Appendix D

The following table, compiled from the quarterly reports in the Labour Gazette and a special report of the Board of Trade, gives the increase in the employment of women between April, 1916, and July, 1918, for the most of the important occupational groups. It can not be compared directly with the similar tables, previously given, prepared by the British Association for the Advancement of Science, because of slight differences in the estimates of the numbers employed in July, 1914.

EXTENSION OF THE EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN IN THE UNITED KINGDOM, APRIL, 1916-JULY, 1918

(Classified by employers’ position, not by nature of work.) -------------------+---------+-------------------------------------------+ |Estimated| Estimated increase since July, 1914 | |No. Empl +-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+ | July, | April,| July, | Oct., | Jan., | April, | | 1914 | 1916 | 1916 | 1916 | 1917 | 1917 | -------------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+ Industrial | | | | | | | Occupations |2,176,000|275,000|361,000|393,000| 423,000| 453,000| Government | | | | | | | Establishments| 2,000| 25,000| 79,000|117,000| 147,000| 198,000| Commercial | 496,000|166,000|240,000|268,000| 274,000| 307,000| Professional | | | | | | | (mainly clerks) | 50,500| 13,000| 14,000| 15,000| 18,000| 21,000| Banking, Finance | | | | | | | (mainly clerks) | 9,500| 23,000| 32,000| 37,000| 43,000| 50,000| Hotels, Theaters | 181,000| 12,000| 20,000| 16,000| 10,000| 13,000| Agriculture | | | | | | | (perm. labor | | | | | | | Gt. Britain) | 80,000|-14,000| 20,000| 500| -14,000| ... | Transport | | | | | | | (not municipal) | 17,000| 23,000| 35,000| 41,000| 51,000| 62,000| Civil Service | 66,000| 39,000| 58,000| 67,000| 76,000| 89,000| Local | | | | | | | Government | 198,000| 21,000| 30,000| 34,000| 44,000| 47,000| Other | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | ... | -------------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+ Total |3,276,000|583,000|889,000|988,500|1,072,000|1,240,000| -------------------+---------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+

Not owned by government.

Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

-------------------+-------------------------------------------------+----------- | Estimated increase since July, 1914 |Per cent of |---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+increase | July, | Oct., | Jan., | April, | July, |July, 1914- | 1917 | 1917 | 1918 | 1918 | 1918 |July, 1918 -------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------- Industrial | | | | | | Occupations | 518,000| 529,000| 533,000| 537,000| 565,000| 26.0 Government | | | | | | Establishments| 202,000| 211,000| 207,500| 197,000| 223,000|11,200.0 Commercial | 324,000| 333,000| 343,000| 354,000| 364,000| 73.4 Professional | | | | | | (mainly clerks) | 20,000| 50,000| 50,000| 57,000| ... | 4.0 Banking, Finance | | | | | | (mainly clerks) | 54,000| 59,000| 61,000| 63,000| 65,000| 687.0 Hotels, Theaters | 22,000| 28,000| 26,000| 25,000| 39,000| 21.5 Agriculture | | | | | | (perm. labor | | | | | | Gt. Britain) | 23,000| 7,000| -6,000| 9,000| 33,000| 41.3 Transport | | | | | | (not municipal) | 72,000| 77,000| 76,000| 78,000| ... | ... Civil Service | 98,000| 116,500| 124,000| 159,000| 168,000| 255.0 Local | | | | | | Government | 49,000| 51,500| 51,500| 53,000| 52,000| 26.5 Other | ... | ... | ... | ... | 150,000| ... -------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+----------- Total |1,382,000|1,462,000|1,466,000|1,532,000|1,659,000| 50.6 -------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------

Not owned by government.

Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

Appendix E

The following table, compiled from the Labour Gazette, and a special report of the Board of Trade, gives a quarterly estimate of the number of women replacing men for the period between April, 1916, and April, 1918.

NUMBER OF FEMALES SUBSTITUTED FOR MALE WORKERS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM IN CERTAIN OCCUPATIONS, BY QUARTERS, APRIL, 1916-APRIL, 1918

-------------------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+ | April,| July, | Oct., | Jan., | April, | | 1916 | 1916 | 1916 | 1917 | 1917 | -------------------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+ Industrial | | | | | | Occupations |213,000|264,000|314,000| 376,000| 438,000| Government | | | | | | Establishments| 13,000| 79,000|117,000| 139,000| 187,000| Commercial |152,000|226,000|264,000| 278,000| 308,000| Professional | | | | | | (mainly clerks) | 12,000| 15,000| 15,000| 17,000| 20,000| Banking, Finance | | | | | | (mainly clerks) | 21,000| 31,000| 37,000| 42,000| 48,000| Hotels, Theaters | 27,000| 31,000| 30,000| 31,000| 35,000| Agriculture | | | | | | (perm. labor, | | | | | | Gt. Britain) | 37,000| 35,000| 20,000| 23,000| 32,000| Transport | | | | | | (not municipal) | 24,000| 35,000| 41,000| 52,000| 64,000| Civil Service | 30,000| 41,000| 64,000| 73,000| 83,000| Local | | | | | | Government | 18,000| 26,000| 31,000| 40,000| 41,000| -------------------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+ Total |547,000|783,000|933,000|1,071,000|1,256,000| -------------------+-------+-------+-------+---------+---------+

Not owned by government.

Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

(A) = Per cent No. of substitutes in April, 1918, is of total No. employed in July, 1914 -------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+------- | July, | Oct., | Jan., | April, | (A) | 1917 | 1917 | 1918 | 1918 | -------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+------- Industrial | | | | | Occupations | 464,000| 490,000| 503,000| 531,000| 24.4 Government | | | | | Establishments| 191,000| 202,000| 197,000| 187,000|9,350.0 Commercial | 328,000| 337,000| 342,000| 352,000| 70.9 Professional | | | | | (mainly clerks) | 21,000| 22,000| 22,000| 22,500| 44.5 Banking, Finance | | | | | (mainly clerks) | 53,000| 55,000| 57,000| 59,500| 626.3 Hotels, Theaters | 38,000| 44,500| 45,000| 44,500| 24.5 Agriculture | | | | | (perm. labor, | | | | | Gt. Britain) | 43,000| 33,000| 31,000| 40,000| 50.0 Transport | | | | | (not municipal) | 74,000| 78,500| 78,000| 79,500| 21.3 Civil Service | 99,000| 107,000| 123,000| 153,000| 231.8 Local | | | | | Government | 43,000| 44,000| 44,000| 47,000| 23.7 -------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+------- Total |1,354,000|1,413,000|1,442,000|1,516,000| 46.2 -------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-------

Not owned by government.

Includes arsenals, docks, government shell filling factories, etc.

Includes teachers and transportation workers for municipalities.

Appendix F

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF FEMALES DIRECTLY REPLACING MALES IN VARIOUS BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY IN JANUARY, 1918.

(Compiled from the Report of the War Cabinet Committee on Women in Industry.)

Trade Metal 195,000 Chemical 35,000 Textile 64,000 Clothing 43,000 Food, Drink and Tobacco 60,000 Paper and Printing 21,000 Wood, China and Earthenware, Leather 23,000 Other 62,000 Government Establishments 197,000 ------- Total 700,000

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF FEMALES DIRECTLY REPLACING MALES IN VARIOUS BRANCHES OF COMMERCE IN APRIL, 1918.

(Compiled from the Report of the Board of Trade on the Employment of Women in April, 1918.)

Wholesale and Retail Drapers, Haberdashers, Clothiers, 41,000 Wholesale and Retail Grocers, Bakers, Confectioners 92,000 Wholesale and Retail Stationers and Booksellers 16,000 Wholesale and Retail Butchers, Fishmongers, Dairymen 30,000 Retail Chemists 12,000 Retail Boot and Shoe Dealers 8,000 ------- Total (including some not specified above) 352,000

Appendix G

ESTIMATE BY THE BRITISH WAR CABINET COMMITTEE ON WOMEN IN INDUSTRY ON AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS OF WOMEN IN VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS AT THE END OF THE WAR.

Earnings under 25s. weekly: Dressmakers, milliners (first five years), laundry workers, pottery workers (most grades), knife girls and kitchen hands in refreshment houses.

Earning between 25s. and 30s. weekly: Cutlery workers, soap and candle makers (unskilled), corner tenters (cotton), woolen and worsted weavers, backwashers (Scotch Tweed), dyers and cleaners, biscuit makers, cigarette makers, pottery workers (certain grades), waitresses in refreshment depots.

Earning between 30s. and 35s. weekly: Ammunition makers (women’s work), chainmakers, salt packers, fine chemical workers, soap makers (most operations), card-room operatives (cotton), clothing machinists, workers in grain milling and brewing, cigar makers, shop assistants (co-operative).

Earning between 35s. and 40s. weekly: Workers in the light casting trade, chemical laborers, big tenters and ring-spiners (cotton), wool combers, tailoring fitters and cutters, boot operatives, bakery workers, jigger women in potteries, tanners, shop assistants (large stores).

Earning between 40s. and 45s. weekly: Workers in engineering, chemicals (shift work) and explosives; textile dyers, tobacco machinists, motor drivers (for shop), railway carriage cleaners, telephonists, railway clerks.

Earning between 45s. and 50s. weekly: Cloth lookers (cotton), hosiery machinists, web dyers, gas index readers and lamp-lighters, railway porters, ticket collectors, telegraphists.

Earning between 50s. and 60s. weekly: Ledger clerks, Civil Service clerks (Class I).

Earning over 60s.: Women on skilled men’s work in engineering omnibus conductors (London), gas workers (heavy work for South Metropolitan Gas Co.).

Appendix H

NUMBER OF ORDERS MODIFYING THE LABOR LAWS, ISSUED FROM AUGUST 4, 1914, TO FEBRUARY 19, 1915

(Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1914, p. 56.)

Textile: Wool 748 Hosiery 231 Cotton 159 Flax 28 Hemp and jute 29 Silk 8 Dyeing and finishing 37 Leather and leather equipment 105 Canvas equipment 137 Munitions 151 Shipbuilding 15 Electrical supply 35 Metal accessories 141 Machinery 57 Wood 44

Clothing: Uniforms 514 Fur coats 9 Boots 245 Caps 28 Shirts 73 Bedding 33 Surgical dressings 21 Tobacco 10 Food 37 Tin boxes 37 Camp equipment 52 Wire and wire netting 34 Wagons, etc. 34 Rubber 16 Miscellaneous 73 ----- Total 3,141