PART IX. The Palms

THE PALMS

Palms are tropical plants related to lilies on one hand and grasses on the other. One hundred genera and about one thousand species compose a family in which tree forms rarely occur. A few genera grow wild in the warmest sections of this country, and exotics are familiar in cultivation, wherever they are hardy. The leaves are parallel-veined, fan-shaped, or feather-like, on long stalks that sheath the trunk, splitting with its growth. The flowers are lily-like, on the plan of three, and the fruits are clustered berries, or drupes.

Sago, tapioca, cocoanuts, and dates are foods derived from members of this wonderful family. The fibres of the leaves supply thread for weaving cloth and cordage to the natives of the tropics, where houses are built and furnished throughout from the native palms.

The royal palm, crowned with a rosette of feather-like leaves, each ten to twelve feet long, above the smooth, tall stems, is a favorite avenue tree in tropical cities. In Florida it grows wild in the extreme southwest, but is planted on the streets of Miami and Palm Beach. Its maximum height is one hundred feet.

In California the favorite avenue palm of this feather-leaved type is the Canary Island palm, whose stout trunk, covered with interlacing leaf-bases, wears a crown of plumes that reach fifteen feet in length and touch the ground with their drooping tips. Huge clusters of bright yellow, dry, olive-shaped berries ripen in midsummer.

The date palm of commerce, once confined to the tropical deserts of Asia Minor and North Africa, has been successfully established by the Government in hot, dry localities of the Southwest. Fruit equal to any grown in plantations of the Old World is marketed now from the Imperial and Coachella valleys in California, and from orchards near Phoenix, Arizona. Dry air and a summer temperature far above the hundred degree mark is necessary to insure the proper sugar content and flavor in these fruits, which are borne in huge clusters and ripen slowly, one by one.

Fan-shaped leaves plaited on the ends of long stalks that are usually spiny-edged are borne by the stocky Florida palmettos and the tall desert palm of California, planted widely in cities of the Southwest and in Europe. Several genera of this fan-leaved type are represented in palm gardens, and in the general horticulture of warm regions of this country.

THE END

GENERAL INDEX

PAGE

Abies balsamea, 258 Abies concolor, 257 Abies Fraseri, 253 Abies grandis, 256 Abies magnifica, 254 Abies nobilis, 256 Acacia dealbata, 187 Acacia Melanoxylon, 186 Acacia, Palo verde, 190 Acacias, The, 184-187 Acer circinatum, 197 Acer glabrum, 199 Acer macrophyllum, 197 Acer nigrum, 195 Acer Negundo, 199 Acer Pennsylvanicum, 198 Acer pseudo-platanus, 200 Acer rubrum, 195 Acer saccharinum, 196 Acer saccharum, 194 Acer spicatum, 198 Aesculus Californica, 68 Aesculus glabra, 67 Aesculus Hippocastanum, 65 Aesculus octandra, 67 "Ague tree", 131 Alder, Black, 91 Alder, Oregon, 93 Alder, Red, 93 Alder, Seaside, 92 Alders, The, 91-93 Alligator pear, 129 Almond, 152 Alnus glutinosa, 91 Alnus maritima, 92 Alnus Oregona, 93 Amelanchier alnifolia, 160 Amelanchier Canadensis, 159 American beech, 42 American elm, 210 American holly, 145 American hornbeam, 85 American larch, 278 American linden, 70 Annual rings, 12 Anona cherimolia, 171 Anona glabra, 170 Apples, The, 147-149 Arbor-vitaes, The, 268-270 Arboreta, xiv Arbutus Menziesii, 121 Arnold arboretum, xiv Ash, Black, 204 Ash, Blue, 206 Ash, European, 208 Ash, Green, 206 Ash, Oregon, 207 Ash, Red, 205 Ash, White, 202 Ashes, Mountain, 116-118 Ashes, The, 201-209 Asimina triloba, 168 Aspen, 78 Assam rubber tree, 166 Autumn leaves, 19 Avocado, 129

