Appendix I

The following list of modifications of the hour laws in 1915 was compiled from the Report of the Chief Inspector of Factories and Workshops for 1915.

Industry Persons Affected Latitude Munitions. Women. As in 1914. Boys over 14. Girls over 16.

Woolen and worsted Women and young 6 hours weekly overtime, (from May). persons. in 2-hour shifts on 3 days or 1½ hours on 4 days. No overtime on Saturday.

Weaving (July-Nov.). Women and young 8 hours weekly overtime persons over 16. in 2-hour shifts on 4 days.

Hosiery. Protected persons. 1½ hours overtime on 4 days, or 1 hour on 5 days, but not on Saturday or Sunday.

Cotton. Protected persons. 6 hours overtime weekly.

Margarine. Not stated. Not stated.

Window shades. Not stated. Not stated.

Flax. Not stated. Not stated.

Rope walks. Not stated. 6 hours overtime weekly.

Bleach and dye works Not stated. 6 hours overtime weekly. (surgical dressings; raising and finishing flannelette).

Tanning and currying. Women. 4 hours overtime weekly. Boys over 14.

Canvas equipment. Not stated. 5 hours overtime weekly.

Shipbuilding. Boys over 14. (a) Overtime, 5 hours a week for boys under 16; 7½ hours for those over 16. (b) Eight hour shifts. (c) Day and night shifts.

Bread baking. (a) Boys 17. (a) Night shift (not exceeding 9 hours). (b) Boys 15 and (b) Any period of 9 hours over. between 4 a.m. and 8 p.m.

Pastry baking (a) Women and boys (a) Night shift (not (Scotland). of 17. exceeding 9 hours). (b) Boys 15 and (b) Any period of 9 hours over. between 4 a.m. and 8 p.m.

Chocolate. Women. When necessary, on account of hot weather, between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. for two spells of 4 hours each, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. Leather Women and young Overtime 1½ hours per day. equipment. persons over 16.

Aerated waters. Women. Extension of overtime allowed by S. 49.

Glass. Boys over 13 Extension of S. 55. (educationally qualified).

Oil and cake mills. Women and boys 8-hour shifts, or day and over 16. night shifts.

Flour mills. Women and boys 8-hour shifts, or day and over 16. night shifts.

Toys and games. Women. Overtime as allowed by S.49 and night shifts during the Christmas season.

Dairies. Women and young 5 hours on Sundays, with persons. weekly limit of 60 hours. No other overtime during the week.

Paper mills. Women. 8-hour shifts, or day and night shifts.

Pottery. Not stated. Suspension of certain regulations.

Sandbags. Women and young Overtime, 3 hours persons. per week.

Cement Women. Night shift. (Essex and Kent).

Waterproof capes Women and young (1) Overtime, 4½ hours (War Office persons per week. contracts). over 16. (2) Permission for Christians to work on Saturday and Jews on Sunday.

Manchester warehouses. Women and boys Overtime, 2 hours on not over 16. more than 4 days a week and on not more than 12 days in any 4 weeks.

Lace and patent net Women, girls (1) Different periods factories (processes over 16; boys of employment for of threading, brass over 14. different workers. bobbin winding, (2) Where (1) is impractic- jacking off able overtime 1½ hours and stripping). per day, but with a weekly limit of 60 hours exclusive of meal times.

Non-textile works Women, girls Rearrangement of the engaged on work for over 16; boys statutory hours but the Crown, or on over 14. period of employment work required in not to exceed 14 hours the national on any one day, or 60 interest. hours (exclusive of meal times) in any week.

The order expired and was not renewed.

The order expired and was not renewed.

The order expired and was not renewed.

The order expired and was not renewed.

The order expired and was not renewed.

The order expired and was not renewed.

A new order, which was allowed in all nontextile works not otherwise provided for. It allowed greater elasticity than was provided by the Factory Acts, and permitted, for example, such moderate overtime during the week as could be compensated by an earlier stop on Saturdays.

Appendix J

GENERAL ORDER REGULATING OVERTIME ISSUED BY THE HOME OFFICE SEPTEMBER 9, 1916.

The following is the full text of the parts of the order applying to women:

Scheme A. (Three Shifts.)

This scheme applies to women and female young persons of 16 years of age and over, and male young persons of 14 years of age and over. Three shifts, none of which may be longer than 10 hours, may be worked in each period of 24 hours, subject to the following conditions:

(1) Each worker shall have one break of 24 hours or more in every week, or of 32 hours or more in every alternate week, or of 40 hours or more in every third week.

(2) Each worker shall have an interval of two unemployed shifts between each two shifts of employment.

(3) An interval of not less than half an hour shall be allowed if the shift is 8 hours or less, and an interval of not less than one hour if the shift is more than 8 hours.

