Text Book of Veterinary Medicine, Volume 1 (of 5)

Part 1

TEXT BOOK OF VETERINARY MEDICINE

JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S.

Director of the New York State Veterinary College Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

VOL. I

ITHACA PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1896

Copyright by JAMES LAW 1896

PRESS OF ANDRUS & CHURCH ITHACA, N. Y.

PREFACE.

During a long experience in teaching veterinary medicine and surgery in Cornell University, the author felt the urgent need of a compend on the subject, written from the American standpoint and having special reference to the American live stock industry. This led to the production of the Farmer’s Veterinary Adviser, which has been well received, and has, up to the present, passed through ten editions in the United States, besides the unauthorized editions published in Canada and Great Britain.

In entering upon a larger field as Director of the New York State Veterinary College, and professor of medicine and sanitary science, he aims at producing a work which will meet the needs of the American student and practitioner. The special phases of animal pathology in America, the diseases peculiar to our soil, and the parasites that prevail here, but are unknown in Europe, demand consideration from the American point of view. The special features of our breeding, grazing and feeding industries, and of the dairy, over our great extent of territory, and the varying influence of soil, water, climate, altitude and traffic, the scope and limitations of our interstate traffic, and our special relation to the old world in the matter of meat products, combine with other conditions in demanding a somewhat different treatment of the subject from that which we find in European publications. Then, too, the recent extraordinary advances in the field of bacteriology and sanitary science, which have virtually revolutionized modern medicine, and are an earnest of still greater advances in the near future, demand a work which shall, as far as possible, set forth the present advanced status, and thus lay a solid foundation to intelligently follow, if not to lead, in the imminent advance. As a contribution to this, the present volume, the first of a series, is offered to students, practitioners and scientists by their friend,

THE AUTHOR.

New York State Veterinary College, Cornell University. October, 1896.

