XIV. fig. 5.

Zeiller (80), p. 17.

Binney (68), p. 7.

Stur (75), p. 3.

Kidston (86), p. 35.

Schimper and Koechlin-Schlumberger (62), Pl. I. The original specimens of Schimper’s figures are in the Strassburg Museum.

Feistmantel (73), p. 491, Pl. XXIV. figs. 3 and 4.

Vide specimens 20 A, 20 B, 24 in the Williamson Collection.

Stur (75), p. 17.

Rothpletz (80), p. 8.

Weiss (84), p. 56.

Scheuchzer (1723), p. 19, Pl. IV. fig. 1.

Schlotheim (04), Pl. II. fig. 24, p. 57.

Sternberg (25), p. 32.

Brongniart (22), Pl. XIII. fig. 8, p. 234.

Ibid. (28), p. 68.

Dawson (66), p. 153, Pl. XII.

For reference vide an excellent monograph by Coemans and Kickx (64), also Potonié (94).

e.g. Newberry (91).

Renault (73), (76²), (96).

Williamson (74), (78).

Williamson and Scott (94), p. 919.

Specimen 929 in the Williamson Cabinet is a longitudinal section of the French Sphenophyllum, as described by Renault (76²).

Williamson and Scott (94), p. 926.

Williamson (91), p. 18.

Williamson and Scott (94), p. 920.

Williamson (91), p. 12.

Ibid. (74).

Felix (86), Pl. VI. fig. 2.

For figures vide Renault (82), Pl. XVI. fig. 1, (76²) Pls. VII. and IX.

Williamson (71²).

Weiss (84), p. 200.

Binney (71).

Williamson (91²).

Zeiller (93).

Williamson (92).

Potonié (94), fig. 1.

For a more complete account of this strobilus vide Zeiller (93), and Williamson (91²), etc.

Zeiller (93), p. 37.

Williamson and Scott (94), p. 943.

Scott (97), p. 24.

Solms-Laubach (95⁴).

Ibid. Pl. X. fig. 6.

Kidston (90).

I am indebted to my friend Mr Kidston for an opportunity of examining these specimens.

Vide Renault (77), (96), p. 158. Zeiller (93), p. 34. Williamson and Scott (94), p. 942.

Brongniart (22), p. 234, Pl. II. fig. 8.

Brongniart (28), p. 68.

Bischoff (28), Pl. XIII. fig. 1.

Römer, F. (62), p. 21, Pl. V. fig. 2.

Sterzel (86), pp. 26, 27, etc.

Kidston (93), p. 333.

Zeiller (88), p. 414.

Ibid. p. 411.

Weiss (84), p. 201, Pl. XXI. fig. 12.

Solms-Laubach (95⁴), p. 232.

Geinitz (55), Pl. XX. fig. 7.

Zeiller (88), Pl. LXIV. figs. 3–5, and (93), p. 24, Pl. II. fig. 4.

Stur (75), p. 108.

Stur (87), Pl. XV. and Kidston (90), p. 59, Pl. I.

Zeiller (88), Pl. LXII. figs. 2–4.

Stur (87); Williamson (74); Seward (89), etc.

Renault (82), p. 84, and Newberry (91).

Kidston (90), p. 62.

Stur (75), p. 114, Pl. VII.

Zeiller (93), p. 32.

Mahr (68), Pl. VIII.

Zeiller (80), p. 34, Pl. CLXI. fig. 9.

Coemans and Kickx (64); Zeiller (80), (88); Schimper (69).

Royle (39), p. 431.

For other figures of this plant, vide Feistmantel (81), Pls. XI. A and XII. A.

Zeiller (91).

Vide also Zeiller (92²), p. 75.

Feistmantel (81), p. 69.

Scott (97).

Scott (96²), p. 15.

Dawson (61), p. 10, fig. 7.

Kidston (94), p. 250.

Kidston (94), p. 250.

Sterzel (93), p. 143.

Zeiller (94), p. 172.

De Bary (84), p. 499.

Westermaier and Ambronn (81).

Schwendener (74), p. 124. Haberlandt (96), p. 165.

Transcriber’s Notes:

- Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (italics). - Text enclosed by equals is in bold (=bold=). - Text enclosed by tildes is in antiqua (~antiqua~). - Blank pages have been removed. - Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. - Odd-numbered page headings are entered at approximate locations as sidenotes, except where repeated, or duplicated in headings. - Errata from Vol. II. applied. - Some headings and table of contents have been modified to be more consistent, including removal of section list under Chapter IX as sections II-IV are in other chapters.