Chapter Vii., Note 26) and Was Found to Be Nearly 1·66, That Is Greater

than for those gases whose molecules contain two atoms (for instance, CO, H{2}, N{2}, air, &c., for which k is nearly 1·4) or those whose molecules contain three atoms (for instance, CO{2}, N{2}O, &c., for which k is about 1·3), but closely approximate to the ratio of the specific heats of mercury vapour (Kundt and Warburg, k = 1·67). And as the molecule of mercury vapour contains one atom, so it may be said that argon is a simple gaseous body whose molecule contains one atom. A compound body should give a smaller ratio. The experiments upon the liquefaction of argon, which we shall presently describe, speak against the supposition that argon is a mixture of two gases. The importance of the results in question makes one wish that the determinations of the ratio of the specific heats (and other physical properties) might be confirmed with all possible accuracy. If we admit, as we are obliged to do for the present, that argon is a new element, its density shows that its atomic weight must be nearly 40, that is, near to that of K = 39 and Ca = 40, which does not correspond to the existing data respecting the periodicity of the properties of the elements in dependence upon their atomic weights, for there is no reason on the basis of existing data for admitting any intermediate elements between Cl = 35·5 and K = 39, and all the positions above potassium in the periodic system are occupied. This renders it very desirable that the velocity of sound in argon should be re-determined.

This portion of Rayleigh and Ramsay's researches deserves particular attention as, so far, no gaseous substance is known whose molecule contains but one atom. Were it not for the above determinations, it might be thought that argon, having a density 20, has a complex molecule, and may be a compound or polymerised body, for instance, N{3} or NX{n}, or in general X{n}; but as the matter stands, it can only be said that either (1) argon is a new, peculiar, and quite unusual elementary substance, since there is no reason for assuming it to contain two simple gases, or (2) the magnitude, k (the ratio of the specific heats) does not only depend upon the number of atoms contained in the molecules, but also upon the store of internal energy (internal motion of the atoms in the molecule). Should the latter be admitted, it would follow that the molecules of very active gaseous elements would correspond to a smaller k than those of other gases having an equal number of atoms in their molecule. Such a gas is chlorine, for which k = 1·33 (Chapter XIV., Note 7). For gases having a small chemical energy, on the contrary, a larger magnitude would be expected for k. I think these questions might be partially settled by determining k for ozone (O{3}) and sulphur (S{6}) (at about 500°). In other words, I would suggest, though only provisionally, that the magnitude, k = 1·6, obtained for argon might prove to agree with the hypothesis that argon is N{3}, formed from N{2} with the evolution of heat or loss of energy. Here argon gives rise to questions of primary importance, and it is to be hoped that further research will throw some light upon them. In making these remarks, I only wish to clear the road for further progress in the study of argon, and of the questions depending on it. I may also remark that if argon is N{3} formed with the evolution of heat, its conversion into nitrogen, N_{2}, and into nitride compounds (for instance, boron nitride or nitride of titanium) might only take place at a very high temperature.

Without having the slightest reason for doubting the accuracy of Rayleigh and Ramsay's determinations, I think it necessary to say that as yet (February 1895) I am only acquainted with the short memoir of the above chemists in the 'Proceedings of the Royal Society,' which does not give any description of the methods employed and results obtained, while at the end (in the general conclusions) the authors themselves express some doubt as to the simple nature of argon. Moreover, it seems to me that (Note 10) there must be a dependence of k upon the chemical energy. Besides which, it is not clear what density of the gas Rayleigh and Ramsay took in determining k. (If argon be N_{3}, its density would be near to 21.) Hence I permit myself to express some doubt as to whether the molecule of argon contains but one atom.

If it should be found that k for argon is less than 1·4, or that k is dependent upon the chemical energy, it would be possible to admit that the molecule of argon contains not one, but several atoms--for instance, either N{3} (then the density would be 21, which is near to the observed density) or X{6}, if X stand for an element with an atomic weight near to 6·7. No elements are known between H = 1 and Li = 7, but perhaps they may exist. The hypothesis A = 40 does not admit argon into the periodic system. If the molecule of argon be taken as A{2}--i.e._ the atomic weight as A = 20--argon apparently finds a place in Group VIII., between F = 19 and Na = 23; but such a position could only be justified by the consideration that elements of small atomic weight belong to the category of typical elements which offer many peculiarities in their properties, as is seen on comparing N with the other elements of Group V., or O with those of Group VI. Apart from this there appears to me to be little probability, in the light of the periodic law, in the position of an inert substance like argon in Group VIII., between such active elements as fluorine and sodium, as the representatives of this group by their atomic weights and also by their properties show distinct transitions from the elements of the last groups of the uneven series to the elements of the first groups of the even series--for instance,

Group VI. VII. VIII. I. II. Cr Mn Fe, Co, Ni Cu Zn

While if we place argon in a similar manner,

VI. VII. VIII. I. II. O = 16 F = 19 A = 20 Na = 23 Mg = 24

although from a numerical point of view there is a similar sequence to the above, still from a chemical and physical point of view the result is quite different, as there is no such resemblance between the properties of O, F and Na, Mg, as between Cr, Mn, and Cu, Zn. I repeat that only the typical character of the elements with small atomic weights can justify the atomic weight A = 20, and the placing of argon in Group VIII. amongst the typical elements; then N, O, F, A are a series of gases.

It appears to me simpler to assume that argon contains N_{3}, especially as argon is present in nitrogen and accompanies it, and, as a matter of fact, none of the observed properties of argon are contradictory to this hypothesis.

These observations were written by me in the beginning of February 1895, and on the 29th of that month I received a letter, dated February 25, from Professor Ramsay informing me that 'the periodic classification entirely corresponds to its (argon's) atomic weight, and that it even gives a fresh proof of the periodic law,' judging from the researches of my English friends. But in what these researches consisted, and how the above agreement between the atomic weight of argon and the periodic system was arrived at, is not referred to in the letter, and we remain in expectation of a first publication of the work of Lord Rayleigh and Professor Ramsey. [For more complete information see papers read before the Royal Society, January 31, 1895, February 13, March 10, and May 21, 1896, and a paper published in the Chemical Society's Transactions, 1895, p. 684. For abstracts of these and other papers on argon and helium, and correspondence, see 'Nature,' 1895 and 1896.

4. Argon was liquefied by Professor Olszewsky, who is well known for his classical researches upon liquefied gases. These researches have an especial interest since they show that argon exhibits a perfect constancy in its properties in the liquid and critical states, which almost disposes of the supposition that it contains a mixture of two or more unknown gases. As the first experiments showed, argon remains a gas under a pressure of 100 atmospheres and at a temperature of -90°; this indicated that its critical temperature was probably below this temperature, as was indeed found to be the case when the temperature was lowered to -128°·6 by means of liquid ethylene. At this temperature argon easily liquefies to a colourless liquid under 38 atmospheres. The meniscus begins to disappear at between -119°·8 and -121°·6, mean -121° at a pressure of 50·6 atmospheres. The vapour tension of liquid argon at -128°·6, is 38·0 atmospheres, at -187° it is one atmosphere, and at -189°·6 it solidifies to a colourless substance like ice. The specific gravity of liquid argon at about -187° is nearly 1·5, which is far above that of other liquefied gases of very low absolute boiling point.

The discovery of argon is one of the most remarkable chemical acquisitions of recent times, and we trust that Lord Rayleigh and Professor Ramsay, who made this wonderful discovery, will further elucidate the true nature of argon, as this should widen the fundamental principles of chemistry, to which the chemists of Great Britain have from early times made such valuable contributions. It would be premature now to give any definite opinions upon so new a subject. Only one thing can be said; argon is so inert that its rôle in nature cannot be considerable, notwithstanding its presence in the atmosphere. But as the atmosphere itself plays such a vast part in the life of the surface of the earth, every addition to our knowledge of its composition must directly or indirectly react upon the sum total of our knowledge of nature.

There only remains the very remote possibility that argon consists of a mixture of two gases having very nearly the same properties.

The following data, given by Olszewsky, supplement the data given in Chapter II., Note 29, upon liquefied gases.

(tc) (pc) t t{1} s N{2} -146° 35 -194°·4 -214° 0·885 CO -139°·5 35·5 -190° -207 ? A -121° 50·6 -187° -189°·6 1·5 O{2} -118°·8 50·8 -182°·7 ? 1·124 NO -93°·5 71·2 -153°·6 -167° ? CH{4} -81°·8 54·9 -164° -158°·8 0·415

where tc is the absolute (critical) boiling point, pc the pressure (critical) in atmospheres corresponding to it, t the boiling point (under a pressure of 760 mm.), t{1} the melting point, and s the specific gravity in a liquid state at t_.

The above shows that argon in its properties in a liquid state stands near to oxygen (as it also does in its solubility), but that all the temperatures relating to it (tc, t, and t{1}) are higher than for nitrogen. This fully answers, not only to the higher density of argon, but also to the hypothesis that it contains N{3}. And as the boiling point of argon differs from that of nitrogen and oxygen by less than 10°, and its amount is small, it is easy to understand how Dewar (1894), who tried to separate it from liquid air and nitrogen by fractional distillation, was unable to do so. The first and last portions were identical, and nitrogen from air showed no difference in its liquefaction from that obtained from its compounds, or from that which had been passed through a tube containing incandescent magnesium. Still, it is not quite clear why both kinds of nitrogen, after being passed over the magnesium in Dewar's experiments, exhibited an almost similar alteration in their properties, independent of the appearance of a small quantity of hydrogen in them.