Bald cypress, 273 Balm of Gilead, 79 Balsam fir, 253 Balsam poplar, 79 "Banana tree, Wild", 169 Banyan tree, 166 Bark, xv, 23 Basket oak, 55 Basswood, Downy, 72 Basswood, White, 71 Basswoods, The, 68-74 Bay, Red, 129 Bay, Rose, 119 Bay, Swamp, 105 Bee tree, 71 Beech, American, 42 "Beech, Blue", 85

"Beech, Water", 85 "Beetle-wood", 86 Betula lenta, 90 Betula lutea, 89 Betula nigra, 90 Betula papyrifera, 88 Betula populifolia, 89 "Big-cone" pine, 240 Big shellbark, 38 Big Tree, 263 Birch, Canoe, 88 Birch, Cherry, 90 Birch, Paper, 88 Birch, Red, 90 Birch, River, 90 Birch, White, 89 Birch, Yellow, 89 Birches, The, 87-91 Bird cherry, 153 "Bird's-eye" maplewood, 15 Black acacia, 186 Black alder, 91 Black ash, 204 Black cherry, Wild, 153 Black cottonwood, 80 Black dwarf sumach, 140 Black gum, 96 Black haw, 115, 158 Black locust, 178 Black maple, 195 Black mulberry, 165 Black oak, 58 Black oak group, 58-65 Black poplar, 77 Black spruce, 248 Black walnut, 31 Blackwood-tree, 186 Blue ash, 206 "Blue beech", 85 Blue fir, 257 Blue spruce, 250 Box elder, 199 Buckeye, California, 68 Buckeye, Ohio, 67 Buckeye, Sweet, 67 Buds, 3, 23 Bur oak, 51 Burning bush, 136 Butternut, 30 Buttonwoods, The, 93-95

California walnut, 29 California white oak, 57 Cambium, 9, 21 Campbell's magnolia, 103 Camperdown elm, 216 Canada plum, 151 Canary island palm, 280 Canoe birch, 88 Canoe cedar, 269 Carica papaya, 169 Carolina poplar, 78 Carpinus Carolinianum, 85 Castanea dentata, 44 Castanea pumila, 44-46 Cedar, Canoe, 269 Cedar, Eastern red, 276 Cedar, Incense, 270 Cedar, Red, 269 Cedar, White, 272 Celtis Australis, 162 Celtis occidentalis, 161 Cercidium Torreyanum, 190 Cercis Canadensis, 182 Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana, 273 Chamaecyparis Thyoides, 272 Chemistry of trees, 5-8 Cherimoya, 171 Cherries, The, 152-155 Cherry birch, 90 Chestnut oak, 53 Chestnuts, The, 44-47 Chinquapin, 44-46 Chionanthus Virginica, 126 Chlorophyll, Breaking down of the, 18 Choke cherry, 154 Cladrastis lutea, 183 Clammy locust, 179 Cockspur thorn, 156 Coffee tree, Kentucky, 181 Colorado blue spruce, 250 Common lime, 72 Cone-bearing evergreens, 217-279 Conifers, 217-279 Coral-bean, 192 "Cork elm", 215 Cornel, 113 Cornus Florida, 111 Cornus mas, 113 Cornus Nuttallii, 113 Cotinus, 142

Cotton gum, 97 Cottonwood, 77 Cottonwood, Black, 80 Cottonwood, Lance-leaved, 80 Cottonwood, Mexican, 80 Cottonwood, Narrow-leaved, 80 Cottonwood, Swamp, 81 Crab, Prairie, 148 Crab, Wild, 148 Crataegus coccinea, 158 Crataegus Crus-galli, 156 Crataegus Douglasii, 158 Crataegus mollis, 157 Crataegus oxyacantha, 155 Crataegus pruinosa, 157 Cuban pine, 236 Cucumber tree, 107 Cucumber tree, Large-leaved, 106 Cupressus macrocarpa, 271 Cupressus sempervirens, 272 "Curly maplewood", 15 Custard-apple, 168, 170 Cypresses, The, 271-274

Date palm, 281 Digger pine, 239 Diospyros Virginiana, 172 Dogwood, European, 113 Dogwood, Flowering, 111 Dogwood, Jamaica, 190 Dogwood, Western, 113 Dogwoods, The, 111-114 Douglas spruce, 258 Downy basswood, 72 Dwarf juniper, 275 Dwarf maple, 199 Dwarf sumach, 140

