The North American Indian, Vol. 1

Part 1

The Pool - Apache

From Copyright Photograph 1906 by E.S. Curtis

The North American Indian

Being A Series Of Volumes Picturing And Describing The Indians Of The United States And Alaska

Written, Illustrated, And Published By Edward S. Curtis

Edited By Frederick Webb Hodge

Foreword By Theodore Roosevelt

Field Research Conducted Under The Patronage Of J. Pierpont Morgan

In Twenty Volumes This, The First Volume, Published In The Year Nineteen Hundred And Seven

JOHNSON REPRINT CORPORATION 111 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10003

JOHNSON REPRINT COMPANY LTD. Berkeley Square House, London, W1X6BA

Copyright 1907, by Edward S. Curtis

Landmarks in Anthropology, a series of reprints in cultural anthropology General Editor: Weston La Barre

First reprinting 1970, Johnson Reprint Corporation

CONTENTS

GENERAL INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION TO VOLUME ONE THE APACHE HISTORICAL SKETCH HOMELAND AND LIFE MYTHOLOGY - CREATION MYTH MEDICINE AND MEDICINE-MEN THE MESSIAH CRAZE PUBERTY RITE DANCE OF THE GODS THE JICARILLAS HOME AND GENERAL CUSTOMS MYTHOLOGY - CREATION MYTH MIRACLE PERFORMERS ORIGIN OF FIRE THE NAVAHO HOME LIFE, ARTS, AND BELIEFS HISTORY MYTHOLOGY - CREATION MYTH MIRACLE PERFORMERS LEGEND OF THE HAPPINESS CHANT LEGEND OF THE NIGHT CHANT CEREMONIES—THE NIGHT CHANT MATURITY CEREMONY MARRIAGE APPENDIX TRIBAL SUMMARY - THE APACHE THE JICARILLAS THE NAVAHO SOUTHERN ATHAPASCAN COMPARATIVE VOCABULARY INDEX

ALPHABET USED IN RECORDING INDIAN TERMS

a as in father ă as in cat â as aw in awl ai as in aisle e as ey in they ĕ as in net i as in machine ĭ as in sit o as in old ŏ as in not ô as owin how oi as in oil u as in ruin ŭ as in nut ü as in German hütte ụ as in push h always aspirated q as qu in quick th as in thaw w as in wild y as in year ch as in church sh as in shall, sash n nasal, as in French dans zh as z in azure ’ a pause

ILLUSTRATIONS

The Pool - Apache Nayé̆nĕzganĭ - Navaho Illustration: Theodore Roosevelt White River - Apache By The Sycamore - Apache The Fire Drill - Apache A Noonday Halt - Navaho Apache Camp Typical Apache Ténokai - Apache At The Ford - Apache The Bathing Pool - Apache Alchĭsé - Apache Mescal Hills - Apache Primitive Apache Home Cutting Mescal - Apache Mescal - Apache Filling the Pit - Apache The Covered Pit - Apache Apache Still Life Among the Oaks - Apache Mescal Camp - Apache Sacred Buckskin - Apache Apache Girl The Ford - Apache Apache Medicine-man Maternity Belt - Apache Medicine Cap and Fetish - Apache Das Lan - Apache Apache Village Sand Mosaic - Apache Apache Gaŭn Apache Maiden Lone Tree Lodge - Jicarilla A Jicarilla A Jicarilla Feast March Jicarillas Jeditoh - Navaho Lake Lajara - Navaho Into the Desert - Navaho Nature’s Mirror - Navaho Canon Hogan - Navaho A Drink in the Desert - Navaho Under the Cottonwoods - Navaho Cornfields in Canon Del Muerto - Navaho The Blanket Maker - Navaho Pĭké̆hodĭklad - Navaho Hástĭn Yázhĕ - Navaho Navaho Hogan Navaho Still Life Navaho Medicine-man Through the Canon - Navaho Evening in the Desert - Navaho Hasché̆ltĭ - Navaho Haschógan - Navaho Antelope Ruin - Canon del Muerto Nayé̆nĕzganĭ - Navaho Tobadzĭschí̆nĭ - Navaho Hasché̆zhĭnĭ - Navaho Ganaskĭdĭ - Navaho Tónenĭlĭ - Navaho Zahadolzhá - Navaho Haschĕbaád - Navaho Gán askĭdĭ. Zahadolzhá. Hasché̆ltĭ - Navaho Tónenĭlĭ, Tobadzĭschí̆nĭ, Nayé̆nĕzganĭ - Navaho Yébĭchai Sweat - Navaho Pĭkéhodĭklad - Navaho Shĭlhné’ohlĭ - Navaho Zahadolzhá - Navaho Yébĭchai Hogán - Navaho Yébĭchai Dancers - Navaho Mescal Harvest - Apache White River Valley - Apache Nalin Lage - Apache Infant Burial - Apache Tobadzĭschí̆nĭ - Navaho Ganaskĭdĭ - Navaho Zahadolzhá - Navaho Hasché̆ltĭ, Haschĕbaád, Zahadolzhá—Navaho Navaho Women

Photogravures by John Andrew & Son, Boston.

