Part 22

Antilope dorcas, =Pall.= Spic. Zool. i. p. 11 (1767), xii. p. 15 (1777); =Müll.= Natursyst. Suppl. p. 54 (1776); =Erxl.= Syst. R. A. p. 285 (1777); =Zimm.= Spec. Zool. Geogr. p. 543 (1777); =id.= Geogr. Gesch. ii. p. 117 (1780); =Gatt.= Brev. Zool. i. p. 82 (1780); =Herrm.= Tab. Aff. Anim. p. 108 (1783); =Schreb.= Säug. pl. cclxix. (1785); =Bodd.= Elench. Anim. p. 142 (1785); =Gmel.= Linn. S. N. i. p. 187 (1788); =Kerr=, Linn. An. K. p. 313 (1792); =Donnd.= Zool. Beytr. i. p. 630 (1792); =Link=, Beytr. Nat. ii. p. 99 (1795); =G. Cuv.= Tabl. Élém. p. 163 (1798); =Bechst.= Uebers. vierf. Thierr. ii. p. 644 (1800); =Lac.= Mém. de l’Inst., Sci. Phys. iii. p. 498 (1801); =Shaw=, Gen. Zool. ii. pt. 2, p. 350 (1801); =Turt.= Linn. S. N. i. p. 113 (1802); =G. Cuv.= Dict. Sci. Nat. ii. p. 225 (1804); =Desm.= N. Dict. d’H. N. (1) xxiv. Tabl. p. 32 (1804); =Tied.= Zool. i. p. 409 (1808); =Licht.= Mag. nat. Freund. vi. p. 168 (1814); =G. Fisch.= Zoogn. iii. p. 426 (1814); =Afz.= N. Act. Ups. vii. p. 220 (1815); =Blainv.= Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75; =Desm.= N. Dict. d’H. N. (2) ii. p. 183 (1816); =G. Cuv.= Règne Anim. i. p. 259 (1817); =Schinz=, Cuv. Thierr. i. p. 386 (1821); =Desm.= Mamm. ii. p. 453 (1822); =Desmoul.= Dict. Class. d’H. N. i. p. 440 (1822); =Less.= Man. Mamm. p. 372 (1827); =H. Sm.= Griff. An. K. iv. p. 212, v. p. 332 (1827); =J. B. Fisch.= Syn. Mamm. p. 459 (1829); =Less.= Compl. Buff. x. p. 286 (1836); =Oken=, Allg. Naturg. vii. p. 1369 (1838); =Laurill.= Dict. Univ. d’H. N. i. p. 614 (1839); =Less.= N. Tabl. R. A., Mamm. p. 176 (1842); =Forst.= Descr. Anim. p. 386 (1844); =Wagn.= Schr. Säug. Suppl. iv. p. 405 (1844), v. p. 403 (1855); =Schinz=, Syn. Mamm. ii. p. 398 (1845); =Sund.= Pecora, K. Vet.-Ak. Handl. 1845, p. 267 (1847); =id.= Hornschuch’s Transl., Arch. Skand. Beitr. ii. p. 263; Reprint, p. 83 (1848); =Schinz=, Mon. Antil. p. 3, pl. i. (1848); =Gieb.= Säug. p. 305 (1853); =Heugl.= Ant. u. Buff. N.O.-Afr. (N. Act. Leop. xxx. pt. 2) p. 5 (1863) (in part); =id.= N.O.-Afr. ii. p. 99 (1877); =Brehm=, Thierl. iii. p. 205 (1880).

Cemas dorcas, =Oken=, Lehrb. Nat. iii. pt. 2, p. 737 (1816).

Dorcas dorcas, =Gray=, Med. Repos. xv. p. 307 (1821).