Eastern arbor-vitae, 268 Eastern mountain ash, 116 Eastern red cedar, 276 Eastern service berry, 159 Ebony, Texas, 191 Elder, Box, 199 Elder-leaved mountain ash, 117 Elm, American, 210 Elm, Camperdown, 216 "Elm, Cork", 215 Elm, English, 215 Elm, Hickory, 214 Elm, Moose, 213 Elm, Mountain, 215 Elm, Red, 213 Elm, Rock, 214 Elm, Scotch, 216 Elm, Slippery, 213 Elm, Small-leaved, 215 Elm, White, 210 Elm, Winged, 215 Elm, Wych, 216 Elms, The, 210-216 "Encina", 64 Engelmann spruce, 250 English elm, 215 English hawthorn, 155 English walnut, 33 Euonymus atropurpureus, 136 European ash, 208 European cypress, 272 European dogwood, 113 European holly, 144 European mountain ash, 117 European nettle tree, 162 Evergreens, Cone-bearing, 217-279 Evergreens, Leaves of, 20

Fagus Americanus, 42 Fibres of wood, 13 Ficus aurea, 167 Ficus elasticus, 166 "Fiddleback" ash, 209 Figs, The, 165-167 Fir, Balsam, 253 Fir, Blue, 257 Fir, Noble, 256 Fir, Red, 254 Fir, Red (A. nobilis), 256 Fir, Silver, 257 Fir, White, 256 Fir, White (A. concolor), 257 Firs, The, 251-257 Flowering dogwood, 111 "Foxtail" pines, The, 229 Fraxinus Americana, 202 Fraxinus excelsior, 208 Fraxinus nigra, 204 Fraxinus Oregona, 207 Fraxinus ornus, 209 Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, 205 Fraxinus Pennsylvanica (lanceolata), 206 Fraxinus quadrangulata, 206 Frijolito, 192 Fringe tree, 126

Gerarde, 73 Gleditsia triacanthos, 180 Golden fig, 167 Grain of wood, 13 Gray pine, 238 Great laurel, 119 Great laurel magnolia, 104 Green ash, 206 "Grete Herball", 73 Gum, Cotton, 97 Gum, Sour or Black, 96 Gum, Sweet, 97 Gum trees, The, 95-100 Gymnocladus dioicus, 181 Gymnosperms, 217-279

Hackberries, The, 160-162 Hamamelis Virginiana, 134 "Hard-tack", 86 Haw, Black, 115, 158 Haw, Red, 157 Haw, Scarlet, 157-158 Hawthorns, The, 155-159 Hazel, Witch, 133 Heath family, 118 Hemlocks, The, 259-262 Hicoria alba, 40 Hicoria glabra, 41 Hicoria lacinata, 38 Hicoria ovata, 37 Hicoria Pecan, 38 Hickories, The, 36-41 Hickory elm, 214 Hollies, The, 143-146 Holly, American, 145 Holly, European, 144 Honey locust, 179 Honey pod, 188 Hop hornbeam, 86 Hornbeam, American, 85 Hornbeam, Hop, 86 Horse bean, 191 Horse-chestnut foliage, 17 Horse-chestnuts, The, 65-68 "Horse sugar", 125

Icthyomethia Piscipula, 190 Ilex aquifolium, 144 Ilex Opaca, 145 Ilex vomitoria, 145 Incense cedar, 270 "Iron oak", 52 "Ironwood," see also Hornbeam Ironwood, Knowlton's, 87

Jack pine, 238 Jamaica dogwood, 190 Japanese persimmon, 175 Japanese walnut, 33 "Judas-tree", 183 Juglans, Californica, 29 Juglans cinerea, 30 Juglans cordiformis, 33 Juglans nigra, 31 Juglans regia, 33 Juglans rupestris, 29 Juglans Sieboldiana, 33 June-berry, 159 Junipers, The, 274-277 Juniperus Barbadensis, 277 Juniperus communis, 275 Juniperus occidentalis, 276 Juniperus Virginiana, 276

