Variation in the Muscles and Nerves of the Leg in Two Genera of Grouse (tympanuchus and Pedioecetes)

Volume 12, No. 9, Pp. 363-474, 20 Figs.

Published October 25, 1963

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY JEAN M. NEIBARGER, STATE PRINTER TOPEKA, KANSAS 1963

29-5835

Variation in the Muscles and Nerves of the Leg in Two Genera of Grouse (Tympanuchus and Pedioecetes)

E. BRUCE HOLMES

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction 367

Materials and Methods 368

Terminology 369

Acknowledgments 375

Skeleton 375

Nerves 376 Lumbosacral Plexus 376 Femoral Nerve 377 Obturator Nerve 379 Sciatic Nerve 379 Peroneal Nerve 382 Tibial Nerve 384

Muscles 396 M. Extensor Iliotibialis Lateralis 398 M. Extensor Iliotibialis Anticus 405 M. Ambiens 408 M. Vastus Lateralis 408 M. Vastus Medialis 410 M. Femoritibialis Internus 410 M. Extensor Iliofibularis 411 M. Piriformis 412 M. Gluteus Profundus 413 M. Iliacus 414 M. Iliotrochantericus Medius 415 M. Psoas 416 M. Flexor Cruris Lateralis 416 M. Flexor Cruris Medialis 417 M. Caudofemoralis 418 M. Flexor Ischiofemoralis 420 M. Adductor Superficialis 420 M. Adductor Profundus 421 M. Obturator 422 M. Femorocruralis 425 M. Gastrocnemius 426 M. Flexor Perforans et Perforatus Digiti II 427 M. Flexor Perforans et Perforatus Digiti III 429 M. Flexor Perforatus Digiti IV 430 M. Flexor Perforatus Digiti III 432 M. Flexor Perforatus Digiti II 433 M. Flexor Hallucis Longus 435 M. Plantaris 435 M. Flexor Digitorum Longus 436 M. Popliteus 438 M. Peroneus Longus 438 M. Tibialis Anticus 439 M. Extensor Digitorum Longus 440 M. Peroneus Brevis 441 M. Extensor Hallucis Longus 442 M. Abductor Digiti II 443 M. Extensor Brevis Digiti III 444 M. Extensor Proprius Digiti III 444 M. Extensor Brevis Digiti IV 445 M. Lumbricalis 445 M. Abductor Digiti IV 446 M. Flexor Hallucis Brevis 446

Discussion and Conclusions 446 Analysis of Individual Variation 446 Muscles 447 Nerves 449 Analysis of Variation Between Species 451 Comparison with Other Studies of Innervation 452

Summary 457

Literature Cited 473

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PAGE

FIG. 1. Pelvis of Tympanuchus pallidicinctus. A. Lateral view. × 1. B. Ventral view. × 1-1/8. 370

FIG. 2. Ventral views of the lumbosacral plexus of Tympanuchus pallidicinctus. Sympathetic ganglionated chain removed. Numbers indicate synsacral spinal nerves. × 2. A. T.p. 1L. B. T.p. 2L. 386

FIG. 3. Ventral views of the lumbosacral plexus. Sympathetic ganglionated chain removed. Numbers indicate synsacral spinal nerves. × 2. A. Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus 3L. B. Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi 4L. 387

FIG. 4. Semidiagrammatic ventral views of the femoral nerve, showing the distribution of the branches. × 3. 1,2, M. extensor iliotibialis anticus; 3, cutaneous; 4-6, M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis; 7,8, M. iliacus; 9, M. gluteus profundus; 10-12, fused Mm. vastus lateralis and vastus medialis; 13,14, M. vastus medialis; 15, M. ambiens; 16, M. femoritibialis internus; 17, nonmuscular; 18, M. psoas; 19, M. iliotrochantericus medius. A. Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus 3L. B. Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi 3L. 388