Provided that the superintending inspector of factories may authorize, subject to compliance with condition (1) and to such other conditions as he may impose, different arrangements as regards hours of work and breaks at the week end for the purpose of changing over the shifts.

Scheme B. (Two Shifts.)

This scheme applies to women and female persons of 16 years of age and over and male young persons of 14 years of age and over, provided that the employment in the night shift of girls under 18 or boys under 16 years of age shall be subject in each case to the approval of the superintending inspector of factories. Two shifts of 12 hours each may be worked, subject to the following conditions:

(1) No person shall be employed more than 6 turns by day or more than 6 turns by night in any week.

(2) Unless otherwise sanctioned by the superintending inspector no person shall be employed on Sunday except in a night shift commencing on Sunday evening or ending on Sunday morning.

(3) The total hours worked per week (exclusive of meal times) shall not exceed 60 provided that in the case of male young persons 16 years of age and over the total hours worked per week (exclusive of meal times) may be 63.

(4) Intervals for meals amounting to not less than 1½ hours shall be allowed in the course of each shift, of which in the case of the night shift one-fourth of an hour or more shall be allowed as a break within 4 hours of the end of the shift.

(5) Each worker shall have an interval of one unemployed shift between each two shifts of employment.

Providing that the superintending inspector may authorize, subject to such conditions as he may impose, a system of one long shift, not exceeding 13 hours with a corresponding reduction in the other shift, so that the average weekly total of hours shall not exceed the limits specified above in paragraph (3).

Scheme C. (Rearrangement of Statutory Hours.)

This scheme applies to women and female young persons of 16 years of age and over, and male young persons of 14 years of age and over.

In the case of such women and young persons the hours of work and intervals for meals allowed by the (factory and workshop) act may be arranged, subject to the following conditions:

(a) The total hours worked per week (exclusive of intervals for meals) shall not exceed 60.

(b) The daily period of employment (including overtime and intervals for meals)—

(1) Shall not commence earlier than 6 a.m. or end later than 10 p.m. (2) Shall not exceed 14 hours.

(c) Intervals for meals amounting to not less than 1½ hours shall be allowed during the period of employment, with an additional half an hour if the period of employment is more than 13½ hours.

(d) No overtime shall be worked on Saturday.

Naval Ship Repairing Work.

In cases of special emergency women, female young persons of 16 years of age and over, and male young persons of 14 years of age and over, employed on repair work for His Majesty’s ships may be employed for special hours on any day of the week on the express instructions of the senior naval officer in charge and subject to such conditions as he may lay down as regards intervals for meals and rest, provided that in any case—

(1) No male young person over 16 years of age shall be employed for more than 67½ hours in the week (exclusive of intervals for meals and rest).

(2) No other young person or woman shall be employed for more than 65 hours in the week (exclusive of intervals for meals and rest).

Miscellaneous Provisions.

No woman or young person shall be employed continuously at any time for more than five hours without an interval of at least half an hour, except that where not less than one hour is allowed for dinner, an afternoon spell of six hours may be worked, with an interval of quarter of an hour only for tea, if the factory inspector is satisfied that adequate provision is made for the worker to obtain tea in the works and for tea to be actually ready for them as soon as they stop work.

If work commences before 8 a.m. and no interval is allowed for breakfast, an opportunity shall be given to take refreshment during the morning.

A woman or young person shall not be allowed to lift, carry, or move anything so heavy as to be likely to cause injury to the woman or young person.

Different schemes of employment may be adopted and different intervals for meals fixed for different sets of workers.

Employment on night shifts shall be subject to the provision, to the satisfaction of the factory inspector, of proper facilities for taking and cooking meals, and in the case of female workers, for their supervision by a welfare worker or a responsible forewoman.

Circular letter 198802 to accompany Home Office Order of Sept 9, 1916.

No requirement is laid down in the order that workers on the night shift shall change periodically to the day shift. The matter is left to the individual employers to determine in consultation with their work people. Care should be taken in selecting women and young persons for night work. They should not be put on night work indiscriminately.