Concluding Remarks (March 31, 1895).--The 'Comptes rendus' of the Paris Academy of Sciences of March 18, 1895, contains a memoir by Berthelot upon the reaction of argon with the vapour of benzene under the action of a silent discharge. In his experiments, Berthelot succeeded in treating 83 per cent. of the argon taken for the purpose, and supplied to him by Ramsay (37 c.c. in all). The composition of the product could not be determined owing to the small amount obtained, but in its outward appearance it quite resembled the product formed under similar conditions by nitrogen. This observation of the famous French chemist to some extent supports the supposition that argon is a polymerised variety of nitrogen whose molecule contains N{3}, while ordinary nitrogen contains N{2}. Should this supposition be eventually verified, the interest in argon will not only not lessen, but become greater. For this, however, we must wait for further observations and detailed experimental data from Rayleigh and Ramsay.

The latest information obtained by me from London is that Professor Ramsay, by treating cleveite (containing PbO, UO{3}, Y{2}O_{3}, &c.) with sulphuric acid, obtained argon, and, judging by the spectrum, helium also. The accumulation of similar data may, after detailed and diversified research, considerably increase the stock of chemical knowledge which, constantly widening, cannot be exhaustively treated in these 'Principles of Chemistry,' although very probably furnishing fresh proof of the 'periodicity of the elements.'

* * * * *

INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Abasheff, i. 75 Abel, ii. 56, 326, 410 Acheson, ii. 107 Adie, ii. 186 Alexéeff, i. 75, 94 Alluard, i. 458 Amagat, i. 132, 135, 140 Amat, ii. 171 Ammermüller, i. 504 Ampère, i. 309 Andréeff, i. 251 Andrews, i. 136, 203 Angeli, i. 266 Ansdell, i. 451 Arfvedson, i. 575 Arrhenius, i. 89, 92, 389 Aschoff, ii. 313 Askenasy, i. 508 Aubel, ii. 45 Aubin, i. 238 Avdéeff, i. 618; ii. 484 Avogadro, i. 309

Babo, v., i. 93, 200, 203 Bach, i. 394 Bachmetieff, ii. 31 Baeyer, v., i. 507 Bagouski, i. 384 Bailey, i. 449; ii. 29 Baker, i. 318, 403 Balard, i. 480, 494, 495, 505 Ball, ii. 414 Bannoff, i. 506 Barfoed, ii. 53 Baroni, i. 331 Barreswill, ii. 282 Baudrimont, ii. 35 Baumé, i. 193 Baumgauer, ii. 20 Baumhauer, i. 495 Bayer, ii. 76, 159 Bazaroff, i. 409; ii. 24, 68, 486 Becher, i. 17 Becker, i. 16 Beckmann, i. 91, 496; ii. 156 Becquerel, i. 228; ii. 97, 220 Beilby, i. 71 Beilstein, i. 373; ii. 188 Beketoff, i. 120, 122, 124, 146, 403, 459, 466, 534, 541, 574, 577; ii. 87, 102, 289, 429 Bender, i. 476 Benedict, ii. 65 Berglund, ii. 229 Bergman, i. 27, 435; ii. 100 Berlin, i. 95 Bernouilli, i. 81 Bernthsen, ii. 228 Bert, i. 86, 153 Bertheim, ii. 337 Berthelot, i. 171, 173, 189, 199, 229, 230, 258, 264, 266, 267, 272, 83, 289, 351, 372, 393, 394, 405, 415, 424, 438, 457, 463, 502, 506, 507, 518, 529, 537, 582; ii. 23, 57, 207, 209, 251, 253, 259, 345, 367 Berthier, ii. 8 Berthollet, i. 27, 31, 105, 433, 434, 459, 470, 502, 609 Berzelius, i. 131, 148, 194, 255, 379; ii. 8, 100, 102, 147, 148, 219, 281, 300, 485 Besson, i. 288; ii. 67, 70, 105, 179 Beudant, ii. 7, 8 Bineau, i. 100, 271, 452, 504; ii. 239 Binget, i. 75 Blaese, ii. 188 Blagden, i. 91, 428 Blake, ii. 30 Blitz, ii. 184 Blomstrand, ii. 299 Boerwald, ii. 279 Böttger, i. 595 Bogorodsky, i. 574 Boilleau, i. 415 Boisbaudran, L. de, i. 97, 102, 572, 600; ii. 6, 26, 90, 82, 284, 483 Bornemann, i. 509 Botkin, ii. 30 Bouchardat, ii. 45 Boullay, ii. 55 Bourdiakoff, i. 584, 617 Boussingault, i. 131, 157, 233, 235, 525, 615 Boyle, i. 124 Brand, ii. 150 Brandau, i. 481 Brandes, i. 72 Bravais, i. 233 Brauner, i. 490, 491; ii. 26, 59, 94, 96, 97, 134, 144, 194, 271, 483 Brewster, i. 569 Brigham, ii. 193 Brodie, i. 212, 351, 405; ii. 252 Brooke, ii. 357 Brown, i. 81, 88 Brugellmann, i. 616 Brunn, ii. 182, 189 Bruyn, i. 262 Brühl, i. 263, 337 Brunner, i. 124, 146, 263; ii. 230, 309, 534 Buchner, i. 615 Buckton, ii. 143 Buff, ii. 103 Bunge, i. 288 Bunsen, i. 43, 69, 78, 117, 180, 465, 568, 575, 576, 577; ii. 27, 289 Bussy, i. 75, 594, 619 Butleroff, i. 143 Bystrom, i. 585

Cagniard de Latour, i. 135, 345 Cahours, ii. 143, 173 Cailletet, i. 132, 138; ii. 45 Calderon, i. 596 Callender, i. 134 Calvert, i. 484; ii. 45 Cannizzaro, i. 584, 587 Carey-Lea, ii. 420, 424, 425, 432 Carius, i. 69, 481 Carnelley, i. 483, 515, 555; ii. 22, 29, 30, 31, 64, 143, 486 Carnot, ii. 294, 361 Caron, i. 595, 604, 610; ii. 336 Carrara, i. 213 Cass, ii. 85 Castner, i. 431, 535, 541 Cavazzi, ii. 160, 172, 182 Cavendish, i. 113, 125, 228; ii. 493 Chabrié, i. 229 Chappuis, i. 50, 199, 205, 264 Chapuy, i. 59 Cheltzoff, i. 393, 457, 582; ii. 41, 247 Cherikoff, ii. 102 Chertel, ii. 245 Chevillot, ii. 311 Chevreul, i. 530 Chigeffsky, ii. 62 Christomanos, i. 511 Chroustchoff, i. 353, 444; ii. 122 Chydenius, ii. 148, 485 Ciamician, i. 565, 573; ii. 486 Clark, i. 26 Classen, ii. 146 Clausius, i. 81, 93, 140, 142, 212, 309, 491 Clement, i. 494 Clève, ii. 26, 94, 97, 484 Cloez, i. 207, 246, 377 Clowes, i. 242 Collendar, i. 134 Comaille, i. 596 Comb, ii. 81 Connell, i. 508 Coppet, i. 91, 428, 601 Corenwinder, i. 501 Cornu, i. 565 Courtois, i. 494 Cracow, ii. 380 Crafts, i. 380 ; ii. 80, 83 Cremers, ii. 100 Croissier, i. 251 Crompton, i. 247 Crookes, i. 229, 617; ii. 20, 91, 96, 440, 491 Crum, ii. 79, 311 Cundall, i. 611 Curtius, i. 258, 265

Dahl, ii. 59 Dalton, i. 29, 78, 81, 109, 206, 271, 322 Dana, ii. 8 Davies, i. 484 Davy, i. 37, 114, 195, 255, 364, 460, 463, 484, 489, 494, 533, 541, 594, 604, 617 Deacon, i. 599 Debray, i. 609; ii. 45, 122, 291, 293, 384, 385 De Chancourtois, ii. 20, 26 De Forcrand, ii. 106, 211 De Haën, ii. 189 De Heen, i. 140 Delafontaine, ii. 97, 148, 198 De la Rive, i. 198; ii. 226 Del-Rio, ii. 197 De Saussure, i. 235, 240 De Schulten, ii. 48 Deville, St.-Claire, i. 4, 36, 118, 143, 179, 180, 227, 239, 280, 281, 301, 320, 392, 393, 399, 459, 467, 476, 477, 500, 534, 595, 608, 609; ii. 48, 80, 83, 85, 102, 147, 156, 198, 289, 309, 321, 352, 373, 374, 429 De Vries, i. 62, 64, 429 Dewar, i. 3, 5, 135, 139, 163, 297, 563, 565, 569, 585; ii. 176, 220 Dick, ii. 414 Dingwall, i. 486 Ditte, i. 72, 403, 430, 457, 509, 539, 618; ii. 64, 65, 85, 189, 249 Dittmar, i. 100, 452; ii. 240 Divers, i. 274, 294; ii. 54 Dixon, i. 171 Döbereiner, i. 145 Dokouchaeff, i. 344 Donny, i. 534 Dossios, i. 502 Draper, i. 465 Drawe, ii. 161 Drebbel, i. 294 Dulong, i. 131, 148, 437 Dumas, i. 28, 131, 148, 150, 233, 302, 320, 379, 471, 476, 584, 586, 604; ii. 22, 37, 62, 101, 156, 420 Dumont, ii. 197

