Part 37

"Caribou": J. W. Tyrrell, 1924 (1902): 15 (Fort Reliance, Great Slave Lake); 17 (Pike's Portage); 18-20 (Artillery Lake); 26 (nearly all gone farther N., only stragglers remaining along Hanbury River, early July); 27-28 (numerous tracks but few animals, middle Thelon River, early July; hundreds killed by spring ice or Eskimos); 31 (large band moving S., Thelon River, July 23); 33-35 (between Thelon River and Artillery Lake); 37 (great bands of caribou the chief food supply in Thelon River region).

Rangifer articus . . . (part): Grant, 1903: 186 (Barren Grounds W. of Hudson Bay, W. to Mackenzie River, S. in winter to Churchill River and Reindeer Lake; threatened with extinction by whalers); 189 (Salisbury Island).

"Deer": Hanbury, 1903: 185 (between Lake Pelly and Arctic coast, May).

"Caribou" or "deer": Hanbury, 1904: 8 (Marble Island and Chesterfield Inlet, June); 9 (Baker Lake, July); 10 (large bands migrating S., Aberdeen Lake, early August); 14 (scarce, Hanbury River); 16 (plentiful, Lockhart River); 30 (Pike's Portage, late July); 31 (Artillery Lake); 32 (Abbott Lake; scourged by warble flies); 34 (large bands migrating S., Hanbury River, late July); 41 (hunted by Eskimos near Thelon-Dubawnt junction); 43-44, 47 (Schultz Lake); 43 (voice; spearing by Eskimos); 48 (scarce, Baker Lake, early September); 49 (Chesterfield Inlet); 51 (plentiful near Marble Island, mid-September); 58 (leaving the coast, late September); 67 (dressing of skins by Eskimos); 70, 72 (killed by Eskimos, Baker Lake); 73 (thousands at Baker Lake; fierce combats between old bucks in October rutting season); 75 (deerskin roof of igloo); 82 (deerskin clothing of Eskimos); 84, 88-90 (NW. of Baker Lake, November); 85 (unwariness); 89 (pursuit by wolves); 93 (bucks remaining all winter on Back's River); 95 (numerous, Chesterfield Inlet; in December the old bucks had dropped their antlers); 100 (near Depot Island); 104-107 (Chesterfield Inlet region); 108 (does migrating N. in April); 111 (plentiful, Baker Lake, March); 113 (many, Schultz Lake, March); 114-115, 123 (snow pitfalls made by Eskimos); 115, 116 (numerous, Aberdeen Lake, March); 116 (antlers of bucks commencing to grow); 118 (NW. of Aberdeen Lake; buck weighing 280 lb.); 119 (Buchanan River); 120 (migration; many remaining on Barrens all winter; deer meat essential to Eskimos on Back's River); 121 (frequent famine among Indians and Eskimos; caribou formerly migrating S. and W. to Forts Simpson and Providence); 127-131 (Pelly Lake and vicinity); 131 (antics; jumping and trotting); 133-137 (near Ogden Bay); 133 (majority of does shedding antlers by late April); 135 (ravens feeding on carcasses); 137 (warbles eaten by Eskimos); 139 (caribou wintering on Kent Peninsula, at Cape Barrow, and on Victoria Island); 143 (Arctic coast Eskimos going inland, summer and fall, to live on deer); 149 (White Bear Point); 153-167 (mainland near Kent Peninsula); 164-174 (Bathurst Inlet); 177, 185-197 (scarce, Cape Barrow to Coppermine River); 194 (molting, July; suffering from mosquitoes); 200-208 (lower Coppermine River); 209, 210 (Kendall River); 215-221 (Dismal Lake); 223, 229-233 (Dease River); 232 (rubbing trees).

Rangifer arcticus . . . (part): Hornaday, 1904: 136 (Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes to Cape Bathurst); 137 (Carey Lake; migration); 138 (weight; antlers).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Stone and Cram, 1904: 52 (description; Arctic islands to Hudson Bay and Mackenzie River; migration; rutting in October; sexual segregation); 53 (food; Mackay Lake; grunting). (Chiefly quoted from Pike, 1892.)

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson) (part): Elliot, 1905: 401 ("Barren grounds of Arctic America north of the tree limit, to the shores and islands of the Arctic Ocean").

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): MacFarlane, 1905: 680 (Mackenzie Basin; depletion through wanton slaughter by Indians); 681-682 (Anderson River, in winter; hunting and utilization by Eskimos and Indians); 682-683 (albino); 683 (trade in skins; wintering at Prince of Wales Strait and Mercy Bay, Banks Island; migration between Arctic islands and mainland); 684-685 (table of migration at Reindeer Lake); 692-693 (predation by wolves).