Nayé̆nĕzganĭ - Navaho

From Copyright Photograph 1904 by E.S. Curtis

FOREWORD

In Mr. Curtis we have both an artist and a trained observer, whose pictures are pictures, not merely photographs; whose work has far more than mere accuracy, because it is truthful. All serious students are to be congratulated because he is putting his work in permanent form; for our generation offers the last chance for doing what Mr. Curtis has done. The Indian as he has hitherto been is on the point of passing away. His life has been lived under conditions thru which our own race past so many ages ago that not a vestige of their memory remains. It would be a veritable calamity if a vivid and truthful record of these conditions were not kept. No one man alone could preserve such a record in complete form. Others have worked in the past, and are working in the present, to preserve parts of the record; but Mr. Curtis, because of the singular combination of qualities with which he has been blest, and because of his extraordinary success in making and using his opportunities, has been able to do what no other man ever has done; what, as far as we can see, no other man could do. He is an artist who works out of doors and not in the closet. He is a close observer, whose qualities of mind and body fit him to make his observations out in the field, surrounded by the wild life he commemorates. He has lived on intimate terms with many different tribes of the mountains and the plains. He knows them as they hunt, as they travel, as they go about their various avocations on the march and in the camp. He knows their medicine men and sorcerers, their chiefs and warriors, their young men and maidens. He has not only seen their vigorous outward existence, but has caught glimpses, such as few white men ever catch, into that strange spiritual and mental life of theirs; from whose innermost recesses all white men are forever barred. Mr. Curtis in publishing this book is rendering a real and great service; a service not only to our own people, but to the world of scholarship everywhere.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT

October 1st, 1906.

White River - Apache

Part 2

From Copyright Photograph 1903 by E.S. Curtis

GENERAL INTRODUCTION

The task of recording the descriptive material embodied in these volumes, and of preparing the photographs which accompany them, had its inception in 1898. Since that time, during each year, months of arduous labor have been spent in accumulating the data necessary to form a comprehensive and permanent record of all the important tribes of the United States and Alaska that still retain to a considerable degree their primitive customs and traditions. The value of such a work, in great measure, will lie in the breadth of its treatment, in its wealth of illustration, and in the fact that it represents the result of personal study of a people who are rapidly losing the traces of their aboriginal character and who are destined ultimately to become assimilated with the "superior race."

It has been the aim to picture all features of the Indian life and environment—types of the young and the old, with their habitations, industries, ceremonies, games, and everyday customs. Rather than being designed for mere embellishment, the photographs are each an illustration of an Indian character or of some vital phase in his existence. Yet the fact that the Indian and his surroundings lend themselves to artistic treatment has not been lost sight of, for in his country one may treat limitless subjects of an æsthetic character without in any way doing injustice to scientific accuracy or neglecting the homelier phases of aboriginal life. Indeed, in a work of this sort, to overlook those marvellous touches that Nature has given to the Indian country, and for the origin of which the native ever has a wonder-tale to relate, would be to neglect a most important chapter in the story of an environment that made the Indian much of what he is. Therefore, being directly from Nature, the accompanying pictures show what actually exists or has recently existed (for many of the subjects have already passed forever), not what the artist in his studio may presume the Indian and his surroundings to be.

The task has not been an easy one, for although lightened at times by the readiness of the Indians to impart their knowledge, it more often required days and weeks of patient endeavor before my assistants and I succeeded in overcoming the deep-rooted superstition, conservatism, and secretiveness so characteristic of primitive people, who are ever loath to afford a glimpse of their inner life to those who are not of their own. Once the confidence of the Indians gained, the way led gradually through the difficulties, but long and serious study was necessary before knowledge of the esoteric rites and ceremonies could be gleaned.

At times the undertaking was made congenial by our surroundings in beautiful mountain wild, in the depths of primeval forest, in the refreshing shade of cañon wall, or in the homes and sacred places of the Indians themselves; while at others the broiling desert sun, the sand-storm, the flood, the biting blast of winter, lent anything but pleasure to the task.

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