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🧪 How the Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation Works

Use the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation to connect pKa, conjugate-pair ratios, buffer pH, capacity, and the limits of the approximation.

5
lessons
~15 min
to learn
🔬 Science
subject
Adults
level
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What you’ll learn

  1. Meet the pairIdentify a weak acid and its conjugate base as a buffer pair.A buffer’s two related forms respond to added acid or base.
  2. Build the equationRead pKa and the conjugate-base-to-acid ratio in the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation.The logarithmic ratio sets the pH offset from the acid’s reference value.
  3. Calculate a buffer pHCalculate buffer pH and update the pair after strong acid or base reacts.Do the stoichiometry first, then use the remaining conjugate pair.
  4. Check the approximationRecognize when the buffer equation’s assumptions may fail.Dilution, depletion, concentration, activity, and conditions limit the shortcut.
  5. Use the equationChoose, test, and report a buffer calculation responsibly.Use the ratio for pH, total amount for capacity, and measurement as a model check.

Questions this course answers

In pH = pKa + log([A−]/[HA]), which species belongs in the numerator?

The equation uses the conjugate-base-to-weak-acid ratio.

What should happen before using the equation after adding strong base to HA/A−?

Strong base converts HA into A−, changing the amounts first.

Why can two buffers have the same pH but different capacities?

The ratio sets pH while total pair amount affects disturbance resistance.

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