Ebelmann, ii. 65 Eder, i. 566 Edron, ii. 95 Edwards, ii. 311 Egoreff, i. 569 Eissler, i. 553 Elbers, ii. 221 Emich, i. 286, 287 Emilianoff, ii. 126 Engel, i. 457; ii. 130, 132, 189, 206 Engelhardt, i. 530 Eötvös, i. 333 Erdmann, i. 150 Ernst, i. 399 Eroféeff, i. 352 Esson, ii. 314 Étard, i. 72, 516, 615; ii. 288, 335, 356 Ettinger, i. 53, 312

Famintzin, i. 611 Faraday, i. 134, 177, 296, 385, 463, 464 Favorsky, i. 373 Favre, i. 120, 172, 267, 582; ii. 83, 259, 284, 380 Fick, i. 62 Fisher, ii. 424 Fizeau, ii. 31, 429 Flavitzky, i. 21 Fleitmann, ii. 170 Foerster, ii. 375, 389 Forchhammer, ii. 311 Fordos, ii. 257 Fortmann, ii. 230, 366 Fourcroy, i. 114 Fowler, i. 449 Frank, ii. 88 Franke, ii. 311, 313 Frankel, ii. 294 Frankenheim, ii. 7 Frankland, i. 178, 357, 486; ii. 16, 143 Fraunhofer, i. 563 Frémy, i. 228, 489, 492; ii. 74, 131, 133, 142, 229, 290, 359 Freyer, i. 171, 488 Friedheim, ii. 197, 294 Friedel, i. 353, 472; ii. 80, 83, 103, 122 Friedrich, i. 49; ii. 144 Fritzsche, i. 94, 285, 600, 612; ii. 125, 218, 280, 341 Fromherz, ii. 313 Fürst, i. 484

Galileo, i. 7 Garni, i. 582 Garzarolli-Thurnlackh, i. 481 Gattermann, i. 596; ii. 102, 104 Gautier, i. 585 Gavaloffsky, i. 160 Gay-Lussac, i. 40, 61, 71, 93, 170, 302, 307, 406, 412, 460, 463, 464, 467, 500, 506, 508, 511, 515, 534, 539; ii. 8, 56, 256 Geber, i. 17 Gélis, ii. 257 Genth, ii. 359 Georgi, ii. 197 Georgiewics, ii. 64 Gerberts, i. 528 Gerhardt, i. 196, 309, 357, 388 Gerlach, i. 525 Gernez, i. 97; ii. 205 Geuther, i. 281, 283, 285; ii. 176 Gibbs, i. 140, 464; ii. 293, 410 Girault, i. 498 Gladstone, i. 337, 438, 573; ii. 213 Glatzel, ii. 213, 289, 309 Glauber, i. 17, 26, 193, 432 Glinka, i. 607 Goldberg, i. 93 Gooch, i. 484 Gore, i. 489, 492, 493 Graham, i. 62, 63, 98, 143, 155, 388, 429, 518, 601; ii. 77, 114, 131, 163, 170, 296, 307 Granger, ii. 157, 410 Grassi, i. 88 Green, ii. 310 Greshoff, i. 403 Griffiths, i. 135 Grimaldi, i. 537 Groth, ii. 10 Grouven, i. 615 Grove, i. 118, 119 Grünwald, i. 573 Grützner, ii. 296 Guckelberger, ii. 84 Guibourt, ii. 53 Guldberg, i. 439, 464 Güntz, i. 575; ii. 430 Gustavson, i. 443, 444, 472, 505, 547; ii. 29, 175 Guthrie, i. 99, 428, 601 Guy, i. 136

Habermann, ii. 210 Hagebach, i. 573 Hagen, i. 337 Haitinger, i. 593 Hammerl, i. 613 Hanisch, ii. 233 Hannay, i. 352; ii. 135 Harcourt, ii. 314 Hargreaves, i. 515 Harris, ii. 52 Hartley, i. 573; ii. 486 Hartog, ii. 268 Hasselberg, i. 566 Haüy, ii. 7 Haughton, ii. 20 Häussermann, i. 483 Hautefeuille, i. 199, 205, 264, 409, 414, 476, 477, 501, 538; ii. 102, 122, 379 Hayter, ii. 175 Hemilian, i. 132 Hempel, i. 59, 524 Henkoff, i. 530 Henneberg, ii. 170 Henning, ii. 3 Henry, i. 78, 81 Hérard, ii. 191 Hermann, ii. 8, 47, 197 Hermes, i. 529 Hertz, ii. 156 Hess, i. 178, 588 Heycock, i. 537; ii. 128, 448 Hillebrand, ii. 26, 93, 94, 484 Hintze, ii. 10 Hirtzel, ii. 55 Hittorf, ii. 155 Hodgkinson, ii. 432 Höglund, ii. 94 Hofmann, i. 302; ii. 146, 218, 447 Holtzmann, i. 505 Hoppé-Seyler, i. 611 Horstmann, i. 408 Houzeau, i. 202 Hughes, ii. 212 Hugo, ii. 21 Humboldt, i. 170 Humbly, i. 493; ii. 311 Hutchinson, i. 491 Huth, ii. 20 Huyghens, i. 569

Ikeda, ii. 152 Ilosva, i. 202 Inostrantzeff, i. 345; ii. 4 Isambert, i. 250, 257, 408; ii. 41 Ittner, i. 412

Janssen, i. 569 Jawein, ii. 170 Jay, i. 258 Jeannel, i. 104 Joannis, i. 251, 255, 405, 537, 559 Jörgensen, i. 498; ii. 359, 361, 376 Johnson, ii. 45 Jolly, i. 233 Joly, ii. 384, 385

Kamensky, ii. 414 Kammerer, i. 286, 462, 509; ii. 297 Kane, ii. 57 Kapoustin, i. 403 Karsten, i. 427, 428, 541, 599 Kassner, i. 158 Kayander, i. 133, 384; ii. 46 Keiser, i. 150 Kekulé, i. 358, 369, 507; ii. 294 Keyser, ii. 33 Khichinsky, i. 440 Kimmins, i. 510 Kirchhoff, i. 567 Kirmann, ii. 268 Kirpicheff, i. 132 Kjeldahl, i. 249; ii. 249 Klaproth, ii. 7, 145, 147, 301 Kleiber, i. 570 Klimenko, i. 465 Klobb, ii. 357 Klodt, i. 426 Knopp, ii. 338 Knox, i. 489 Kobb, ii. 125 Kobell, ii. 197 Koch, i. 44 Kohlrausch, i. 245, 525 Kolbe, i. 506 Kolotoff, i. 263 Konovaloff, i. 39, 65, 90, 93, 100, 140, 142, 172, 322; ii. 235, 268 Kopp, i. 586, 587, 612; ii. 3, 37 Koucheroff, i. 373 Kouriloff, i. 209, 247, 274; ii. 41 Kournakoff, i. 393; ii. 294, 365, 396 Kraevitch, i. 133, 134 Kraft, i. 65, 88, 537 Krafts, i. 393 Kreisler, i. 233 Kremers, i. 87, 443; ii. 244, 427 Kreider, i. 484 Krönig, i. 81 Krüger, ii. 282, 284 Krüss, ii. 355, 442, 447, 486 Kubierschky, ii. 213 Kühlmann, i. 608 Kuhnheim, i. 612 Kundt, i. 328, 589; ii. 496 Kvasnik, ii. 57 Kynaston, i. 522 Lachinoff, i. 116, 457; ii. 410 Ladenburg, ii, 103 Lamy, ii. 91 Landolt, i. 7, 337 Lang, i. 399 Langer, i. 226, 459, 462 Langlois, i. 570 ; ii. 257 Latchinoff (see Lachinoff), i. 103, 352 Laurent, i. 28, 196, 388, 471, 526; ii. 7, 9, 10, 117, 292 Laurie, i. 106; ii. 32, 442, 486 Lavenig, i. 140 Lavoisier, i. 7, 29, 49, 114, 131, 155, 379, 459 Leblanc, ii. 8 Le Chatelier, i. 158, 172, 350, 393, 399, 585, 588, 611; ii. 51, 65, 420 Le Duc, i. 131, 170 Lémery, i. 125 Lemoine, i. 501; ii. 155 Lerch, i. 405 Leroy, i. 285 Lescur, i. 103 Leton, ii. 425 Levy, ii. 102 Lewes, i. 371 Lewy, i. 232 Lidoff, ii. 209 Liebig, i. 195, 388, 495, 527; ii. 56 Linder, ii. 223 Liés-Bodart, i. 604, 612 Lisenko, i. 373 Liveing, i. 563, 569 Lockyer, i. 565, 569 Loew, ii. 376 Löwel, i. 525, 600; ii. 45, 284, 286 Loewig, i. 528; ii. 77 Loewitz, i. 96 Lossen, i. 262 Louget, i. 489 Louguinine, i. 360 Louise, ii. 81 Lovel, i. 515; ii. 338 Lubavin, i. 593 Lubbert, ii. 85, 170 Ludwig, i. 463 Luedeking, ii. 194 Luff, ii. 321 Lunge, ii. 244, 246 Lüpke, ii. 157 Lvoff, i. 358