Kaki, 175 Kalm, Peter, xx Kalmia latifolia, 120 Kentucky coffee tree, 181 Knob-cone pine, 240 Knowlton's ironwood, 87

Lance-leaved Cottonwood, 80 "Langues de femmes", 81 Larches, The, 277-279 Large-leaved cucumber tree, 106 Larix Americana, 278 Larix occidentalis, 279 Laurel family, 127-133 Laurel, Great, 119 Laurel, Mountain, 120 Laurel oak, 63 Laurus nobilis, 129 Lawson cypress, 273 Leaves, 4, 16-20 "Lever-wood", 86 Librocedus Decurrens, 270 Lime, Common, 72 "Lime Trees," see Lindens Linden, American, 70 Lindens, The, 68-74 Linnaeus, xviii, 73 Liquidamber styraciflua, 97 Liriodendron tulipifera, 109 Live oak, 56 Live oak (Q. aquifolia), 64 Loblolly pine, 236 Locusts, The, 177-184 Lodge-pole pine, 245 Lombardy poplar, 77 Longleaf pine, 232

MadroA+-a, 121 Magnolia acuminata, 107 Magnolia, Campbell's, 103 Magnolia foetida, 104 Magnolia Glauca, 105 Magnolia, Great laurel, 104 Magnolia macrophylla, 106 Magnolia, Starry, 103 Magnolia stellata, 103 Magnolia tripetala, 108 Magnolia yulan, 102 Magnolias, The, 101-111 Malus coronaria, 148 Malus ioensis, 148 Maple, "Bird's eye" and "Curly", 15 Maple, Black, 195 Maple, Dwarf, 199 Maple, Mountain, 198 Maple, Norway, 200 Maple, Oregon, 197 Maple, Red, 195 Maple, Silver, 196 Maple, Soft, 196 Maple, Striped, 198 Maple, Sugar, 194 Maple, Sycamore, 200 Maple, Vine, 197 Maple, Wier's weeping, 196 Maples, The, 193-201 Melon papaw, 169 Mesquite, 188 Mexican cottonwood, 80 Mississippi Valley chestnut oak, 54 Mockernut, 40 Mohrodendron diptera, 124 Mohrodendron tetraptera, 123 Monterey cypress, 271 Monterey pine, 241 Moose elm, 213 Morus alba, 164 Morus nigra, 165 Morus rubra, 163 Mountain ashes, 116-118 Mountain elm, 215 Mountain hemlock, 261 Mountain laurel, 120 Mountain maple, 198 Mountain pine, 224 Mountain sumach, 140 Muir, John, xvi Mulberries, The, 163-165

Names of trees, xvii-xxiii Nannyberry, Rusty, 115 Narrow-leaved cottonwood, 80 "Necklace-bearing" poplar, 78 Nettle tree, European, 162 Noble fir, 256 Nomenclature of trees, xvii-xxiii Norway maple, 200 Norway pine, 246 Norway spruce, 248 Nut pines, 230-232 Nut trees, The, 28-74 Nyssa aquatica, 97 Nyssa sylvatica, 96

Oak, Basket, 55 Oak, Black, 58 Oak, Bur, 51 Oak, California white, 57 Oak, Chestnut, 53 Oak, "Iron", 52 Oak, Live, 56 Oak, Live (Q. agrifolia), 64 Oak, Mississippi Valley chestnut, 54 Oak, Pacific post, 57 Oak, Pin, 60 Oak, Post, 52 Oak, Red, 61 Oak, "Rock chestnut", 53 Oak, Scarlet, 59 Oak, Single or Laurel, 63 Oak, Swamp white, 54 Oak, White, 49 Oak, Willow, 62 Oak, "Yellow", 54 Oaks, Black, 58-65 Oaks, The, 46-65 Oaks, White, 49-58 Ohio buckeye, 67 Oilnut, 30 Old field pine, 236 One-leaved nut pine, 231 Oregon alder, 93 Oregon ash, 207 Oregon maple, 197 Oriental plane, 95 Osage orange, 99 Ostrya Knowletoni, 87 Ostrya Virginiana, 86 Oxydendrum arboreum, 122