FIG. 5. Semidiagrammatic ventral views of the femoral nerve, showing the distribution of the branches. × 3. 1,2, M. extensor iliotibialis anticus; 3, cutaneous; 5,6, M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis; 7,8, M. iliacus; 9, M. gluteus profundus; 10,11, fused Mm. vastus lateralis and vastus medialis; 13, M. vastus medialis; 15, M. ambiens; 16, M. femoritibialis internus; 17, nonmuscular; 18, M. psoas; 19, M. iliotrochantericus medius. A. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. B. Tympanuchus cupido attwateri 1R. 389

FIG. 6. Semidiagrammatic dorsolateral view of the sciatic nerve of Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi 3R, showing the distribution of the branches. × 2-1/2. 1, M. gluteus profundus; 2, M. piriformis; 3, M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis; 4-7, M. extensor iliofibularis; 8, M. flexor cruris medialis; 9, cutaneous; 10, to pudendal plexus; 11, M. flexor cruris lateralis; 12, M. caudofemoralis pars caudifemoralis; 13-15, M. caudofemoralis pars iliofemoralis; 16,17, M. flexor ischiofemoralis; 18,19, M. femorocruralis (branch of tibial nerve); 20, cutaneous; 21, M. gastrocnemius pars media (branch of tibial nerve); 22, cutaneous. 390

FIG. 7. Semidiagrammatic dorsolateral view of the sciatic nerve of Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L, showing the distribution of the branches. × 2-1/2. 1, M. gluteus profundus; 2, M. piriformis; 3, M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis; 4, 7, M. extensor iliofibularis; 8, M. flexor cruris medialis; 9, cutaneous; 10, to pudendal plexus; 11, M. flexor cruris lateralis; 12, M. caudofemoralis pars caudifemoralis; 13-15, M. caudofemoralis pars iliofemoralis; 17, M. flexor ischiofemoralis; 18, M. femorocruralis (branch of tibial nerve); 22, cutaneous; 23, nonmuscular (branch of peroneal nerve). 391

FIG. 8. Semidiagrammatic dorsolateral view of the sciatic nerve of Tympanuchus cupido pinnatus 3L, showing the distribution of the branches. × 2-1/2. 1, M. gluteus profundus; 2, M. piriformis; 3, M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis; 4,7, M. extensor iliofibularis; 8, M. flexor cruris medialis; 9, cutaneous; 11, M. flexor cruris lateralis; 12, M. caudofemoralis pars caudifemoralis; 13, M. caudofemoralis pars iliofemoralis; 17, M. flexor ischiofemoralis; 18, M. femorocruralis (branch of tibial nerve); 20, cutaneous; 22, cutaneous. 392

FIG. 9. Semidiagrammatic dorsolateral view of the sciatic nerve of Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi 3L, showing the distribution of the branches. × 2-1/2. 1, M. gluteus profundus; 2, M. piriformis; 3, M. extensor iliotibialis lateralis; 4,5,7, M. extensor iliofibularis; 8, M. flexor cruris medialis; 9, cutaneous; 11, M. flexor cruris lateralis; 13,14, M. caudofemoralis pars iliofemoralis; 16,17, M. flexor ischiofemoralis; 18,19, M. femorocruralis (branch of tibial nerve); 20, cutaneous; 22, cutaneous. 393

FIG. 10. A,B. Semidiagrammatic drawings of the peroneal nerve of Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 1L, showing the distribution of the branches. × 2. C. Semidiagrammatic drawing of the distal part of the peroneal nerve of Tympanuchus cupido attwateri 1R, showing the distribution of the branches. × 2. 1,2, M. tibialis anticus (tibial head); 3,4, M. tibialis anticus (femoral head); 5, M. extensor digitorum longus; 6, nonmuscular; 7,8, M. peroneus longus; 9, M. peroneus brevis; 10,11, M. extensor hallucis longus (proximal head); 12, M. extensor hallucis longus (distal head); 13-15, nonmuscular (to toes); 16, M. abductor digiti II; 17, M. extensor brevis digiti III; 18, M. extensor brevis digiti IV. 394