Maack, i. 596 Mac Cobb, i. 612 Mac Laurin, i. 553 McLeod, ii. 180 Magnus, i. 93, 510 Mailfert, i. 199 Malaguti, i. 437; ii. 300 Mallard, i. 172, 393, 588; ii. 4 Mallet, i. 493 Maquenne, i. 349, 620, 621 Marchand, i. 150 Marchetti, ii. 288 Maresca, i. 534 Marguerite, ii. 292 Marignac, i. 198, 233, 428, 430, 453, 454, 518, 525, 600, 601; ii. 6, 9, 95, 101, 194, 197, 198, 199, 234, 239, 241, 244, 292, 293, 295, 357, 440, 486 Markleffsky, i. 273 Markovnikoff, i. 373 Maroffsky, ii. 138 Marshall, ii. 253, 365 Matigon, i. 258, 266 Maumené, i. 258 Maxwell, i. 81 Mayow, i. 17 Mendeléeff, i. 99, 132, 133, 136, 141, 275, 321, 357, 373, 377, 406, 426, 427, 428, 506, 587, 596; ii. 27, 33, 93, 94 Menschutkin, i. 171 Mente, ii. 270 Mermé, i. 462 Merz, i. 505 Meselan, i. 463 Metzner, ii. 189 Metchikoff, i. 44 Meusnier, i. 114 Meyer (Lothar), i. 226, 321, 403; ii. 21, 24, 26, 29, 33, 486 Meyer (Victor), i. 135, 171, 294, 303, 320, 427, 459, 462, 467, 488, 506, 508, 558; ii. 43, 48, 52, 80, 129, 184 Meyerhoffer, ii. 410 Miasnikoff, i. 372 Michaelis, ii. 175 Michel, i. 65, 88 Millon, i. 481, 484, 508 Mills, ii. 20 Mitchell, i. 156 Mitscherlich, i. 428, 527; ii. 1, 5, 8, 156, 184, 311, 313 Moissan, i. 202, 349, 353, 490, 564, 585, 621; ii. 66, 67, 70, 88, 100, 107, 147, 174, 196, 289, 295, 309, 311, 313, 321 Mond, i. 129, 400, 405; ii. 345, 367 Monge, i. 114 Monnier, i. 611 Montemartini, i. 279 Moraht, ii. 384 Moreau, ii. 298 Morel, i. 549 Mosander, ii. 97 Mühlhäuser, ii. 66, 107 Muir, ii. 193 Mulder, i. 515 Müller-Erzbach, i. 103 Müller, i. 427; ii. 425 Munster, ii. 443 Müntz, i. 238, 241, 420, 553 Muthmann, ii. 273 Mylius, ii. 375, 389

Naschold, i. 483 Nasini, i. 496; ii. 156 Natanson, i. 282, 409 Natterer, i. 132, 135, 141, 385 Naumann, i. 399, 408 Nernst, i. 62, 148; ii. 3, 50 Nensky, i. 245 Neville, i. 537; ii. 128, 448 Newlands, ii. 21, 26 Newth, i. 505 Newton, i. 7, 29 Nicklès, ii. 10 Nikolukin, i. 491; ii. 144 Nilson, i. 618; ii. 26, 37, 80, 83, 91, 94, 95, 271, 378, 483 Nordenskiöld, i. 241 Norton, i. 76; ii. 94 Nuricsán, ii. 264

Odling, ii. 52 Offer, i. 99 Ogier, i. 321, 509; ii. 159, 182 Olszewski, i. 139, 569; ii. 491, 497 Oppenheim, i. 506 Ordway, ii. 80 Osmond, ii. 326 Ossovetsky, ii. 137 Ostwald, i. 89, 92, 389, 441, 443 Oumoff, i. 62

Pallard, i. 491; ii. 83 Panfeloff, i. 603 Paracelsus, i. 17, 125, 129, 379 Parkinson, i. 596, Pashkoffsky, i. 595 Pasteur, i. 44, 241, 242 Paterno, i. 496; ii. 156 Pattison Muir, i. 436 Pebal, i. 315, 484 Péchard, ii. 282, 294, 296, 297 Pekatoros, i. 465 Peligot, ii. 299, 301 Pelopidas, ii. 22, 481 Pelouze, i. 463, 464, 480, 610; ii. 229 Penfield, i. 545; ii. 370 Perkin, i. 558; ii. 244 Perman, i. 537 Personne, i. 75, 506, 537 Petit, i. 584, 586 Petrieff, i. 440 Pettenkofer, ii. 22 Pettersson, i. 618, 619; ii. 37, 80, 83, 91, 197, 484 Pfaundler, i. 445; ii. 241, 430 Pfeiffer, i. 64 Pfordten, V. der, ii. 420 Phipson, i. 596; ii. 59 Piccini, ii. 23, 146, 197, 288, 298 Pici, ii. 57 Pickering, i. 88, 91, 99, 104, 106, 272, 333, 452, 517, 525, 529, 613; ii. 241, 245, 246, 247 Pictet, i. 81, 129, 137; ii. 31, 241 Picton, ii. 223 Pierre, i. 452, 495; ii. 226, 485 Pierson, i. 93 Pigeon, ii. 377 Pionchon, i. 585 Pistor, i. 399 Plantamour, ii. 5 Plaset, ii. 289 Plessy, ii. 257 Plücker, i. 572 Poggiale, i. 427 Poiseuille, i. 355 Poleck, ii. 296 Poluta, ii. 30 Popp, ii. 232 Potilitzin, i. 96, 97, 98, 445, 486, 499, 502, 509, 612; ii. 29, 357 Pott, ii. 100 Poulenc, ii. 174, 289 Prange, ii. 422 Prelinger, ii. 310 Priestley, i. 17, 154, 159, 297, 379, 402 Pringsheim, i. 465 Prost, i. 98, 486 Prout, i. 31; ii. 439 Puchot, i. 452 Pullinger, ii. 389

Quincke, i. 427, 495

Rammelsberg, i. 430, 510, 525; ii. 26, 161, 485 Ramsay, i. 133, 140, 141, 232, 247, 333, 495, 496, 581; ii. 128, 491 Rantsheff, ii. 20 Raoult, i. 91, 274, 330, 331, 332, 429 Rascher, ii. 85 Raschig, i. 263; ii. 229 Rathke, i. 399 Ray, i. 17 Rayleigh, i. 226, 232, 491 Rebs, ii. 213, 217 Recoura, i. 332; ii. 289 Regnault, i. 40, 53, 54, 90, 93, 131, 133, 297, 443, 495, 584, 587, 588; ii. 50, 208, 238 Reich, ii. 91 Reiset, i. 238 Remsen, ii. 335 Retgers, ii. 157, 158, 180 Reychler, ii. 65 Reynolds, i. 581 Richards, i. 526, 585; ii. 32, 432 Riche, i. 509; ii. 127, 292 Richter, i. 193, 194; ii. 91 Ridberg, ii. 21, 24, 486 Riddle, i. 135 Rideal, ii. 297 Roberts-Austen, ii. 486 Robinson, i. 515 Rodger, ii. 213, 263 Rodwell, i. 17 Roebuck, i. 294 Röggs, ii. 119 Rohrer, ii. 343 Roozeboom, i. 106, 452, 453, 464, 496, 506, 511, 599, 613; ii. 3, 226, 341, 410 Roscoe, i. 80, 100, 101, 379, 452, 463, 485, 486, 568, 572; ii. 26, 194, 196, 197, 297, 303, 485 Rose, i. 436, 437, 518, 525, 608, 612; ii. 8, 230, 235, 248, 281, 363, 428, 485 Rosenberg, ii. 351 Rossetti, i. 428 Rouart, Le, ii. 86 Rousseau, i. 354; ii. 337, 366, 378 Roux, ii. 81 Rudberg, ii. 136 Rücker, i. 142 Rüdorff, i. 91, 428, 598, 601 Rybalkin, i. 455

Sabanéeff, i. 371 Sabatier, i. 284; ii. 66 Saint Edmé, ii. 335 Saint Gilles, i. 431 Sakurai, i. 331 Salzer, ii. 161 Sarasin, ii. 122 Sarrau, i. 140, 142 Saunders, ii. 189 Scharples, i. 576 Scheele, i. 155, 161, 412, 459, 462, 608; ii. 100, 150, 291 Scheffer, i. 453 Scheibler, ii. 292, 296 Scherer, ii. 8 Schiaparelli, ii. 318 Schidloffsky, i. 238 Schiloff, i. 212 Schlamp, i. 332 Schiff, i. 430, 588; ii. 106, 267 Schloesing, i. 238, 239, 240, 553, 610 Schmidt, i. 539 Schneider, i. 89 Schöne, i. 208, 209, 211, 394, 617; ii. 15, 72, 219, 251, 488 Schönebein, i. 198, 202, 208, 212, 509; ii. 228, 463 Schottländer, ii. 447 Schröder, i. 75 Schroederer, ii. 366 Schrötter, ii. 153, 284 Schützenberger, i. 511, 579; ii. 102, 107, 228, 367, 389 Schuliachenko, i. 608 Schuller, ii. 180 Schultz, i. 518; ii. 273 Schulze, i. 98; ii. 215 Schuster, i. 572 Schwicker, ii. 227, 230 Scott, i. 405, 537, 558 Sechenoff, i. 80, 86 Seelheim, ii. 379 Sefström, ii. 197 Selivanoff, i. 476, 507, 508 Senderens, i. 284 Serullas, i. 485 Setterberg, i. 576 Seubert, ii. 27, 83, 343, 442 Sewitsch, i. 372 Shaffgotsch, i. 555 Shapleigh, ii. 95 Shenstone, i. 611 Shields, i. 333 Shishkoff, i. 276; ii. 56 Silberman, i. 120, 172; ii. 259 Sims, ii. 268 Skraup, ii. 346 Smith, i. 271 Smithson, ii. 100 Snyders, ii. 100 Sokoloff, ii. 85, 122 Solet, i. 509 Sonstadt, ii. 443 Sorby, i. 88 Soret, i. 66, 202, 203, 427 Spring, i. 38, 98, 434, 486; ii. 45, 50, 133, 223, 258, 288, 314, 423, 427 Stadion, i. 485 Stahl, i. 16 Stas, i. 7, 233, 379, 428, 498, 581; ii. 420, 434, 485 Staudenmaier, ii. 168 Stcherbakoff, i. 97, 428, 458, 601 Stohmann, i. 359, 360, 396 Stokes, i. 355 Stortenbeker, i. 511 Stromeyer, ii. 47 Struvé, i. 208, 612