Pacific post oak, 57 Palms, The, 280 Palo verde acacia, 190 Papaws, The, 167-170 Paper birch, 88 Parkinsonia aculeata, 191 Pecan, 38 "Pepperidge", 96 Persea Borbonia, 129 Persea gratissima, 129 Persimmons, The, 172-175 Picea Engelmanni, 250 Picea excelsa, 248 Picea Mariana, 248 Picea Parryana, 250 Picea rubens, 249 Picea Sitchensis, 251 Pie cherry, 152 Pignut, 41 Pin cherry, 153 Pin oak, 60 Pine, "Big-cone", 240 Pine, Cuban, 236 Pine, Digger, 239 Pine, Gray, 238 Pine, Jack, 238 Pine, Knob-cone, 240 Pine, Loblolly, 236 Pine, Lodge-pole, 245 Pine, Longleaf, 232 Pine, Monterey, 241 Pine, Mountain, 224 Pine, Norway, 246 Pine, Old field, 236 Pine, One-leaved nut, 231 Pine, Pitch, 237 Pine, Prickle-cone, 229 Pine, Red, 246 "Pine, Red", 258 Pine, Rocky Mountain white, 228 Pine, Rosemary, 237 Pine, Scrub, 244 Pine, Shortleaf, 235 Pine, Slash, 236 Pine, "Southern", 233 Pine, Sugar, 225 Pine, Swamp, 236 Pine, Tamarack, 245 Pine, Western pitch, 239 Pine, Western yellow, 242 Pine, White, 222 Pine, White bark, 228 Pines, "Foxtail", 229 Pines, Nut, 230-232 Pines, The, 220-247 PiA+-on, 230 Pinus albicaulis, 228 Pinus aristata, 229 Pinus attenuata, 240 Pinus Balfouriana, 229 Pinus Caribaea, 236 Pinus cembroides, 230 Pinus contorta, 244 Pinus Coulteri, 239 Pinus divaricata, 238 Pinus echinata, 235 Pinus edulis, 230 Pinus flexilis, 228 Pinus Lambertiana, 225 Pinus monophylla, 231 Pinus Monticola, 224 Pinus palustris, 232 Pinus ponderosa, 242 Pinus quadrifolia, 230 Pinus radiata, 241 Pinus resinosa, 246 Pinus rigida, 237 Pinus Sabiniana, 239 Pinus Strobus, 222 Pinus Taeda, 236 Pitch pine, 237 Pitch pine, Western, 239 Pitch pines, The, 232 Plane, Oriental, 95 Platanus occidentalis, 93 Platanus orientalis, 95 Plums, The, 149-152 "Pod-bearers," The, 176-192 Poison sumach, 141 Pond apples, The, 170-172 Poplar, Balsam, 79 Poplar, Black, 77 Poplar, Carolina, 78 Poplar, Lombardy, 77 Poplar, "Necklace-bearing", 78 Poplar, Silver-leaved, 76 Poplar, White, 76 Poplars, The, 75-81 Populus acuminata, 80 Populus alba, 76 Populus angustifolia, 80 Populus balsamifera, 79 -Populus deltoidea, 77 Populus heterophylla, 81 Populus Mexicana, 80 Populus nigra, 77 Populus tremuloides, 78 Populus trichocarpa, 80 Post oak, 52 Prairie crab, 148 Prickle-cone pine, 229 Prickwood, 137 Prosopis pubescens, 189 Prosopis Tuliflora, 188 Prunus Americanus, 150 Prunus avium, 152 Prunus cerasus, 152 Prunus nigra, 151 Prunus Pennsylvanica, 153 Prunus pseudo-Cerasus, 152 Prunus serotina, 153 Prunus Virginiana, 154 Pseudotsuga mucronata, 258 Pussy willow, 84

Quaking asp, 78 Quercus acuminata, 54 Quercus agrifolia, 64 Quercus alba, 49 Quercus chrysolepis, 63 Quercus coccinea, 59 Quercus Garryana, 57 Quercus lobata, 57 Quercus macrocarpa, 51 Quercus Michauxii, 55 Quercus minor, 52 Quercus palustris, 60 Quercus Phellos, 62 Quercus platanoides, 54 Quercus prinus, 53 Quercus rubra, 61 Quercus velutina, 58 Quercus Virginiana, 56