CONTENTS

PREFACE. CONTENTS. OBJECTS AND METHODS OF STUDY. ETIOLOGY CAUSES OF DISEASE. MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS. SYMPTOMATOLOGY. SEMEIOLOGY. PROGNOSIS. PROPHYLAXIS. PROPHYLACTICS. PREVENTION. THERAPEUTICS. TREATMENT. HYPERÆMIA. CONGESTION. INFLAMMATION. PHLOGOSIS. PHLEGMASIA. FEVER. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY ORGANS. DISEASES OF THE NOSE. RHINITIS. CORYZA. NASAL CATARRH. COLD IN THE HEAD. SIMPLE CORYZA IN CATTLE. CHRONIC NASAL, CATARRH. NASAL GLEET. OZŒNA IN THE HORSE. COLLECTION OF PUS IN THE NASAL SINUSES. ABSCESS OF THE FALSE NOSTRIL OR TURBINATED BONES. NASAL DISCHARGE FROM CARIOUS TEETH, ETC. COLLECTIONS OF PUS IN THE GUTTURAL POUCHES. NEOPLASMS IN THE HORSE’S NOSE. CATARRH OF THE FRONTAL SINUSES IN CATTLE. CATARRH FROM TRAUMATISM. CHRONIC CATARRH OF CATTLE. MALIGNANT CATARRH OF CATTLE. PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE NOSE. COCCIDIAN CATARRH IN RABBITS. LARVA OF ŒSTRUS OVIS (GRUB) IN THE NASAL SINUSES OF SHEEP. NASAL CATARRH IN DOG AND HORSE FROM LINGUATULA (PENTASTOMA) TAENIOIDES. RHINARIA TAENIOIDES. AFFECTIONS OF THE THROAT. LARYNGITIS IN THE HORSE. PHARYNGO-LARYNGITIS IN CATTLE. LARYNGITIS IN SHEEP. LARYNGITIS IN PIG. LARYNGITIS IN THE DOG. PHARYNGITIS. SORE THROAT. CROUP. PHARYNGEAL AND LARYNGEAL POLYPI. DYSPNŒA LARYNGEA. ROARING. HEMIPLEGIA LARYNGEA. ŒDEMA GLOTTIDIS. LARYNGEAL HYPERÆSTHESIA. CONVULSIVE COUGH. INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE THROAT. GUTTUROMYCOSIS OF SOLIPEDES. DISEASES OF THE CHEST. RELATIVE POSITION OF THE LUNGS, HEART AND OTHER ORGANS IN THE DIFFERENT DOMESTIC ANIMALS. PERCUSSION. AUSCULTATION. DISEASES OF THE LUNGS. BRONCHITIS. CHRONIC BRONCHITIS IN THE HORSE. BRONCHIAL CATARRH. BRONCHITIS IN THE OX. BRONCHITIS IN THE DOG. CROUPOUS BRONCHITIS IN CATTLE AND SHEEP. ACUTE CONGESTION OF THE LUNGS. PULMONARY HYPERÆMIA. PULMONARY ŒDEMA. ATELECTASIS. COLLAPSE OF LUNG. HÆMOPTYSIS. PULMONARY APOPLEXY. HÆMORRHAGIC INFARCTION. PNEUMONITIS; PNEUMONIA; INFLAMMATION OF THE LUNGS. ACUTE CROUPOUS PNEUMONIA. PNEUMONITIS IN THE HORSE. CROUPOUS PNEUMONIA IN THE OX. CROUPOUS PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP. PIG. PNEUMONIA. DOG. PNEUMONIA. ACUTE PLEURISY IN THE HORSE. PLEURITIS. PLEURISY IN CATTLE. PLEURISY IN SHEEP. DOG. PLEURISY. PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. BRONCHO-PNEUMONIA. BRONCHO-PLEURO-PNEUMONIA. HYDROTHORAX. PNEUMOTHORAX. AIR OR GAS IN THE PLEURA. PYO-PNEUMOTHORAX, EMPYEMA. CHRONIC PLEURISY. PLEURODYNIA. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN THE DOG. ASTHMA. BROKEN WIND. HEAVES. DYSPNŒA. POLYPUS OF THE BRONCHIAL TUBES. DISEASES OF THE BRONCHIAL AND MESENTERIC GLANDS. PARASITES OF THE AIR PASSAGES, LUNGS, AND PLEURA. DISEASES OF THE HEART AND ORGANS OF CIRCULATION. PALPITATIONS. ANGINA PECTORIS. BREAST PANG. FUNCTIONAL IRREGULARITY IN THE RYTHM OF THE HEART. CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS AND DISPLACEMENTS OF THE HEART. HYPERTROPHY OF THE HEART. ATROPHY. DILATATION OF THE HEART. INFLAMMATIONS IN THE HEART. PERICARDITIS. ENDOCARDITIS. CARDITIS. MYOCARDITIS. CHRONIC VALVULAR DISEASE OF THE HEART. FATTY DEGENERATION OF THE HEART. NEW FORMATIONS IN THE HEART. TUMORS. PARASITES. RUPTURE OF THE HEART. DISEASES OF ARTERIES. THROMBOSIS AND EMBOLISM. ANEURISM. ARTERIO-SCLEROSIS. ANGEIOMA. CIRCOID ANEURISM. ANEURISM BY ANASTOMOSIS. VENOUS TUMOR. NŒVUS. PHLEBITIS. VARICOSE VEINS. DILATED VEINS WITH ALTERED WALLS. PHLEBOLITES. CALCAREOUS BODIES IN THE VEINS. HÆMORRHAGE. HÆMOPHILIA. DISEASES OF THE BLOOD. PLETHORA. POLYÆMIA. HYDROÆMIA. ANÆMIA OLIGÆMIA. PROGRESSIVE PERNICIOUS ANÆMIA. IDIOPATHIC ANÆMIA. CHRONIC ANÆMIA. DROPSY IN CATTLE AND SHEEP. MELANÆMIA. BLACK PIGMENT IN BLOOD. LEUKÆMIA. LEUCOCYTHÆMIA. LYMPHADENOMA. HODGKIN’S DISEASE. ACUTE LYMPHANGITIS OF PLETHORA IN HORSE. ANGEIOLEUCITIS. INFECTIVE LYMPHANGITIS. TRAUMATIC LYMPHANGITIS. LYMPHANGIECTASIS. DILATED LYMPHATICS. LYMPHORRHŒA. LYMPHORRHAGIA. DISCHARGE OF LYMPH THROUGH WOUNDS OR SORES. LYMPHADENITIS. INFLAMMATION OF THE LYMPH GLANDS. INDEX.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

OBJECTS AND METHODS OF STUDY.