Appendix K

DISTRIBUTION OF YOUNG PERSONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT EMPLOYMENTS IN JULY, 1914, OCTOBER, 1917, AND JANUARY, 1918

(Compiled from Ministry of Reconstruction, Juvenile Employment During the War and After, pp. 10, 11, 77.) --------------------------+----------------------------------+ | Total Boys and Girls Under 18 | +----------+-----------+-----------+ |Estimated | Estimated |Increase or| | numbers | numbers | decrease | | employed |employed in|July, 1914-| |Oct., 1917|Jan., 1918 |Jan., 1918 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Building | 50,000| 48,000 | -12,300 | Mines and Quarries | 168,000| 178,000 | +11,300 | Metal Trades | 404,000| 409,000 | +173,800 | Chemical Trades | 47,000| 48,000 | +22,300 | Textile Trades | 329,000| 324,000 | -15,000 | Food, Drink and Tobacco | 96,000| 96,000 | +7,200 | Clothing Trades | 169,000| 169,000 | -19,600 | Paper and Printing | 75,000| 74,000 | -11,700 | Wood Trades | 54,000| 55,000 | +10,000 | Other Industries | 80,000| 81,000 | +10,000 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Industries Total | 1,472,000| 1,482,000 | +176,000 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Municipal gas, water, | | | | electricity | 4,000| 3,500 | +2,000 | Government establishments | 32,000| 30,000 | +27,000 | Agriculture | 136,000| 130,000 | -9,000 | Transport | 101,500| 102,500 | +25,100 | Finance and commerce | 427,000| 416,000 | +94,000 | Professional occupations | 29,000| 27,000 | +8,000 | Hotels, cinemas, theaters | 30,000| 32,000 | +7,000 | Postoffice | 24,000| 23,000 | -4,000 | Other civil service | 13,500| 14,500 | +11,400 | Local government | | | | (including education, | | | | but excluding Municipal | | | | trams, water, gas, | | | | electricity) | 18,000| 17,500 | +4,500 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Grand Total | 2,287,000| 2,278,000 | +342,000 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+

--------------------------+----------------------------------+ | Total Boys Under 18 | +----------+-----------+-----------+ | Estimated| Estimated |Increase or| | numbers | numbers | decrease | | employed|employed in|July, 1914-| |Oct., 1917|Jan., 1918 |Jan., 1918 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Building | 44,000| 42,000| -17,000| Mines and Quarries | 164,000| 174,000| +9,000| Metal Trades | 296,000| 303,000| +113,000| Chemical Trades | 22,000| 22,000| +7,500| Textile Trades | 116,000| 114,000| -10,000| Food, Drink and Tobacco | 43,000| 43,000| +3,000| Clothing Trades | 45,000| 45,000| -3,000| Paper and Printing | 30,000| 30,000| -10,000| Wood Trades | 34,000| 34,000| -500| Other Industries | 43,000| 44,000| -1,000| --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Industries Total | 837,000| 851,000| +91,000| --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Municipal gas, water, | | | | electricity | 3,000| 3,000| +1,500| Government establishments | 22,000| 21,000| +18,000| Agriculture | 118,000| 113,000| -14,000| Transport | 89,500| 90,500| +14,400| Finance and commerce | 224,000| 216,000| -22,500| Professional occupations | 18,000| 17,000| +3,000| Hotels, cinemas, theaters | 17,000| 19,000| +6,500| Postoffice | 10,000| 9,000| -7,800| Other civil service | 4,500| 4,500| +1,500| Local government | | | | (including education, | | | | but excluding Municipal | | | | trams, water, gas, | | | | electricity) | 10,000| 10,000| +2,400| --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Grand Total | 1,353,000| 1,354,000| +94,000| --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+

--------------------------+----------------------------------+ | Total Girls Under 18 | +----------------------+-----------+ |Estimated | Estimated |Increase or| | numbers | numbers | decrease | | employed |employed in|July, 1914-| |Oct., 1917|Jan., 1918 |Jan., 1918 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Building | 6,000| 6,000| +4,700 | Mines and Quarries | 4,000| 4,000| +2,250 | Metal Trades | 108,000| 106,000| +60,800 | Chemical Trades | 25,000| 26,000| +14,850 | Textile Trades | 213,000| 210,000| -5,000 | Food, Drink and Tobacco | 53,000| 53,000| +4,200 | Clothing Trades | 124,000| 124,000| -16,550 | Paper and Printing | 45,000| 44,000| -1,750 | Wood Trades | 20,000| 21,000| +10,500 | Other Industries | 37,000| 37,000| +11,000 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Industries Total | 635,000| 631,000| +85,000 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Municipal gas, water, | | | | electricity | 1,000| 500| +500 | Government establishments | 10,000| 9,000| +9,000 | Agriculture | 18,000| 17,000| +5,000 | Transport | 12,000| 12,000| +10,700 | Finance and commerce | 203,000| 200,000| +116,500 | Professional occupations | 11,000| 10,000| +5,000 | Hotels, cinemas, theaters | 13,000| 13,000| +500 | Postoffice | 14,000| 14,000| +3,800 | Other civil service | 9,000| 10,000| +9,900 | Local government | | | | (including education, | | | | but excluding Municipal | | | | trams, water, gas, | | | | electricity) | 8,000| 7,500| +2,100 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+ Grand Total | 934,000| 924,000| +248,000 | --------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+