R[angifer] arcticus. . .: J. A. Allen, 1908a: 488 (specimens from near Wager River described); 490 (migration).

Rangifer arctica (Richardson): J. A. Allen, 1908b: 584 (type locality, Fort Enterprise).

"Reindeer": Amundsen, 1908, +1+: 76 (Boothia); 83-84 (King William Island, September); 97 (reported formerly at Simpson Strait in large herds in autumn); 99 (20 killed, King William Island, late September); 102-106 (common in October, passing S. over Simpson Strait; very shy; no wolves on King William Island); 120 (Eskimos trading skins); 200 (King William Island, first reindeer of season seen, June); 201 (supplied by Eskimos); 224 (Simpson Strait); 235, 241-243 (King William Island, September); 237 (Eskimos hunting in September); 247 (large herds passing over ice of Simpson Strait); 248 (King William Island, October 15); 326-329 (hunting and utilization by Eskimos in Boothia; few reindeer coming N. as early as May).--1908, +2+: 110 (many killed by Eskimos, King William Island); 311-316 (several, April); 322-325 (Royal Geographical Society Islands).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson) (part): Preble, 1908: 137 (Barren Grounds and islands northward; Great Bear Lake to Hudson Bay; economy; probably two or more races; E. of Fort Smith in winter; long ago S. to Fort McMurray); 138 (in 1902-03 to Cree Lake; large numbers, Great Slave to Great Bear lakes; lower Coppermine River); 139 (migration); 139-143 (summation of previous records); 214 (wolves living largely on caribou).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): J. A. Allen, 1910: 8 (7 August specimens from Artillery and Aylmer lakes; measurements and weight).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Seton, 1911: 206-262, 341 (Artillery, Ptarmigan, Clinton-Colden, and Aylmer lakes; habits); 210 (voice); 220, 258-260 (numbers); 225-226 (relation to wolves); 259-262 (slaughter by natives and whalers).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Cameron, 1912: 127 (place in economy of Caribou-eater Chipewyans; migration; on Lake Athabaska in winter); 309 (Fort Rae as a "meat-post" for the Mackenzie District).

"Caribou": Wheeler, 1912: 199 (Fort Enterprise and Coppermine River; 1910 a very poor caribou year; females and yearlings taken in April; females [only?] wintering between Rae and Enterprise, and largely exterminated; usual numbers in 1911; large migration of males commenced May 18); 200 (between Coppermine River and Bathurst Inlet; by June 10 all caribou beyond [N. of] Coppermine River).

"Barren ground caribou": R. M. Anderson, 1913a: 5 (recent great decrease); 6 (stragglers left in Mackenzie Delta region; great diminution along Arctic coast E. to Cape Parry, since recent advent of whaling ships; great numbers on Victoria Island in summer, crossing to mainland for winter; Great Bear Lake and Coppermine River; drives and spearing by Eskimos); 6, 8 (importance to Eskimos for clothing and meat); 8 (poor sight of caribou; hunting methods).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): R. M. Anderson, in Stefánsson, 1913b: 502 (importance in native economy; recent enormous decrease; few left in Eskimo Lakes region, on Cape Bathurst, and at Langton and Darnley Bays; great number in summer on Victoria Island, migrating to the mainland); 503 (Great Bear Lake; Coppermine River; occurrence on Arctic coast at any season; Eskimos driving them between lines of stone monuments into water and there spearing them); 504 (hunting methods; senses; infestation by bot-fly); 504-505 (fawning); 505 (geographical variation; antler growth and change); 505-506 (fat); 516 (relations to wolves).

"Caribou": Stefánsson, 1913a: 93 (ravens in Arctic feeding on caribou left by wolves); 94 (caribou moving N., Prince Albert Sound, Victoria Island, May 12); 95-96 (migrating across Dolphin and Union Strait, March and May); 99 (plentiful on Dease River, winter of 1910-11; abundant on lower Coppermine River, March; no great numbers cross central Coronation Gulf; wintering on coast E. of Coppermine; many moving N. across w. Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, April and May, and w. Victoria Island, May); 100 (migration across Kent Peninsula and in se. Victoria Island); 102 (E. of Cape Bexley); 103, 106 (numbers wintering on Banks Island, but few or none on Victoria Island); 105 (Eskimos hunting caribou in summer on s. Victoria Island); 106 (caribou wintering from Cape Bathurst to Kent Peninsula; migration N. across Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, April 1-May 20, and S. in the fall as soon as the ice is strong enough; tens of thousands on Dease River in late October; differences between Victoria Island and mainland specimens).