Pathology—general—special. Morbid anatomy. Pathological chemistry; Disease. Health. Death—Somatic—partial—necrosis. Syncope. Apuœa. Asphyxia. Coma. Death from old age.

The principles and practice of Veterinary Medicine should embrace all that is known of the causes, nature, symptoms, prevention and cure of disease in domestic animals. Incidentally it includes diagnosis and prognosis.

=Pathology= is the science which tells of the causes, and nature of disease, and the functional and structural changes by which it is characterized. In modern usage the term pathology is understood to refer to the intimate nature of disease, but this necessarily involves an enquiry into its sources and the predispositions to its occurrence; its phenomena whether in changes of function or structure; and its results in the form of perverted function, structural changes, degenerations, dependent disorder, etc. The field of pathology is further divided into general pathology and special pathology.

=General Pathology= treats of disease processes in their generic form, and as they appear in many different diseases. Thus inflammation and fever are the prominent phenomena in a great many different diseases which differ in their seats, their causes, manifestations and results. Inflammation and fever are therefore subjects of general pathology. Similarly all forms of degeneration—fatty, fibrous, calcic, amyloid, etc., are disease processes found in many different organs and under very varied conditions and they are accordingly included in general pathology. Hypertrophy and atrophy are also possible in every organic tissue irrespective of kind or seat, they belong therefore to this particular field.

=Special Pathology= on the contrary is confined to a particular disease and not only elucidates the causes, phenomena and results of such disease, but seeks to do this in such a way as to differentiate this malady from all others however closely related to it. Thus inflammation of a bone is known under the general name of osteitis, this may be due to a great variety of different causes, and each would have its own special pathology. The osteitis of simple mechanical injury is essentially different from the osteitis of rheumatism, of purulent infection, of tuberculosis, of actinomycosis. So with the inflammations of every other tissue. Each may suffer from a variety of inflammations, springing from different causes, attended with characteristically unlike tissue changes and tending to different issues, and every one of these forms has therefore its own special pathology.

=General Pathology= may be said to deal with typical disease processes to a large extent irrespective of the individual disease in which they may appear, while =Special Pathology= deals with the morbid phenomena which distinguishes the individual malady from all other diseases however closely allied to it.

=Pathological (Morbid) Anatomy= deals with structural changes, the cause, the accompaniment or result of disease. These morbid changes are microscopic or macroscopic. Both constitute morbid anatomy, but the microscopic alterations come under the special name of morbid (pathological) histology.

=Pathological Chemistry= is that branch of pathology which treats of chemical changes produced by disease in the blood, lymph, tissues, secretions and excretions. It demands a previous knowledge of the condition of these tissues and fluids in health, in the particular genus of animal and under the same dietary and environment. Physiological Chemistry is therefore an essential prerequisite to pathological chemistry, just as anatomy, physiology and histology are indispensable to the appreciation of pathology and morbid anatomy.

=Disease= is an injurious deviation from the normal function or structure. The morbid process resulting in disease is usually in the nature of a modification of the normal or physiological condition, so that it is often difficult to set the exact limits of health and disease. What is a purely physiological process under given conditions, would be distinctly pathological under others. The free kidney secretion of cold weather and the profuse perspiration of a hot season are both purely physiological and in the main balance each other. Each under its special environment fulfills an essential work in eliminating from the system toxic materials which would prove hurtful if retained, and thus each is not only physiological but beneficial. If, however, they occurred, not in this mutually compensatory manner, but simultaneously in this profusion, they might well be dreaded as morbid conditions. Again if either were to occur apart from its normal causative environment, if for example the polyuria appeared in hot weather and the perspiration in cold, the phenomenon might fairly be called pathological. In any case if the excessive secretion induced a lowering of the general tone of health the process would be essentially a morbid one. In pronouncing therefore upon a morbid process one must take fully into account the corresponding physiological process, the attendant conditions, and whether the result is injurious or otherwise.

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