Tait, i. 203 Tammann, i. 91, 148; ii. 170, 247 Tanatar, i. 511 Tchitchérin, ii. 21 Terreil, ii. 313 Than, i. 317 Thénard, i. 207, 229, 460, 464, 534, 539; ii. 251 Thillot, ii. 170 Thilorier, i. 385 Thomsen, i. 111, 120, 124, 131, 173, 189, 267, 359, 389, 396, 441, 453, 466, 472, 494, 502, 515, 529, 555, 582; ii. 9, 32, 50, 55, 105, 165, 208, 224, 264, 368, 370, 438, 442 Thorpe, i. 142, 285, 445, 493; ii. 27, 160, 173, 213, 259, 263, 268, 301, 313, 442, 486 Thoune, i. 294, 295 Tiemman, i. 213 Tilden, i. 516 Timeraséeff, i. 170 Timoféeff, i. 78 Tessié du Motay, i. 158 Tissandier, i. 78 Titherley, i. 539 Tivoli, ii. 183 Tomassi, ii. 339 Topsöe, i. 506 Tourbaba, i. 88; ii. 247 Trapp, i. 511 Traubé, i. 312, 611; ii. 270 Troost, i. 64, 274, 281, 320, 409, 414, 500, 538; ii. 80, 83, 102, 147, 156, 254, 379 Tscherbacheff, i. 577 Tutton, i. 543; ii. 160, 174, 412

Umoff, i. 429 Unverdorben, ii. 280 Urlaub, ii. 301

Valentine, i. 17 Van der Heyd, i. 599 Van der Plaats, i. 496; ii. 438 Van der Waals, i. 82, 140 Van Deventer, i. 599 Van Helmont, i. 379 Van Marum, i. 198 Van't Hoff, i. 64, 65, 331, 599; ii. 3 Vare, ii. 55 Vauquelin, i. 114, 619; ii. 7 Veeren, i. 612; ii. 45 Veley, i. 279 Verneuille, ii. 225 Vernon, ii. 151 Vèzes, ii. 391 Viard, ii. 285 Vignon, ii. 126, 131 Villard, i. 106, 296, 297 Villiers, ii. 259 Violette, i. 342, 345 Violle, i. 301 Vogt, i. 611 Volkovitch, ii. 201 Voskresensky, i. 345

Waage, i. 439 Wachter, i. 508 Wagner, i. 357 Wahl, ii. 310 Walden, ii. 57 Walker, ii. 143 Walmer, i. 573 Walter, ii. 256 Walters, ii. 234 Wanklyn, i. 100, 539 Warburg, i. 589; ii. 496 Warder, i. 450 Warren, ii. 102 Watson, i. 527; ii. 169 Watts, i. 526 Weber, i. 280, 583; ii. 83, 129, 131, 186, 230, 233, 234, 249 Weith, i. 502 Weitz, ii. 57 Welch, ii. 425 Weller, ii. 146 Wells, i. 477, 545; ii. 57, 370 Welsbach, ii. 96, 97 Weltzien, i. 204, 595 Wenzel, i. 193 Weruboff (see Wyruboff), ii. 4 Weselski, i. 507 Weyl, i. 255 Wheeler, i. 545 Wichelhaus, ii. 179 Wiedemann, i. 439, 588 Wilhelmj, ii. 315 Willgerodt, i. 508; ii. 29 Williamson, ii. 268 Wilm, ii. 376, 388 Winkler, i. 78, 79, 577, 594, 621; ii. 25, 30, 66, 97, 102, 124, 125, 147, 234, 246, 355, 483 Wischin, ii. 384 Wislicenus, i. 267, 294 Witt, ii. 3 Wöhler, i. 410, 619; ii. 85, 103, 107, 146, 285, 289, 420, 425 Wollaston, i. 8 Wreden, i. 507 Wright, ii. 321 Wroblewski, i. 79, 80, 106, 139, 387; ii. 226 Wülfing, ii. 119 Wülner, i. 91, 572 Würtz, i. 301, 476; ii. 171, 173, 213, 267 Wyruboff, ii. 4, 9

Young, i. 134, 136, 140, 141, 247, 495, 496

Zaboudsky, i. 354 Zaencheffsky, i. 140 Zimmermann, ii. 26, 303, 355, 485 Zinin, i. 276 Zörensen, i. 284 Zorn, i. 295

* * * * *

SUBJECT INDEX

Acid, acetic sp. gr. of solutions of, i. 59 -- arsenic, ii. 181 -- bismuthic, ii. 190 -- boric, ii. 64 -- carbamic, i. 408 -- chamber, i. 294 -- chloric, i. 482 -- chloroplatino-phosphorous, ii. 390 -- chlorosulphonic, ii. 268 -- chlorous, i. 481 -- chromic, i. 208; ii. 282 -- chromo-sulphuric, ii. 288 -- cyanic, i. 409 -- cyanuric, i. 409 -- dithionic, ii. 256 -- ferric, ii. 344 -- fluoboric, ii. 69 -- graphitic, i. 351 -- hydriodic, i. 501, 503, 505, 506 -- hydroborofluoric, ii. 69 -- hydrobromic, i. 80, 503, 505, 506 -- hydrochloric, i. 448, 451, 453 -- hydrocyanic, i. 406, 411 -- hydroferrocyanic, ii. 348 -- hydrofluoric, i. 49 -- hydrofluosilic, ii. 106 -- hydroplatinocyanic, ii. 386 -- hydrosulphurous, ii. 228 -- hydroruthenocyanic, ii. 388 -- hypochlorous, i. 479, 481 -- hyponitrous, i. 265, 294 -- hypophosphoric, ii. 161 -- hypophosphorous, ii. 172 -- iodic, i. 100, 508 -- isethionic, ii. 250 -- metantimonic, ii. 188 -- metaphosphoric, ii. 162, 169 -- metastannic, ii. 131 -- molybdic, ii. 292 -- nitric, i. 268, 272 -- Nordhausen, ii. 233 -- orthophosphoric, ii. 162 -- osmic, ii. 384 -- pentathionic, ii. 257 -- percarbonic, i. 394 -- perchloric, i. 484 -- periodic, i. 510 -- permanganic, ii. 313 -- permolybdic, ii. 297 -- pernitric, i. 264 -- persulphuric, ii. 251 -- pertungstic, ii. 297 -- phosphamic, ii. 179 -- phosphamolybdic, ii. 293 -- phosphorous, ii. 171 -- polysilicic, ii. 117 -- pyrophosphoric, ii. 169 -- pyrosulphuric, ii. 234 -- silenic, ii. 272 -- silicotungstic, ii. 295 -- stannic, ii. 130 -- sulphonic, ii. 249 -- sulphuric, i. 76, 77, 89, 111, 290, 294; ii. 235, 238, 241 -- telluric, ii. 272 -- tetrathionic, ii. 257 -- thiocarbonic, ii. 263 -- thiocyanic, ii. 263 -- thionic, ii. 255 -- thiosulphuric, ii. 230 -- trithionic, ii. 257 -- tungstic, ii. 292, 294 -- vanadic, ii. 196 Acids, i. 185 -- avidity of, i. 389, 442 -- basicity of, i. 387 -- complex, i. 197; ii. 293 -- fuming, i. 102 -- organic, i. 394, 396, 405 Acetylene, i. 372 Actinium, ii. 59 Affinity, chemical, i. 26, 389 Air, i. 131, 231, 233 Alchemy, i. 14 Alcohol, i. 53, 88 Alkali, metals, i. 558, 577 -- waste, ii. 204 Alkalis, i. 186 Allotropism, i. 207 Alloys, i. 537; ii. 128 Alumina, ii. 75 Aluminium, ii. 70, 85 -- bromide, ii. 84 -- bronze, ii. 88 -- carbide, ii. 88 -- chloride, ii. 80, 83 -- double chlorides, ii. 84 -- fluoride, ii. 83 -- hydroxide, ii. 75 -- iodide, ii. 85 -- nitrate, ii. 80 -- sulphate, ii. 82 Alums, ii. 5, 82, 343 Alunite, ii. 80 Amalgams, ii. 58 Amides, i. 258, 406 Amidogen, i. 258 -- hydrate, i. 258 Amines, i. 416 Ammonia, i. 229, 246 -- of crystallisation, i. 257 -- heat of solution of, i. 74 -- in air, i. 240 -- liquefaction of, i. 250 -- salts, i. 254 -- soda process, i. 524 -- solutions of, i. 80, 252 Ammonium, i. 254 -- amalgam, i. 255 -- bicarbonate, i. 527 -- carbamate, i. 407, 408 -- carbonate, i. 407 -- cobalt salts, ii. 359 -- dichromate, ii. 279 -- molybdate, ii. 292 -- nitrate, i. 273, 274 -- nitrite, i. 284 -- phosphates, ii. 167 -- sulphate, ii. 269 -- sulphide, ii. 218 Analogy of elements, i. 573, 578 Anthracite, i. 345 Antimoniuretted hydrogen, ii. 189 Antimony, ii. 186 -- chlorides, ii. 189 -- oxides, ii. 187, 188 -- sulphides, ii. 221 Aqua Regia, i. 467 Aqueous radicle, i. 213 Argon, i. 226, 232; App. III. Arsenic, ii. 179 -- anhydride, ii. 181 -- sulphides, ii. 221 -- tribromide, ii. 181 -- trichloride, ii. 180 -- trifluoride, ii. 181 Arsenious anhydride, ii. 184 -- oxychloride, ii. 180 Arsenites, ii. 185 Arseniuretted hydrogen, ii. 182 Astrakhanite, i. 59 Atmolysis, i. 156 Atomic theory, i. 216 -- volumes, ii. 33 -- weights, i. 21 Atoms and molecules, i. 322

