CHAPTER XXXIII

REGARD FOR OTHER PERSONS' HAPPINESS IN GENERAL--GRATITUDE--PATRIOTISM AND COSMOPOLITANISM

The regard for other persons' happiness in general, p. 153 sq.--The moral ideas concerning conduct which affects other persons' welfare influenced by the relationship between the parties, pp. 154-166.--The feeling of gratitude said to be lacking in many uncivilised races, pp. 155-157.--Criticism of statements to this effect, pp. 157-161.--Savages described as grateful for benefits bestowed on them, pp. 161-165.--Gratitude represented as an object of praise or its absence as an object of disapproval, p. 165 sq.--Why ungratefulness is disapproved of, p. 166.--The patriotic sentiment defined, p. 167.--Though hardly to be found among the lower savages, it seems to be far from unknown among uncultured peoples of a higher type, p. 167 sq.--Many of the elements out of which patriotism proper has grown clearly distinguishable among savages, even the lowest, pp. 168-172.--National conceit, pp. 170-174.--The relation between the national feeling and the religious feeling, p. 174 sq.--The patriotism of ancient Greece and Rome, p. 175 sq.--The moral valuation of patriotism, p. 176.--Duties to mankind at large, pp. 176-179.--The ideal of patriotism rejected by Greek and Roman philosophers, p. 177 sq.--By Christianity, p. 178 sq.--The lack of patriotism and national feeling during the Middle Ages, pp. 179-181.--The development of the national feeling in England, p. 181 sq.--In France, p. 182.--The cosmopolitanism of the eighteenth century, p. 182 sq.--European patriotism after the French revolution, p. 183 sq.--The theory cf nationalism, p. 184.--The cosmopolitan spirit, p. 184 sq.

{x} CHAPTER XXXIV

THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALTRUISTIC SENTIMENT

Maternal affection, pp. 186-189.--Prof. Espinas's theory, p. 186 sq.--Prof. Bain's theory, p. 187 sq.--Mr. Spencer's theory, p. 188.--Distinction between maternal love and the mere love of the helpless, p. 188 sq.--The paternal instinct, p. 189 sq.--Conjugal attachment, pp. 190-192.--The duration of conjugal attachment, p. 192 sq.--The duration of parental affection, p. 193.--Filial affection, p. 194.--Man originally, as it seems, not a gregarious animal, p. 195 sq.--How he became gregarious, p. 196 sq.--The gregarious instinct, p. 197. --Social affection, p. 197 sq.--The evolution of social aggregates influenced by economic conditions, pp. 198-201.--The social aggregates of savages who know neither cattle-rearing nor agriculture, pp. 198-200.--Of pastoral peoples, p. 201.--Of peoples subsisting on agriculture, ibid.--Social units based on marriage or a common descent, p. 201 sq.--The social force in kinship, pp. 202-204.--Mr. Hartland's theory, pp. 204-206.--The blood-covenant, pp. 206-209.--The social influence of a common cult among savages, pp. 209-213.--The "four generations" of the Chinese, p. 213.--Traces of a clan organisation in China, p. 213 sq.--The joint family among so-called Aryan peoples, pp. 214-216.--Village communities, clans, phratries, and tribes among these peoples, pp. 216-220.--The prevalence of the paternal system of descent among the peoples of archaic culture, p. 220.--Associations of tribes among uncivilised races, p. 220 sq.--Civilisation only thrives in states, p. 221 sq.--The origin of states p. 222.--The influence of the State upon the smaller units of which it is composed, p. 222 sq.--The State and the notion of a common descent, pp. 223-225.--The archaic State not only a political but a religious community, p. 225 sq.--The national importance of a common religion, p. 226.--The influence of social development upon the altruistic sentiment, p. 226 sq.--The altruistic sentiment has not necessarily reference only to individuals belonging to the same social unit, p. 227 sq.--The expansion of altruism in mankind, p. 228.