Part 4

The multiplicity of volitions and the struggle for unity--Multiplicity and unity as good and evil--Excluded volitions and passions or desires--Passions and desires as possible volitions--Volition as struggle with the passions--Critique of the freedom of choice--Meaning of the so-called precedence of feeling over the volitional act--Polipathicism and apathicism--Erroneity of both the opposed theses--Historical and contingent meaning of these--The domination of the passions, and the will.

VOLITIONAL HABITS AND INDIVIDUALITY 229

Passions and states of the soul--Passions understood as volitional habits--Importance and nature of these--Domination of the passions in so far as they are volitional habits--Difficulty and reality of dominating them--Volitional habits and individuality--Negations of individuality for uniformity and criticism of them--Temperament and character--Indifference of temperament--Discovery of one's own being--The idea of "vocation"--Misunderstanding of the right of individuality--Wicked individuality--False doctrines as to the connection between virtues and vices--The universal in the individual, and education.

DEVELOPMENT AND PROGRESS 246

Multiplicity and unity: development--Becoming as synthesis of being and not-being--Nature as becoming. Its resolution in the Spirit--Optimism and pessimism: critique--Dialectic optimism--Concept of cosmic progress--Objections and critique--Individuals and History--Fate, Fortune, and Providence--The infinity of progress and mystery--Confirmation of the impossibility of a Philosophy of history--Illegitimate transference of the concept of mystery from History to Philosophy.

TWO EXPLANATIONS RELATING TO HISTORIC AND ÆSTHETIC 262

Relation between desires and actions; and two problems of Historic and Æsthetic--History and art--The concept of existentiality in history--Its origin in the Philosophy of the practical: action and the existing, desires and the non-existent--History as distinction between actions and desires, and art as indistinction--Pure fancy and imagination--Art as lyrical or representation of feelings--Identity of ingenuous reality and feeling--Artists and the will--Actions and myths--Art as pure representation of becoming, and the artistic form of thought.

VII

HISTORICAL NOTES 273

I. The problem of freedom--II. The doctrine of evil--III. Will and freedom--Conscience and responsibility--IV. The concept of duty--Repentance and remorse--The doctrine of the passions--Virtues and vices--V. The doctrine of individuality: Schleiermacher--Romantic theories and most modern theories--VI. The concept of development and progress.

THIRD SECTION

UNITY OF THE THEORETICAL AND THE PRACTICAL

Double result: precedence of the theoretical over the practical, and of the practical over the theoretical--Errors of those who maintain the exclusive precedence of the one or the other--Problem of the unity of this duality--Not a duality of opposites--Not a duality of finite and infinite--Perfect analogy of the two forms: theoretic and practical--Not a parallelism, but a circle--The circle of Reality: thought and being, subject and object--Critique of the theories as to the primacy of the theoretical or of the practical reason--New pragmatism: Life conditioning Philosophy--Deductive confirmation of the two forms, and deductive exclusion of the third (feeling).

SECOND PART

THE PRACTICAL ACTIVITY IN ITS SPECIAL FORMS

FIRST SECTION

THE TWO PRACTICAL FORMS: ECONOMIC AND ETHIC

DISTINCTION OF THE TWO FORMS IN THE PRACTICAL CONSCIOUSNESS 309

The utilitarian or economic form, and the moral or ethical form--Insufficiency of the descriptive and psychological distinction--Deduction and necessity of integrating it with induction--The two forms as a fact of consciousness--The economic form--The ethical form--Impossibility of eliminating them--Confirmations in fact.

CRITIQUE OF THE NEGATIONS OF THE ETHICAL FORM 323

Exclusion of materialistic and intellectualistic criticisms--The two possible negations--The thesis of utilitarianism against the existence of moral acts--Difficulty arising from the presence of these--Attempt to explain them as quantitative distinctions--Criticism of it--Attempt to explain them as facts, either extraneous to the practical or irrational, and stupid--Associationism and evolutionism. Critique--Desperate attempt: theological utilitarianism and mystery.

III

CRITIQUE OF THE NEGATIONS OF THE ECONOMIC FORM 337

The thesis of moral abstractionism against the concept of the useful--The useful as means, or as theoretic fact--Technical and hypothetical imperatives--Critique: the useful is a practical fact --The useful as the egoistic or the immoral--Critique: the useful is amoral--The useful as ethical minimum--Critique: the useful is premoral--Desperate attempt: the useful as inferior practical conscience--Confirmation of the autonomy of the useful.

RELATION BETWEEN ECONOMIC AND ETHICAL FORMS 348

Economic and ethic as double degree of the practical--Errors arising from conceiving them as co-ordinated--Disinterested actions: critique--Vain polemic conducted with such Supposition against utilitarianism--Actions morally indifferent, obligatory, supererogatory, etc. Critique--Comparison with the relation between art and philosophy--Other erroneous conceptions of modes of action--Pleasure and economic activity, happiness and virtue--Pleasure and pain and feeling--Coincidence of duty with pleasure--Critique of rigorism or asceticism--Relation of happiness and virtue--Critique of the subordination of pleasure to morality--No empire of morality over the forms of the spirit--Non-existence of other practical forms; and impossibility of subdivision of the two established.

THE PHILOSOPHY OF ECONOMY AND THE SO-CALLED SCIENCE OF ECONOMY 364

Problem of the relations between Philosophy and Science of economy --Unreality of the laws and concepts of economic Science--Economic Science founded on empirical concepts but not empirical or descriptive--Absoluteness of its laws--Their mathematical nature--Its principles and their character of arbitrary postulates and definitions--Its utility--Comparison of Economy with Mechanic, and reason for its exclusion from ethical, æsthetic, and logical facts--Errors of philosophism and historicism in Economy--The two degenerations: extreme abstractism and empiristical disaggregation--Glance at the history of the various directions of Economy--Meaning of the judgment of Hegel as to economic Science.