The Causes of the Corruption of the Traditional Text of the Holy Gospels

CHAPTER I.. General Corruption.

General Corruption.

Sec. 1. Modern re-editing--difference between the New Testament and other books--immense number of copies--ordinary causes of error--Doctrinal causes. Sec. 2. Elimination of weakly attested readings--nature of inquiry. Sec. 3. Smaller blemishes in MSS. unimportant except when constant. Sec. 4. Most mistakes arose from inadvertency: many from unfortunate design. pp. 10-23

CHAPTER II.. Accidental Causes of Corruption. I. Pure Accident.

Accidental Causes of Corruption. I. Pure Accident.

Sec. 1. St. John x. 29. Sec. 2. Smaller instances, and Acts xx. 24. Sec. 3. St. Luke ii. 14. Sec. 4. St. Mark xv. 6; vii. 4; vi. 22. Sec. 5. St. Mark viii. 1; vii. 14--St. John xiii. 37. pp. 24-35

CHAPTER III.. Accidental Causes of Corruption. Ii. Homoeoteleuton.

Accidental Causes of Corruption. II. Homoeoteleuton.

St. Luke ii. 15--St. John vi. 11; vi. 55--St. Matt. xxiii. 14; xix. 9--St. Luke xvi. 21. pp. 36-41

CHAPTER IV.. Accidental Causes of Corruption. Iii. From Writing in Uncials.

Accidental Causes of Corruption. III. From Writing in Uncials.

Sec. 1. St. John iv. 35-36. Sec. 2. St. Luke xv. 17--St. John v. 44. Sec. 3. Acts xxvii. 14--St. John iv. 15--St. Luke xvii. 37--St. Matt. xxii. 23--and other passages. Sec. 4. St. John v. 4--St. Luke xxiii. 11--St. Matt. iv. 23. Sec. 5. 2 St. Peter i. 31--Heb. vii. 1. Sec. 6. St. Matt. xxvii. 17. pp. 42-55

CHAPTER V.. Accidental Causes of Corruption. Iv. Itacism.

Accidental Causes of Corruption. IV. Itacism.

Sec. 1. Various passages--St. John xii. 1, 2; 41. Sec. 2. Rev. i. 5--Other passages--St. Mark vii. 19. Sec. 3. St. Mark iv. 8. Sec. 4. Titus ii. 5. pp. 56-66

CHAPTER VI.. Accidental Causes of Corruption. V. Liturgical Influence.

Accidental Causes of Corruption. V. Liturgical Influence.

Sec. 1. Lectionaries of the Church--Liturgical influence--Antiquity of the Lectionary System. Sec. 2. St. John xiv. 1--Acts iii. 1--Last Twelve Verses of St. Mark. Sec. 3. St. Luke vii. 31; ix. 1--Other passages. Sec. 4. St. Mark xv. 28. Sec. 5. Acts iii. 1--St. Matt. xiii. 44; xvii. 23. Sec. 6. St. Matt vi. 13 (doxology in the Lord's Prayer). pp. 67-88

CHAPTER VII.

Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. I. Harmonistic Influence.

Sec. 1. St. Mark xvi. 9. Sec. 2. St. Luke xxiv. 1--other examples. Sec. 3. Chiefly intentional--Diatessarons--St. Matt. xvii. 25, 26--Harmonized narratives--Other examples. pp. 89-99

CHAPTER VIII.. Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. Ii. Assimilation.

Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. II. Assimilation.

Sec. 1. Transfer from one Gospel to another. Sec. 2. Not entirely intentional--Various passages. Sec. 3. St. John xvi. 16. Sec. 4. St. John xiii. 21-25. Sec. 5. St. Mark i. 1, 2--Other examples--St. Matt. xii. 10 (St. Luke xiv. 3)--and others. Sec. 6. St. Mark vi. 11. Sec. 7. St. Mark xiv. 70. pp. 100-122

CHAPTER IX.. Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. Iii. Attraction.

Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. III. Attraction.

Sec. 1. St. John vi. 71 and xiii. 26. Sec. 2. Acts xx. 24--2 Cor. iii. 3. pp. 123-127

CHAPTER X.. Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. Iv. Omission.

Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. IV. Omission.

Sec. 1. Omissions a class of their own--Exemplified from the Last Twelve Verses of St. Mark--Omission the besetting fault of transcribers. Sec. 2. The onus probandi rests upon omitters. Sec. 3. St Luke vi. 1; and other omissions. Sec. 4. St. Matt. xxi. 44. Sec. 5. St. Matt. xv. 8. Sec. 6. St. Matt. v. 44--Reply to the Reviewer in the Guardian. Sec. 7. Shorter Omissions. pp. 128-156

CHAPTER XI.. Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. V. Transposition.

Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. V. Transposition.

Sec. 1. St. Mark i. 5; ii. 3--Other instances. Sec. 2. St. Luke xiii. 9; xxiv. 7. Sec. 3. Other examples--St. John v. 27--Transpositions often petty, but frequent.

VI. Substitution.

Sec. 4. If taken with Modifications, a large class--Various instances. pp. 164-165

VII. Addition.

Sec. 5. The smallest of the four--St. Luke vi. 4--St. Matt. xx. 28. Sec. 6. St. Matt. viii. 13; xxiv. 36--St. Mark iii. 16--Other examples. pp. 166-171

CHAPTER XII.. Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. Viii. Glosses.

Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. VIII. Glosses.

Sec. 1. Not so numerous as has been supposed--St. Matt. xiii. 36--St. Mark vii. 3. Sec. 2. St. Luke ix. 23. Sec. 3. St. John vi. 15; xiii. 24; xx. 18--St. Matt. xxiv. 31. Sec. 4. St. John xviii. 14--St. Mark vi. 11. Sec. 5. St. Mark xiv. 41--St. John ix. 22. Sec. 6. St. John xii. 7. Sec. 7. St. John xvii. 4. Sec. 8. St. Luke i. 66. Sec. 9. St. Luke v. 7--Acts xx. 4. pp. 172-190

CHAPTER XIII.

Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. IX. Corruption by Heretics.

Sec. 1. This class very evident--Began in the earliest times--Appeal to what is earlier still--Condemned in all ages and countries. Sec. 2. The earliest depravers of the Text--Tatian's Diatessaron. Sec. 3. Gnostics--St. John i. 3-4. Sec. 4. St. John x. 14, 15. Sec. 5. Doctrinal--Matrimony--St. Matt i. 19. pp. 191-210

CHAPTER XIV.

Causes of Corruption Chiefly Intentional. X. Corruption by the Orthodox.

Sec. 1. St. Luke xix. 41; ii. 40. Sec. 2. St. John viii. 40; and i. 18. Sec. 3. 1 Cor. xv. 47. Sec. 4. St. John iii. 13. Sec. 5. St. Luke ix. 54-56. pp. 211-231

Appendix I.

Pericope de Adultera. pp. 233-265

APPENDIX II.

Dr. Hort's Theory of Conflation and the Neutral Text. pp. 266-286

Index of Subjects. pp. 287-288

Index of Passages of the New Testament Discussed. pp. 289-290

THE CAUSES OF THE CORRUPTION OF THE TRADITIONAL TEXT OF THE HOLY GOSPELS.

INTRODUCTION.

In the companion volume to this, the Traditional Text, that is, the Text of the Gospels which is the resultant of all the evidence faithfully and exhaustively presented and estimated according to the best procedure of the courts of law, has been traced back to the earliest ages in the existence of those sacred writings. We have shewn, that on the one hand, amidst the unprecedented advantages afforded by modern conditions of life for collecting all the evidence bearing upon the subject, the Traditional Text must be found, not in a mere transcript, but in a laborious revision of the Received Text; and that on the other hand it must, as far as we can judge, differ but slightly from the Text now generally in vogue, which has been generally received during the last two and a half centuries.

The strength of the position of the Traditional Text lies in its being logically deducible and to be deduced from all the varied evidence which the case supplies, when it has been sifted, proved, passed, weighed, compared, compounded, and contrasted with dissentient testimony. The contrast is indeed great in almost all instances upon which controversy has gathered. On one side the vast mass of authorities is assembled: on the other stands a small group. Not inconsiderable is the advantage possessed by that group, as regards numerous students who do not look beneath the surface, in the general witness in their favour borne by the two oldest MSS. of the Gospels in existence. That advantage however shrinks into nothing under the light of rigid examination. The claim for the Text in them made at the Semiarian period was rejected when Semiarianism in all its phases fell into permanent disfavour. And the argument advanced by Dr. Hort that the Traditional Text was a new Text formed by successive recensions has been refuted upon examination of the verdict of the Fathers in the first four centuries, and of the early Syriac and Latin Versions. Besides all this, those two manuscripts have been traced to a local source in the library of Caesarea. And on the other hand a Catholic origin of the Traditional Text found on later vellum manuscripts has been discovered in the manuscripts of papyrus which existed all over the Roman Empire, unless it was in Asia, and were to some degree in use even as late as the ninth century; before and during the employment of vellum in the Caesarean school, and in localities where it was used in imitation of the mode of writing books which was brought well-nigh to perfection in that city.

It is evident that the turning-point of the controversy between ourselves and the Neologian school must lie in the centuries before St. Chrysostom. If, as Dr. Hort maintains, the Traditional Text not only gained supremacy at that era but did not exist in the early ages, then our contention is vain. That Text can be Traditional only if it goes back without break or intermission to the original autographs, because if through break or intermission it ceased or failed to exist, it loses the essential feature of genuine tradition. On the other hand, if it is proved to reach back in unbroken line to the time of the Evangelists, or to a period as near to them as surviving testimony can prove, then Dr. Hort's theory of a 'Syrian' text formed by recension or otherwise just as evidently falls to the ground. Following mainly upon the lines drawn by Dean Burgon, though in a divergence of my own devising, I claim to have proved Dr. Hort to have been conspicuously wrong, and our maintenance of the Traditional Text in unbroken succession to be eminently right. The school opposed to us must disprove our arguments, not by discrediting the testimony of the Fathers to whom all Textual Critics have appealed including Dr. Hort, but by demonstrating if they can that the Traditional Text is not recognized by them, or they must yield eventually to us.

In this volume, the other half of the subject will be discussed. Instead of exploring the genuine Text, we shall treat of the corruptions of it, and shall track error in its ten thousand forms to a few sources or heads. The origination of the pure Text in the inspired writings of the Evangelists will thus be vindicated anew by the evident paternity of deflections from it discoverable in the natural defects or iniquities of men. Corruption will the more shew itself in true colours:--

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