Barium, i. 614, 617 -- chlorate, i. 483 -- chloride, i. 615 -- hydroxide, i. 616 -- metatungstate, ii. 295 -- nitrate, i. 615 -- oxide, i. 616 -- peroxide, i. 157, 160, 209, 617 -- sulphate, i. 614, 615 Bauxite, ii. 76 Benzalazine, i. 258 Berthollet's doctrine, i. 433 Beryllium, i. 618 -- atomic weight of, i. 325, 618 -- chloride, i. 584 -- oxide, i. 619 Binary theory, i. 195 Bismuth, ii. 189 -- nitrates, ii. 192 -- oxides, ii. 190, 191 Blast furnace, ii. 324 Bleaching, i. 469 -- powder, i. 162, 477 Boiling point, absolute, i. 130 Borates, ii. 63 Borax, ii. 61 Boric anhydride, ii. 64 Boron, ii. 60, 66 -- chloride, ii. 69 -- fluoride, ii. 67, 68 -- iodide, ii. 70 -- nitride, i. 227; ii. 67 -- oxide, ii. 60 -- specific heat of, i. 585 -- sulphide, ii. 62 Bromides, ii. 32 Bromine, i. 494 Bronze, ii. 127 Butyl alcohol, solubility of, i. 75

Cadmium, ii. 47 -- iodide, ii. 48 -- oxide, ii. 48 -- sulphide, ii. 47 Cæsium, i. 576 Calcium, i. 590, 604 -- carbonate, i. 592, 608, 609, 610 -- chloride, i. 237, 612 -- -- crystallohydrates of, i. 613 -- fluoride, i. 491 -- hypochlorite, i. 162 -- iodide, i. 604 -- peroxide, i. 607 -- phosphate, ii. 167 -- sulphate, i. 611 -- sulphide, ii. 220 Calomel, ii. 54 Carbamide, i. 409 Carbides, i. 349, 353 Carbon, i. 338 -- bisulphide, ii. 258 -- molecule of, i. 354 -- oxysulphide, ii. 264 -- tetrachloride, i. 473 Carbonic anhydride, i. 379 -- -- assimilation of by plants, i. 393 -- -- dissociation of, i. 392, 393, 399 -- -- in air, i. 238, 242 -- -- liquid, i. 385 -- -- solutions of, i. 80, 86 -- -- specific heat of, i. 393 Carbonic oxide, i. 396 -- -- and nickel, i. 405 Carborundum, ii. 107 Carboxyl, i. 395 Carnallite, i. 421, 544, 560 Catalytic phenomena, i. 211 Caustic potash, i. 550 -- soda, i. 529 Cements, ii. 122 Cerite metals, ii. 93 Cerium, ii. 93 Chamber crystals, i. 290; ii. 230 Charcoal, i. 343 Chemical change, rate of, ii. 314 -- transformations, i. 3 Chloranhydrides, i. 468; ii. 174, 175, 177 Chlorates, i. 482 Chlorides, i. 455, 466; ii. 31 Chlorine, i. 463 -- compounds, heat of formation of, i. 44 -- crystallohydrates of, i. 464 -- oxides, i. 479 -- preparation of, i. 460 -- solubility of, i. 463 Chloroform, i. 473 Chlorophosphamide, ii. 179 Chloryl compounds, i. 476 Chrome alum, ii. 283 Chromic acid, i. 208 -- anhydride, ii. 280 -- oxide, ii. 284, 285 Chromium, ii. 276, 289 -- chlorides, ii. 285 -- fluorides, ii. 280, 289 Chromyl chloride, ii. 281 Chryseone, ii. 108 Clay, ii. 70 Coal, i. 345 Cobalt, ii. 353 -- dioxide, ii. 366 -- fluoride, ii. 358 Cobaltamine salts, ii. 359 Cobaltic oxide, ii. 362 Cobalto-amine, ii. 359 Cobaltous hydroxide, ii. 358 Cohesion of liquids, i. 52 Coke, i. 345 Collodion cotton, i. 275 Colloids, i. 63; ii. 77, 423 Combination, chemical, i. 3 Combining weights, i. 21; ii. 439 Combustion, imperfect, i. 341 -- heat of, i. 172, 176, 399, 400 Compounds, definite and indefinite, i. 31 -- types of, ii. 10 Compressibility of solutions, i. 88 Conductivity, electro-molecular, i. 389 Contact reactions, i. 163, 290 Copper, ii. 400 -- carbonate, ii. 411 -- complex salts of, ii. 412 -- nitrate, ii. 411 -- nitride, ii. 409 -- sulphate, ii. 413 Corundum, ii. 75 Critical points, i. 141 Cryohydrates, i. 99 Cryoscopic investigations of solutions, i. 90, 332 Crystals, i. 51 Crystalline form, ii. 7 Crystallo-hydrates, i. 102 Crystalloids, i. 63 Cupellation, ii. 417 Cyanides, i. 406 Cyanogen, i. 406, 414 -- chloride, ii. 176

Decomposition, chemical, i. 4 Deliquescence, i. 104 Delta metal, ii. 414 Desiccator, i. 58 Detonating gas, i. 115, 170, 173 Depression of freezing point of solutions, i. 90, 92, 330 Dialysis, i. 63; ii. 114 Diamond, i. 350, 353 Didymium, ii. 93 Diffusion, rate of, i. 63 Dimorphism, i. 610, ii. 178 Disinfectants, i. 245 Disodium orthophosphate, ii. 166 Dissociation, i. 36, 282, 608 Distillation, dry, i. 4, 247, 342 Dust, atmospheric, i. 241

Efflorescence, i. 103 Ekacadmium, ii. 59 Ekasilicon, ii. 25 Electro-chemical theory, i. 195 Electric energy and thermal units, i. 582 Electrolysis, i. 116 Elements, i. 20 -- grouping of, ii. 1 -- typical, ii. 19 Emulsions, i. 98 Energy, chemical, i. 29 Equations, chemical, i. 278 Equivalents, law of, i. 194 Equivalent weights, i. 581 Ethane, i. 366 Ether, critical points of, i. 141 Ethylene, i. 370 Ethyl silicates, i. 104 Euchlorine, i. 484 Eudiometer, i. 169 Expansion, linear, of elements, ii. 31 Explosion, rate of transmission of, i. 171 Explosives, i. 275, 276

Felspar, ii. 122 Fermentation, i. 242 Ferric chloride, i. 558; ii. 340 -- hydrates, ii. 339 -- nitrate, ii. 340 -- orthophosphate, ii. 342 -- oxide, ii. 339 Ferrous chloride, ii. 335 -- sulphate, ii. 335 -- -- solubility of, i. 72 -- sulphide, ii. 210 Flame, i. 177, 179 Fluoborates, ii. 69 Fluorides, i. 491, 493 Fluorine, i. 203, 489 Fluorspar, i. 491 Formula, chemical, i. 151, 326 Freezing mixtures, i. 76 Fuel, calorific capacity of, i. 360 Furnace, electrical, i. 352 Fusco-cobaltic salts, ii. 360

Gadolinite metals, ii. 93 Gallium, ii. 88, 90 Gas, illuminating, i. 361 -- producers, i. 397 Gases, absorption of, i. 348 -- diffusion of, i. 83 -- expansion of, i. 133 -- liquefaction of, i. 134, 135, 137 -- measurement of, i. 78, 300 -- solution of, i. 68, 78, 86 -- theory of, i. 81, 83, 140 Germanium, ii. 26, 124 -- chloride, ii. 125 -- oxide, ii. 125 Glass, i. 123 -- soluble, ii. 110 Glauber's salt, i. 517 Glycols, ii. 117 Gold, ii. 442 -- alloys, i. 446, 447 -- chlorides, ii. 448, 450 -- colloid, ii. 447 -- cyanide, ii. 450 -- extraction of, ii. 444, 445 -- fulminating, ii. 450 -- oxides, ii. 448 -- refining, ii. 446 Graduators, i. 424 Graphite, i. 350, 351 Gros' salt, ii. 393 Guignet's green, ii. 285 Gunpowder, i. 557 Gypsum, i. 593, 611