Ram's horn ash, 209 Red alder, 93 Red ash, 205 Red bay, 129 Red birch, 90 Red cedar, 269 Red cedar, Eastern, 276 Red elm, 213 Red fir, 254 Red fir (A. nobilis), 256 Red haw, 157 Red juniper, 277 Red maple, 195 Red mulberry, 163 Red oak, 61 Red pine, 246 "Red pine", 258 Red plum, Wild, 150 Red spruce, 249 Redbud, 182 Redwood, 266 Retama, 191 Rhododendron, 118 Rhododendron maximum, 119 Rhus copallina, 140 Rhus glabra, 141 Rhus hirta, 138 Rhus Vernix, 141 Rings, The Annual, 12 River birch, 90 Robinia Pseudacacia, 178 Robinia viscosa, 179 "Rock chestnut" oak, 53 Rock elm, 214 Rocky Mountain white pine, 228 Rose bay, 119 Rosemary pine, 237 Rowan tree, 117 Royal palm, 280 Rubber plant, 166 Rum cherry, 153 Rusty nannyberry, 115

Salix Babylonica, 83 Salix discolor, 84 Sap, 6 Sargent, Professor, xxi Sassafras, 130 Scarlet haw, 157 Scarlet oak, 59 Scientific names, xvii Scotch elm, 216 Screw-bean, 189 Screw-pod, 189 Scrub pine, 244 Seaside alder, 92 Sequoia sempervirens, 266 Sequoia Wellingtonia, 263 Sequoias, The, 262-268 Service-berries, The, 159-160 Shad-bush, 159 Shagbark, 37 Shaw botanical garden, xiv Sheepberry, 114 Shellbark, 37 Shellbark, Big, 38 Shingle oak, 63 Shortleaf pine, 235 "Silva of North America", xxi Silver bell trees, 123 Silver fir, 257 Silver-leaved poplar, 76 Silver maple, 196 Silver wattle, 187 Slash pine, 236 Slippery elm, 213 Small-leaved elm, 215 Smoke tree, 142 Smooth sumach, 141 Snowdrop tree, 124 "Snowdrop tree", 123 Soft maple, 196 Soft pines, 222-229 Sophora secundiflora, 192 Sorbus Americana, 116 Sorbus Aucuparia, 117 Sorbus sambucifolia, 117 Sorrel tree, 122 Sour gum, 96 Sour-wood, 122 "Southern" pine, 233 Southwestern walnut, 29 "Species plantarum", xix Spruce, Black, 248 Spruce, Blue, 250 Spruce, Douglas, 258 Spruce, Engelmann, 250 Spruce, Norway, 248 Spruce, Red, 249 Spruce, Tideland, 251 Spruces, The, 247-251 Staghorn sumach, 138 Starch, 7 Starry magnolia, 103 Striped mapl, 198 Sugar maple, 194 Sugar pine, 225 Sumach, Black dwarf, 140 Sumach, Dwarf, 140 Sumach, Mountain, 140 Sumach, Poison, 141 Sumach, Smooth, 141 Sumach, Staghorn, 138 Sumachs, The, 137-142 Swamp bay, 105 Swamp Cottonwood, 81 Swamp pine, 236 Swamp white oak, 54 Sweet buckeye, 67 Sweet cherry, 152 Sweet gum, 97 Sweet leaf, 124 Sycamore maple, 200 Sycamores, The, 93-95 Symplocos tinctoria, 125

Tamarack pine, 245 Tamaracks, The, 277-279 "Tassel trees", 186 Taxodium distichum, 273 Texas ebony, 191 Thuya occidentalis, 268 Thuya plicata, 269 Tideland spruce,, 251 Tilia Americana, 70 Tilia heterophylla, 71 Tilia pubescens, 72 Tilia vulgaris, 72 Toxylon pomiferum, 99 Transpiration, 23 Trees, Bark of, xv, 23 Trees, Breathing of, 22 Trees, Buds of, 3, 23 Trees, Chemistry of., 5-8 Trees, Food of, 6 Trees, Growth of, 9-16 Trees, How to know the, xiv-xvi