Gazella dorcas, =Og.= P. Z. S. 1836, p. 137; =Gray=, List Mamm. B. M. p. 160 (1843); =id.= Ann. Mag. N. H. (1) xviii. p. 231 (1846); =id.= List Ost. B. M. p. 56 (1847); =id.= Knowsl. Men. p. 4, pl. iii. (1850); =id.= P. Z. S. 1850, p. 112; =id.= Cat. Ung. B. M. p. 55 (1852); =Temm.= Esq. Zool. Guin. p. 193 (1853); =Loche=, Cat. Mamm. Algérie, p. 13 (1858); =Tristram=, Gt. Sahara, p. 387 (1860); =Gerr.= Cat. Bones Mamm. B. M. p. 232 (1862); =Blyth=, Cat. Mamm. Mus. As. Soc. p. 172 (1863); =Loche=, Expl. Alg., Mamm. p. 67 (1867); =Fitz.= SB. Wien, lix. pt. 1, p. 159 (1869); =Gray=, Cat. Rum. B. M. p. 38 (1872); =id.= Hand-l. Rum. B. M. p. 106 (1873); =Brooke=, P. Z. S. 1873, p. 537; =Danf. & Alst.= P. Z. S. 1877, p. 276 (Asia Minor); =iid.= P. Z. S. 1880, p. 55; =Scl.= List Vert. An. Z. S. (8) p. 140 (1883), (9) p. 154 (1896); =Flow. & Gars.= Cat. Coll. Surg. ii.p. 263 (1884); =Lataste=, Mamm. Barb. (Act. Soc. Linn. Bord. xxxix.) sep. cop. p. 171 (1885); =id.= Mamm. Tunisie, p. 36 (1887); =Jent.= Cat. Ost. Leyd. Mus. (Mus. Pays-Bas, ix.) p. 136 (1889); =W. Scl.= Cat. Mamm. Calc. Mus. ii. p. 157 (1891); =Ward=, Horn Meas. (1) p. 114 (1892), (2) p. 157 (1896); =Jent.= Cat. Mamm. Leyd. Mus. (Mus. Pays-Bas, xi.) p. 167 (1892); =Lyd.= Horns and Hoofs, p. 180 (1893); =Thos.= P. Z. S. 1894, p. 467 (Algeria); =Scl.= P. Z. S. 1895, p. 523 (Egypt); =Pease=, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 812 (range in Algeria); =Whitaker=, P. Z. S. 1896, p. 815 (range in Tunis).

La Gazelle, =Buff.= Hist. Nat. xii. p. 249, pl. xxiii. (1764), whence

Antilope gazella, =Pall.= Misc. Zool. p. 7 (1766); =Bodd.= Elench. Anim. p. 140 (1785); =Kerr=, Linn. An. K. p. 316 (1792); =Donnd.= Zool. Beytr. i. p. 638 (1792); =Latham & Davies=, Faunula Indica, p. 4 (1795); =Bechst.= Uebers. vierif. Thierr. ii. p. 642 (1800); =Shaw=, Gen. Zool. ii. pt. 2, p. 316 (1801); =Turt.= Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 114 (1802) (nec Capra gazella, Linn.).

Le Kevel, =Buff.= Hist. Nat. xii. p. 258, pl. xxvi. (1764), whence

Antilope kevella, =Pall.= Misc. Zool. p. 7 (1766); =id.= Spic. Zool. i. p. 12 (1767), xii. p. 15 (1777); =Müll.= Natursyst. Supp. p. 54 (1776); =Erxl.= Syst. R. A. p. 287 (1777); =Zimm.= Spec. Zool. Geogr. p. 543 (1777); =id.= Geogr. Gesch. ii. p. 117 (1780); =Gatt.= Brev. Zool. i. p. 82 (1780); =Schreb.= Säug. pl. cclxx. (1785); =Bodd.= Elench. Anim. p. 142 (1785); =Gmel.= Linn. S. N. i. p. 187 (1788); =Kerr=, Linn. An. K. p. 313 (1792); =Link=, Beytr. Nat. ii. p. 99 (1795); =Shaw=, Gen. Zool. ii. pt. 2, p. 351 (1801); =Desm.= N. Dict. d’H. N. (1) xii. p. 380 (1803), xxiv. Tabl. p. 33 (1804); =G. Fisch.= Zoogn. iii. p. 436 (1814); =Desm.= N. Dict. d’H. N. (2) ii. p. 184 (1816); =H. Sm.= Griff. An. K. iv. p. 213, v. p. 332 (1827).

Cerophorus (Gazella) kevella, =Blainv.= Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75.

Cemas kevella, =Oken=, Lehrb. Nat. iii. pt. 2, p. 738 (1816).

Gazella kevella, =Jard.= Nat. Misc. (1) vii. p. 208, pl. xxvi. (1842).

La Corine, =Buff.= Hist. Nat. xii. p. 261, pl. xxvii. (1764), whence

Antilope corinna, =Pall.= Misc. Zool. p. 7 (1766); =Erxl.= Syst. R. A. p. 291 (1777); =Zimm.= Geogr. Gesch. ii. p. 118 (1780); =Schreb.= Säug. pl. cclxxi. (1785); =Bodd.= Elench. Anim. p. 143 (1785); =Gmel.= Linn. S. N. i. p. 188 (1788); =Kerr=, Linn. An. K. p. 313 (1792); =Link=, Beytr. Nat. ii. p. 99 (1795); =Bechst.= Uebers. vierf. Thierr. ii. p. 645 (1800); =Desm.= N. Dict. d’H. N. (1) vi. p. 219 (1803), xxiv. Tabl. p. 33 (1804); =G. Fisch.= Zoogn. iii. p. 430 (1814); =Desm.= N. Dict. d’H. N. (2) ii. p. 184 (1816); =Goldf.= Schr. Säug. v. p. 1193 (1818); =H. Sm.= Griff. An. K. iv. p. 214, v. p. 333 (1827).

