Part 7

64. Diagrams from Borelli, to illustrate movements of muscles 130

65. Diagram of muscular action 131

66. Two Plates from Bernard Siegfried Albinus’ Anatomical Plates of the Muscles of Man, Leyden, 1747 141

67. Windmill ventilator designed by the Rev. Stephen Hales. From a print in the British Museum 147

68-70. Experiments illustrating the effects of metallic contacts on the nerves and muscles of frogs’ legs. From A. Galvani, On Electric Forces, 1792 149

71-3. Volta’s figures of the electric pile and crown of cups 150

74-5. Illustrating the chemistry of burning and breathing, from a work issued by Mayow in 1674 152

76. Apparatus from Joseph Priestley’s Experiments and Observations on different Kinds of Air, 1774 154

77. Lavoisier in his laboratory making experiments on breathing. From a contemporary sketch 155

78. Part of the lung of Dr. Samuel Johnson, from a drawing published by Matthew Baillie 158

79-82. Laënnec’s wooden stethoscope, from the first edition of his work On Instrumental Auscultation 161

83. Lying-in scene in the sixteenth century, from a contemporary work on Midwifery 163

84-6. Early obstetric instruments 164

87. John Hunter’s country house at Earl’s Court, Kensington, before its demolition in 1886. Reproduced, by the kind permission of Mrs. George Martin, from The Asclepiad, VIII 165

88. An eighteenth-century Quarantine station (Naples) 173

89-90. Illustrating the textile trade from home industry to factory work with the consequent break-up of the family as the labour unit. The upper picture from a drawing by George Walker, the lower from Economic Botany: The Cotton Manufacture 175

91. Graph showing approximate growth of population in England and Wales 1670-1830 176

91a. Tables illustrating vital conditions in the eighteenth century 177

92. St. Bartholomew’s Hospital at Smithfield, London, in 1720. From Strype’s edition of Stow’s Survey 179

93. The Pest House in Tothill Fields, London, in 1796. From a print in the British Museum 181

94. Hand of Dairymaid infected with cow-pox, from figure by Jenner 184

95. A cartoon by Robert Cruikshank 191

96. Annual death-rate in London per thousand living over 85 years 196

97. The Old Dreadnought Hospital Ship 199

98. Diagram of Transverse section of the Spinal Cord, &c. 208

99. Diagram to illustrate Reflex 209

100. Diagram to illustrate Cerebral localization 210

101. Thomas Young’s Kymograph 217