Trees in winter, 20-27 Trees, Leaves of, 4, 16-20 Trees, Life of, 3-27 Trees, Names of, xii, xvii-xxiii Trees, Opposite-leaved, xv Trees, Sap of, 6 Trembling aspen, 78 Tsuga Canadensis, 260 Tsuga heterophylla, 261 Tsuga Martensiana, 231 Tulip tree, 109 "Tupelo", 96

Ulmus alata, 215 Ulmus Americana, 210 Ulmus campestris, 215 Ulmus fulva, 213 Ulmus montana, 216 Ulmus Thomasi, 214 Umbrella tree, 108

Viburnum lentago, 114 Viburnum prunifolium, 115 Viburnum rufidulum, 115 Viburnums, The, 114 Vine maple, 197 "Virgilia", 183

Wahoo, 137 "Wahoo", 215 Walnut, Black, 31 Walnut, California, 29 Walnut, English, 33 Walnut, Japanese, 33 Walnut, Southwestern, 29 Walnut, White, 30 Walnuts, The, 28-35 "Water Beech", 85 Wattles, The, 184-187 Weeping maple, Wier's, 196 Weeping willow, 83 Western dogwood, 113 Western hemlock, 261 Western juniper, 276 Western larch, 279 Western pitch pine, 239 Western service-berry, 160 Western yellow pine, 242 White ash, 202 White-bark pine, 228 White basswood, 71 White birch, 89 White cedar, 272 White elm, 210 White fir, 256 White fir (A. concolor), 257 White mulberry, 164 White oak, 49 White oak group, 49-58 White pine, 222 White pine, Rocky Mountain, 228 White poplar, 76 White walnut, 30 Wier's weeping maple, 196 "Wild banana tree", 169 Wild black cherry, 153 Wild cherry, 153 Wild crab, 148 Wild red plum, 150 Willow oak, 62 Willow, Pussy, 84 Willow, Weeping, 83 Willows, The, 81-84 Winged elm, 215 Winter, Trees in, 20-27 "Winter berries", 143 Witch hazel, 133 Wood, 12-16 Wych elm, 210

Yaupon, 145 Yellow birch, 89 Yellow locust, 178 "Yellow oak", 54 Yellow pine, Western, 242 Yellow plum, 150 Yellow-wood, 183 Yulan magnolia, 102

Zigia flexicaulis, 191

Transcriber's Notes

Where images split paragraphs and in some cases would split off a short section of a species description, the text was moved above or below the images to rejoin the text. Small caps formatting is usually converted to ALL CAPS. Although the section header lists on the chapter title pages were printed in small caps and the section header text are printed in ALL CAPS where they occur within the chapter, it was decided that the header lists would be left as mixed caps for better readability.

Where text is printed as superscripts, they are presented using a carat symbol (ex., CO^2 for the Carbon Dioxide). When text is printed as subscripts, an underscore is used (ex., H{2}O for water). Although current usage would display the numbers in chemical formulA| as subscripts (ex., H{2}O, CO{2} and C{6}H{10}O{5}), they are displayed here as printed.

Original gramatical constructions were left as is (ex. P. 83, "...the light seeds ... floats away...").

In order to match the most commonly used spelling, the instances where Arbor-vitae was printed with an ae ligature were converted to individual letters. The oe ligature on page xxi was converted to the letters "oe". As three variant spellings birdseye, birds-eye and bird's-eye appear, the others were converted to the most prevalent form--bird's-eye. This was also the case with a number of other words which were changed; but are not specifically listed here.

Typographical Corrections

Page Correction

67 Raffinesque => Rafinesque 89 uniniviting => uninviting 156 hawthrons => hawthorns 284 Black haw, 115-158 => Black haw, 115, 158 285 Diospyrus => Diospyros 286 Bardadensis => Barbadensis 289 Rew Haw => Red haw

Emphasis Notation

=Text= - bold

Text - italic