Cerophorus (Gazella) corinna, =Blainv.= Bull. Soc. Philom. 1816, p. 75.

Cemas maculata, =Oken=, Lehrb. Nat. iii. pt. 2, p. 738 (1816).

Gazella dorcas sundevalli, =Fitz.= SB. Wien, lix. pt. 1, p. 159 (1869).

VERNACULAR NAMES:--Rhozal or Hemar of Arabs of Algeria (Pease); Ghasala of Arabs (Tristram).

Size small; height at withers 21–22 inches. General colour pale fawn, rather variable in tone. Facial markings distinct; central band rufous fawn; streaks from eye to mouth brownish fawn, contrasting with the white bands between them. Ears long, whitish fawn behind. Light lateral band present, but not strongly marked; dark lateral band brown, considerably darker than the back, but not black. Pygal band indistinct. Knee-tufts present.

Skull rather lightly built; nasals narrow; anteorbital fossæ large and deep. Basal length 6·6 inches, greatest breadth 3·35, muzzle to orbit 3·55.

Horns of medium length, but quite different in their shape to those of any other species, although the difference is not very easy to explain. Primarily it may be said that they are flattened laterally, are evenly divergent as they curve backwards, reapproach terminally, and have their tips bent upwards in a well-marked curve. But in addition to this simple curvature, the middle portion of each horn is lyrated outwards, so that the longest diameter of the horn-section above is quite in a different plane to what it is at the base; it is in consequence of this lyration that the horns, apart altogether from the curved tips, reapproach each other terminally, while in all other species such reapproach as occurs is entirely due to the incurving of the tips. The lyration and curvature of the horns are well shown in our figure (p. 108), and a comparison of it with those of GG. przewalskii, marica, tilonura, and soemmerringi will show how different the method of terminal approximation is in this species as compared with them.

Female. Similar to the male, but horns slender, slightly curved, from one-half to three-fourths the length of those of the male.

Hab. Morocco and Algeria, and extending through Egypt into Palestine and Syria.

Like other Antelopes known to Linnæus, the Dorcas Gazelle was placed by the great founder of systematic nomenclature in the genus Capra, and called Capra dorcas. The specific term selected was taken from the Greek, in which language it signifies primarily a wild goat or fawn, and subsequently the name of a woman, being, as we know from a familiar passage in the New Testament, the equivalent of the Syriac “Tabitha.” The term “dorcas,” however, according to good authorities, was also applied to the present animal by Ælian and other ancient writers. Linnæus based his Capra dorcas upon the Gazella africana of Ray’s ‘Synopsis of Quadrupeds,’ which there can be little doubt was intended for the present species, although it has been supposed by some authors to be rather applicable to the Bubal (Bubalis boselaphus).

In his memoir on the Antelopes, published at Berlin in 1767, Pallas placed Antilope dorcas eighth in the list, basing it on Buffon’s “La Gazelle,” which it is evident, both from the figure and the description, was taken from a specimen of the present animal.

Besides “La Gazelle” in the twelfth volume of his ‘Histoire Naturelle,’ Buffon also described and figured another Antelope, “Le Kevel,” of which he does not state the locality. Some authors have been disposed to refer Buffon’s Kevel to the larger Antelope of Algeria, which is generally called Gazella cuvieri. But Buffon’s description of the colour of the face and the length he attributes to the ears, as likewise his phrase that the Kevel is “plus petit que la Gazelle,” taken together form conclusive evidence against this view, and there can practically be no doubt that Buffon’s “Kevel” was a small individual of Gazella dorcas.

A third name invented by Buffon for one of the Gazelles, “La Corine,” has likewise been the source of some confusion. His figure and description were taken from a female animal at one time living in the park of Saint Cloud, but its locality was not given. Owing to the fact that some horns, brought home by Adanson from Senegal, were subsequently referred to Buffon’s “Corine,” the name Gazella corinna (founded upon Buffon’s “Corine”) has been sometimes applied to the Gazella rufifrons of Senegal. But, so far as we can judge from Buffon’s figure and description, the real type of Buffon’s “Corine” must have been merely an ordinary female of Gazella dorcas, although there is some difficulty on the subject in consequence of the discrepancy between Buffon’s figure and his description. As Thomas has shown in his observations upon this point (P. Z. S. 1894, p. 469), it seems that a wholly satisfactory determination of Buffon’s “Corine” is barely possible.

It is manifest, however, that the names “kevella” and “corinna” cannot be safely assigned to any other Gazelle than Gazella dorcas.

The many systematists whose works we have quoted above in our list of synonyms added very little to our knowledge of this Gazelle beyond the fact that it was supposed to be distributed all over North Africa from Morocco to Egypt and to be also found in Palestine and Syria. It is only quite recently that we have ascertained some precise facts respecting the ranges of this and other Gazelles in the countries above mentioned, and even now our information on this subject is by no means perfect.