Halogens, i. 445, 487, 499 Halogen compounds, heat of formation of, i. 494, 502; ii. 32 -- -- boiling-points of, i. 502 Hausmannite, ii. 10 Helium, i. 570; ii. 498 Hemimorphism, ii. 9 Homeomorphism, ii. 8 Homologous compounds, i. 358 Humus, i. 344 Hydrates, i. 109, 185 Hydrazine, i. 258 Hydrides, i. 621; ii. 23 Hydrocarbons, i. 355, 359 Hydrogen, i. 123, 129, 130, 142, 143, 146 -- pentasulphide, ii. 217 -- peroxide, i. 207, 312 Hydrosols, i. 98 Hydroxyl, i. 192, 213 Hydroxylamine, i. 262 Hypochlorites, i. 481 Hyponitrites, i. 294

Imides, i. 258 Indium, ii. 27, 37, 88, 97 Iodates, i. 509 Iodides, ii. 32 -- of nitrogen, i. 507 Iodine, i. 320, 321, 496, 497, 498 -- chlorides of, i. 511 Iodosobenzol, i. 508 Iridious oxide, ii. 382 Iridium, ii. 382 Iron, i. 585; ii. 317, 322 -- and carbonic oxide, ii. 345 -- cast, ii. 325 -- nitride, ii. 346 -- ores, ii. 319 -- sulphate, ii. 335 Isethionic acid, ii. 250 Isomorphism, i. 203, 368; ii. 1, 4, 8

Kaolin, ii. 70

Lakes, ii. 77 Lanthanum, ii. 93 Laughing gas, ii. 297 Law of Avogadro-Gerhardt, i. 309 -- -- Berthollet, i. 445 -- -- Boyle and Mariotte, i. 132 -- -- combining weights, i. 221 -- -- Dulong and Petit, i. 584 -- -- equivalents, i. 194 -- -- even numbers, i. 357 -- -- Gay Lussac, i. 133, 304, 307 -- -- Guldberg and Waage, i. 441 -- -- Henry and Dalton, i. 78 -- -- indestructibility of matter, i. 6 -- -- Kirchoff, i. 568 -- -- limits, i. 357 -- -- maximum work, i. 120 -- -- multiple proportions, i. 109, 214 -- -- partial pressures, i. 82 -- -- periodic, ii. 17 -- -- phases, ii. 410 -- -- reversed spectra, i. 568 -- -- specific heats, i. 584 -- -- substitution, i. 260, 365 -- -- volumes, i. 304 Lead, ii. 134 -- acetate, ii. 137 -- carbonate, ii. 140 -- chloride, ii. 139 -- chromate, ii. 136, 279 -- dioxide, ii. 142 -- nitrate, ii. 139 -- oxide, ii. 137 -- red, ii. 142 -- salts of, i. 491 -- tetrachloride, ii. 144 -- tetrafluoride, ii. 144 -- white, ii. 140 Leucone, ii. 107 Levigation, ii. 72 Light, chemical action of, i. 465 Lime, i. 605 Liquids, boiling points of, i. 135 Lithium, i. 574 -- carbonate, i. 575 Litharge, ii. 137 Litmus, i. 185 Lixiviation, methodical, i. 521 Luteocobaltic salts, ii. 359

Magnus' salt, ii. 392 Magnesia, i. 597 Magnesium, i. 590, 594 -- carbonate, i. 592, 602 -- chloride, i. 602 -- crystallohydrates of, i. 601 -- double salts of, i. 597 -- nitride, i. 595 -- silicide, ii. 102 -- sulphate, i. 600 Manganese, ii. 303 -- nitrides, ii. 310 -- oxides, ii. 306, 307, 308, 313 -- peroxide, i. 159; ii. 305 -- sulphate, ii. 307 Mass, influence of, i. 32, 436 Matches, ii. 154 Matter, primary, ii. 440 -- transmutability of, i. 14 Mercury, ii. 48 -- ammonia compounds, ii. 57 -- basic salts of, ii. 54 -- chlorides, ii. 52, 53, 54 -- compounds, heat of formation, ii. 50 -- cyanide, ii. 55 -- fulminating, ii. 56 -- iodide, ii. 55 -- nitrates, ii. 51 -- nitrides, ii. 56 -- oxides, ii. 53 -- sulphate, ii. 57 -- sulphides, ii. 221 Metalepsis, i. 28, 471 Metalloids, i. 23 Metals, i. 23 -- of alkaline earths, i. 64, 590, 591 -- of alkalis, i. 543 -- displacement of, ii. 427 Methane, i. 360 Moisture, determination of, in gases, i. 40 -- influence upon reaction, i. 403 Molecular volumes, ii. 37 -- weight and boiling point, i. 331 -- -- -- coefficient of refraction, i. 336 -- -- -- latent heat, i. 329 -- -- -- specific gravity of solutions, i. 335 -- -- -- surface tension, i. 334 Molecules, i. 319, 322 Molybdates, ii. 292 Molybdenum, ii. 290 -- anhydride, ii. 291 -- fluo-compounds, ii. 298 -- sulphides, ii. 297 Monophosphamide, ii. 178 Monosodium orthophosphate, ii. 167 Morphotropy, ii. 10

Naphtha, i. 373, 377 Nascent state, i. 33, 145, 146 Neodymium, ii. 97 Nickel, ii. 353 -- alloys, ii. 367 -- and carbonic oxide, ii. 367 -- fluoride, ii. 358 -- hydroxide, ii. 358 -- oxide, ii. 365 -- sulphate, i. 97; ii. 359 -- tetra-carboxyl, ii. 367 Niobium, i. 199; ii. 194, 198 Nitrates, i. 273 Nitres, i. 268, 555 Nitric anhydride, i. 280 -- oxide, i. 286 Nitrides, i. 227, 258, 620 Nitriles, i. 406 Nitrites, i. 284 Nitro-cellulose, i. 275 Nitro-compounds, i. 274 Nitrogen, i. 223, 225, 475 -- chloride, i. 476 -- iodide, i. 507 -- oxides of, i. 267, 280, 284, 294, 295 -- sulphide, ii. 270 Nitro-prussides, ii. 351 Nitroso-compounds, i. 288 Nitrosulphates, ii. 229 Nitrosyl chloride, ii. 176 Norwegium, ii. 59

Occlusion, i. 143 Olefiant gas, i. 370 Organo-metallic compounds, i. 356 Osmium, ii. 372, 382, 384 Osmotic pressure, i. 64 Osmuridium, ii. 383 Oxamide, i. 406 Oxidation, i. 16 Oxides, i. 183; ii. 36 Oxycobaltamine salts, ii. 359 Oxygen, i. 152, 157, 158, 163 -- compounds, heat of formation of, i. 120, 466 Ozone, i. 198, 229

Palladium, ii. 369 -- hydride, i. 143; ii. 380 Palladous chloride, ii. 379 -- iodide, ii. 379 Paracyanogen, i. 414 Paramorphism, ii. 9 Parasulphatammon, ii. 269 Peat, i. 344 Peligot's salt, ii. 281 Percentage composition, i. 326 Perchloric anhydride, ii. 282 Periodates, i. 510 Permanganic anhydride, ii. 313 Permolybdates, ii. 297 Peroxide, chloric, i. 484 Peroxides, i. 159; ii. 15, 23 Perstannic oxide, ii. 133 Persulphates, ii. 253 Petroleum, i. 373 Phenol, solubility of, i. 75 Phlogiston, i. 17 Phosgene gas, ii. 175 Phospham, ii. 178 Phosphides, ii. 157 Phosphine, ii. 158, 160 Phosphonium iodide, ii. 159 Phosphoric anhydride, ii. 161 Phosphorous anhydride, ii. 160 Phosphorus, ii. 149 -- ammonium compounds, ii. 178 -- chlorides, ii. 174 -- fluorides, ii. 173 -- iodides, i. 505, 506; ii. 172 -- oxychlorides, ii. 175 -- sulphides, ii. 213 -- sulphochloride, ii. 213 -- thermo-chemical data for, ii. 153 Phosphuretted hydrogen, ii. 158, 160 Photography, ii. 431 Photo-salts, ii. 432 Plants, chemical reactions in, i. 547 -- and nitrogen, i. 230 Platinic chloride, ii. 377 -- hydroxide, ii. 379 Platino-ammonium compounds, ii. 391 -- chlorides, i. 467; ii. 378 -- cyanides, ii. 386 -- nitrites, ii. 390 -- sulphites, ii. 390 Platinous chloride, ii. 379 Platinum, ii. 376 -- alloys, ii. 373 -- black, ii. 376 -- metals, ii. 369, 375 -- oxide, ii. 378 Poly-haloid salts, i. 545 Polymerism, i. 207, 367 Polysulphides, ii. 217 Potassium, i. 544, 558 -- aurate, ii. 449 -- bromide, i. 550 -- carbonate, i. 549 -- chlorate, i. 161, 482 -- chloride, i. 72, 543 -- chromate, ii. 280 -- cyanide, i. 412, 551 -- dichromate, ii. 278 -- ferricyanide, ii. 346 -- ferrocyanide, i. 346, 412 -- hydrosulphide, ii. 219 -- hydroxide, i. 548 -- iodide, i. 550 -- manganate, ii. 310 -- nitrate, i. 553 -- oxides, i. 559 -- permanganate, ii. 311 -- stannate, ii. 133 -- sulphate, i. 72, 549 -- sulphide, ii. 219 -- telluride, ii. 274 Praseocobaltic salts, ii. 361 Praseodidymium, ii. 97 Proteid substances, i. 224 Prout's hypothesis, ii. 439 Prussian blue, i. 419; ii. 349 Purpureocobaltic salts, ii. 361 Purpureotetramine salts, ii. 361 Pyrocollodion, i. 275 Pyronaphtha, i. 375 Pyrosulphuryl chloride, i. 321; ii. 235