FIG. 11. A,B. Semidiagrammatic drawings of the tibial nerve (excluding the paraperoneal branch) of Tympanuchus pallidicinctus, showing the distribution of the branches. × 2. A. T.p. 1L. B. T.p. 3R. C. Semidiagrammatic drawing of the distal part of the paraperoneal branch of the tibial nerve of Pedioecetes phasianellus jamesi 2L, showing the distribution of the branches. × 2. 1, M. femorocruralis; 2, M. gastrocnemius pars media; 3, M. popliteus; 4, M. plantaris; 5, M. flexor digitorum longus; 6-8, nonmuscular; 9-11, M. gastrocnemius pars interna; 12,13, M. flexor hallucis longus; 14-16, M. flexor perforatus digiti IV (medial head); 17, M. flexor perforatus digiti III (medial head); 18-20, M. flexor perforatus digiti II; 21, M. flexor perforatus digiti IV (lateral head); 22-24, M. flexor perforatus digiti IV (anterolateral head); 25, M. flexor perforatus digiti III (anterolateral head); 26, M. flexor perforans et perforatus digiti III; 27,28, M. flexor perforans et perforatus digiti II; 29, M. gastrocnemius pars externa; 30,31, M. abductor digiti IV; 32,33, M. flexor hallucis brevis; 34,35, nonmuscular (to toes). 395

FIG. 12. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. Lateral view of the superficial muscles of the left leg. × 1. 397

FIG. 13. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. Medial view of the superficial muscles of the left leg. × 1. Articular capsule shown by concentrically arranged dashes. 398

FIG. 14. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. Lateral view of the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles have been removed: extensor iliotibialis lateralis, extensor iliotibialis anticus, gastrocnemius pars externa and pars interna, and peroneus longus. × 1. 399

FIG. 15. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. Medial view of the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles have been removed: extensor iliotibialis lateralis, extensor iliotibialis anticus, ambiens, flexor cruris lateralis (in part), flexor cruris medialis (in part), gastrocnemius pars externa and pars interna, and peroneus longus. × 1. 400

FIG. 16. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. Lateral view of the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles, in addition to those listed for Fig. 14, have been removed: ambiens, vastus lateralis pars lateralis, vastus medialis (except for part of patellar tendon), extensor iliofibularis, flexor cruris lateralis (in part), flexor perforans et perforatus digiti II, and flexor perforans et perforatus digiti III. × 1. 401

FIG. 17. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. Lateral view of the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles, in addition to those listed for Fig. 16, have been removed: vastus lateralis pars postica, gluteus profundus, flexor cruris medialis (in part), caudofemoralis, flexor perforatus digiti IV, and tibialis anticus. × 1. 402

FIG. 18. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. Lateral view of the muscles of the left leg. The following muscles, in addition to those listed for Fig. 17, have been removed: patellar tendon, iliacus, iliotrochantericus medius, flexor cruris lateralis, flexor cruris medialis, flexor ischiofemoralis, adductor superficialis, femorocruralis, gastrocnemius pars media, flexor perforatus digiti III, flexor perforatus digiti II, flexor hallucis longus, plantaris, flexor digitorum longus, popliteus, and extensor digitorum longus. × 1. 403

FIG. 19. Tympanuchus pallidicinctus 2L. A. Posterior view of the muscles of the left shank. The following shank muscles, in addition to those listed for Fig. 17, have been removed: gastrocnemius pars media, flexor perforatus digiti III, and flexor perforatus digiti II. × 1. B. Posterior view of the proximal end of the shank, showing the most deeply situated muscle. × 1. C. Lateral view of the head of the left femur and the middle part of the pelvis, showing the deepest part of M. obturator. × 1. D. Medial view of the posteroventral part of the left side of the pelvis, showing the intrapelvic part of M. obturator. × 1. E. Anterior view of the left tarsometatarsus, showing the dorsal intrinsic muscles of the foot. × 1-1/2. F. Posterior view of the left tarsometatarsus, showing the ventral intrinsic muscles of the foot. × 1-1/2. 404

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