Part 6

27. Medieval Bologna, from a mural painting of about 1500 in the town-hall of the city 73

28. An anatomical lecture at Padua in the fifteenth century, from a contemporary Italian woodcut 75

29. A ward in a hospital at Paris in the sixteenth century. Reproduced, by kind permission of M. Édouard Champion, from D. L. MacKay, Les hôpitaux et la Charité à Paris au XIII^e siècle 79

30. Drawing of Dissection of the Heart by Leonardo da Vinci 85

31. Title-page of the work On the Fabric of the Human Body, by Vesalius, published in 1543 87

32. Skeleton from the anatomical work of Vesalius 91

33. Artificial arms and hands, designed and figured by Ambroise Paré 93

34. The ‘Four Temperaments’, from the Guild Book of the Barber-Surgeons of York 97

35. Earliest picture showing the use of Tobacco 99

36. Allegorical picture illustrating the venereal plague 101

37. Sanctorius in his balance 107

38. The principle of Galileo’s thermometer 109

39. The application of the system shown in Fig. 38 by Sanctorius, who used a curved tube 109

40. The adaptation of the instrument, shown in Fig. 39, as a clinical thermometer 109

41. Galileo’s ‘pulsimeter’ 109

42. Dissection of a vein in the thigh and leg, from Fabricius 111

43. The circulation of the blood 113

44. The superficial veins, from William Harvey 114

45. Lungs of a frog, showing the capillary vessels, from Malpighi 116

46-9. Stages in the formation of the chick, from Malpighi 117

49a. One of Leeuwenhoek’s microscopes. Reproduced, by the permission of Mrs. George Martin, from The Asclepiad, II 118

50-3. Illustrating the blood corpuscles and circulation after Leeuwenhoek 119

54. The first representation of Bacteria 120

55-56a. Drawings by Leeuwenhoek of the structure of muscle 121

57-60. Experiments by Swammerdam 123

61. Boyle’s Air-pump 125

62. Descartes’ conception of the relation of a sensory impression and a motor impulse 128

63. Diagram of Descartes, to illustrate nervous action 129