Reactions, chemical, i. 3 -- -- conditions for, i. 34 -- -- contact, i. 39 -- -- endothermal, i. 30 -- -- exothermal, i. 30 -- -- limit of, i. 437 -- -- rate of, ii. 152 Recalescence, ii. 333 Reduction, i. 16 Refraction equivalent, i. 336 Regenerative furnaces, i. 398 Reiset's salts, ii. 394 Respiration, i. 152, 154, 387 Rhodium, ii. 381 Rock salt, i. 421 Roseocobaltic salts, ii. 360 Rosetetramine salts, ii. 361 Rubidium, i. 576 Ruthenium, ii. 372, 382, 384

Sal-ammoniac, i. 248, 318, 457 -- solubility of, i. 458 -- vapour density of, i. 317 Salts, i. 187, 419 -- acid, i. 193, 533 -- basic, i. 193, 533; ii. 54 -- double, i. 598 -- electrolysis of, i. 191 -- heat of formation, i. 189 -- melting points of, i. 135 -- pyro, i. 193 -- theory of, i. 193 Saponification, i. 530 Scandium, ii. 94 Selenium, ii. 273 -- chlorides, ii. 275 Selenious anhydride, ii. 271 Silica, i. 100; ii. 108 -- soluble, ii. 113 Silicates, i. 544; ii. 116 Silicon, ii. 99 -- chloride, ii. 103, 104 -- chloroform, ii. 103 -- bromide, ii. 104 -- fluoride, ii. 105 -- hydride, ii. 102, 103 -- iodide, ii. 105 -- iodoform, ii. 105 Silver, ii. 418 -- allotropic varieties of, ii. 421 -- bromide, ii. 429 -- chlorate, ii. 437 -- chloride, ii. 429 -- cyanide, ii. 433 -- fluoride, ii. 430 -- fulminating, ii. 426 -- hyponitrite, i. 294 -- iodide, ii. 429 -- nitrate, ii. 426 -- nitrite, i. 284 -- orthophosphate, ii. 164 -- oxides, ii. 424 -- peroxide, ii. 422 -- plating, ii. 434 -- soluble, ii. 420 -- subchloride, ii. 432 Slags, ii. 323 Smalt, ii. 354 Soaps, i. 531 Soda ash, i. 519 -- caustic, i. 527 -- manufacture of, i. 459 -- waste, i. 522 Soda lime, i. 237 Sodamide, i. 539 Sodium, i. 513, 533 -- alloys, i. 559 -- amalgams, i. 537 -- bicarbonate, i. 526 -- carbonate, i. 519, 525 -- -- crystallohydrates of, i. 108 -- -- manufacture of, i. 523 -- -- solutions of, i. 525 -- chloride, i. 419 -- -- double salts of, i. 430 -- -- solutions of, i. 88, 99, 429 -- hydride, i. 537 -- hydroxide, i. 528, 529 -- -- solutions of, i. 529 -- nitrate, i. 269 -- -- solutions of, i. 72 -- organo compounds of, i. 540 -- oxides, i. 540, 541 -- phosphates, ii. 166 -- platinate, ii. 378 -- pyrosulphate, i. 518 -- sesquicarbonate, i. 526 -- stannate, ii. 133 -- subchloride, i. 540 -- sulphate, i. 513 -- -- acid salt, i. 518 -- -- crystallohydrates of, i. 515 -- -- solutions of, i. 73, 515, 516 -- sulphite, ii. 226 -- thiosulphate, ii. 230 -- -- solutions of, i. 74 -- tungstate, ii. 294 Soils, i. 344; ii. 73 Solubility, coefficient of, i. 67, 71 Solutions, i. 330 -- aqueous, i. 59 -- boiling points of, i. 94, 100 -- crystallisation of, i. 427 -- colour of, i. 95 -- diffusion of, i. 61, 429 -- of double salts, i. 599 -- formation of ice from, i. 91, 428 -- heat of formation of, i. 74, 75, 76 -- of gases, i. 68 -- isotonic, i. 64 -- saturated, i. 65 -- specific gravity of, i. 429, 584 -- supersaturated, i. 96 -- theory of, i. 64, 89, 92, 97, 106, 215, 323, 608; ii. 3, 164 -- vapour tension of, i. 90, 92 -- volumes of, i. 87 -- Specific heat, i. 585, 586, 588 Spectra absorption, i. 566 Spectrum analysis, i. 560, 561 Stannic chloride, ii. 132 -- fluoride, ii. 132 -- oxide, ii. 130 -- sulphide, ii. 132 Stannous chloride, ii. 130 -- oxide, ii. 129 -- salts, ii. 129 Steam, vapour tension of, i. 54 Steel, ii. 327, 328, 330 Strontium, i. 615 -- chloride, i. 615 -- hydroxide, i. 615 -- nitrate, i. 615 -- oxide, i. 617 Substitution chemical, i. 5 Sulphamide, ii. 270 Sulphatammon, ii. 269 Sulphates, ii. 248 Sulphides, i. 98; ii. 213 Sulphonitrites, ii. 229 Sulphoxyl, ii. 250 Sulphur, ii. 200 -- chlorides of, ii. 264 Sulphuretted hydrogen, ii. 208 Sulphuric anhydride, ii. 232 -- peroxide, ii. 251 Sulphurous anhydride, ii. 224 Sulphuryl chloride, ii. 268 Superphosphates, ii. 168

Tantalum, ii. 194, 198 Tellurium, ii. 274 -- bromide, ii. 275 -- chlorides, ii. 275 Tellurous anhydride, ii. 271 Temperature, critical, i. 131 Test papers, i. 185 Thallium, ii. 88, 91 Thallic oxide, ii. 93 Thallous hydroxide, ii. 92 -- oxide, ii. 92 Thiocarbonates, ii. 262 Thionyl chloride, ii. 267 Thiophosgene, ii. 262 Thiophosphoryl fluoride, ii. 263 Theory, atomic, i. 216 -- unitary, i. 195 -- vortex, i. 217 Thermochemistry, i. 173 Thorium, ii. 148 Tin, ii. 125 -- alloys, ii. 127 Titanium, ii. 144 -- chloride, ii. 145 -- nitride, ii. 146 -- nitrocyanide, ii. 146 -- oxides, ii. 145 Tripoli, ii. 110 Trisodium orthophosphate, ii. 166 Tungstates, ii. 292 Tungsten, ii. 290 -- anhydride, ii. 291 -- nitride, ii. 297 -- sulphide, ii. 297 Turnbull's blue, ii. 350 Types of combination, ii. 10

Ultramarine, ii. 84 Uranium, ii. 30, 297 -- atomic weight of, ii. 26 -- dioxide, ii. 301 -- oxides, ii. 298 -- tetrachloride, ii. 301 Urano-alkali compounds, ii. 298 Uranyl, ii. 301 -- ammonium carbonate, ii. 300 -- nitrate, ii. 300 -- phosphate, ii. 300 Urea, i. 409

Valency of elements, i. 404, 418, 581 Van der Waal's formula, i. 82, 140 Vanadic anhydride, ii. 196 Vanadium, ii. 194 -- oxychloride, ii. 195 Vapour density, determination of, i. 301 Ventilation, i. 244 Viscosity, i. 355 Volumes, molecular, ii. 4 -- gases, i. 300

Water, i. 40 -- composition of, i. 114, 118, 148, 169, 305, 333 -- compressibility of, i. 53 -- of constitution, i. 109 -- of crystallisation, i. 95, 510 -- dissociation of, i. 118 -- expansion of, i. 53 -- gas, i. 129, 400, 401 -- hard, i. 47 -- hygroscopic, i. 56 -- mineral, i. 45 -- rain, i. 43 -- river, i. 43 -- sea, i. 46 -- specific heat of, i. 52 -- -- gravity of, i. 50 -- spring, i. 44 Wave lengths, i. 564 Wood, i. 339

Ytterbium, ii. 93 Yttrium, ii. 93

Zinc, ii. 39 -- ammonia-chlorides, ii. 41 -- chloride, ii. 40, 41 -- compounds, heat of formation of, ii. 51 -- oxide, ii. 39, 40 -- sulphate, ii. 39 Zirconium, ii. 146 -- chloride, ii. 147 -- hydroxide, ii. 147 -- oxide, ii. 147

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