"Caribou": Stefánsson, 1913b: 27 (Fort Smith a "meat post"); 29 (abundant at Fort Norman 50 years previously); 127, 128, 156, 158 (Langton Bay); 130, 135, 137, 141, 142 (Horton River); 146 (Cape Parry); 151 (extreme scarcity of hornless caribou); 163 (Cape Lyon); 164 (Port Pierce; human eye keener than caribou's); 203 (summer hunting by Eskimos S. of Dolphin and Union Strait); 203-204 (migration N. to Victoria Island); 204 (bot-fly larvae); 205 (near Dolphin and Union Strait); 210, 212, 213 (lower Coppermine River); 212-213 (seeking protection from mosquitoes on snow banks); 214 (Dismal Lake); 215 (summer hunting by Eskimos on Dease River); 219 (Great Bear Lake); 221 (August skins for Eskimo clothing); 224-225 (hundreds of thousands, Dease River, October); 228, 235 (N. of Great Bear Lake); 231, 232 (Horton River); 238, 239 (Kendall River); 241 (lower Coppermine River); 241-244 (geographical variation in caribou); 263-265, 269 (migrating N. across Coronation Gulf and Dolphin and Union Strait, early May); 274, 278, 287, 289, 297, 298, 301 (Victoria Island); 276-277 (variation from mainland animals); 278 (habitual wariness); 281 (caribou-skin tents and Eskimo hunting, Victoria Island); 289 (Banks Island); 294 (few on Victoria Island in winter); 324 (Cape Parry); 333 (Langton Bay; skins spoiled by warble fly larvae, June and early July; skins thick in summer and fall); 335 ("Endicott" [= Melville] Mountains); 337-338 (Eskimo methods of hunting and curing meat); 348-350 (migrating NW., Horton River, October); 364 (Langton Bay, February-March).

Rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Chambers, 1914: 93 (immense herd, between Churchill and Owl River, December); 291-294 (Great Bear and Great Slave Lakes); 294 (Mackenzie Delta region); 342-350 (summation of records on the Barren Grounds).

"Caribou": Douglas, 1914: 103, 167, 168, 179, 180 (Dease River); 121, 190, 192, 196, 214 (lower Coppermine River); 137 (Great Bear Lake); 157, 158 (very scarce, Great Bear Lake, winter); 185 (Dismal Lakes); 191-192 (larvae of warble and nostril flies).

Rangifer arcticus . . . (part): Hornaday, 1914, +2+: 97 (importance to Indians); 100 (the great mass between Cape Bathurst and Great Slave Lake; tens of thousands killed by natives for whalers); 101-104 (migrations); 103 (voice); 104 (tameness of large numbers; weight); 225-226 (numbers).

"Caribou" or "deer": Stefánsson, 1914: 13 (former abundance from Mackenzie River eastward); 26 (scarce near +Rae River+); 39 (common the year round on Banks Island; abundant in summer, but scarce in winter, Victoria Island); 41 (migrating S. across Coronation Gulf in November); 48 (stomach contents and droppings eaten by Eskimos, Coronation Gulf); 54 (crossing ice in migrating N., April and May); 56 (chief source of Eskimo food in summer, Coronation Gulf); 57 (hunting with spear and bow); 58 (poor eyesight); 58-59 (use as food by Eskimos); 97 (kayak used in spearing caribou); 137, 139 (former hunting in Mackenzie Delta region); 140-141 (skin clothing in Mackenzie Delta region); 147-148 (methods of removing and drying skins, Mackenzie Delta region); 150 (use of skins and sinew); 275 (status about Great Bear Lake); 296 (droppings and warbles eaten by Eskimos, Victoria Island); 353 (caribou taboos); 355-356 (many on Mackenzie coast).

"Caribou": Wheeler, 1914: 52 (Dog-rib clothing of caribou skins); 54 (between Forts Rae and Enterprise); 56 (Fort Rae's early trade in caribou meat and skins); 58 (countless thousands, moving E., Great Slave Lake; Indian use of meat); 60 (caribou scarce N. of Great Slave Lake after burning of country); 65 (plentiful, Little Marten Lake); 67 (near Lake Providence).

Rangifer arcticus. . .: Harper, 1915: 160 (Tazin-Taltson Basin).

Rangifer tarandus arcticus (Richardson): Lydekker, 1915: 254 (bibliographical references; type locality; description; Baffin Island).

Tarandus rangifer arcticus (Richardson): Millais, 1915: 255-256 (considered conspecific with Woodland Caribou); 258, 263 (supposed interbreeding with Woodland Caribou); 261 (description; in winter ranging "west to the Rockies above Fort Vermilion"[!]).