Susan B. Anthony

Part 1

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SUSAN B. ANTHONY

REBEL, CRUSADER, HUMANITARIAN

BY ALMA LUTZ

ZENGER PUBLISHING CO. INC. BOX 9883, WASHINGTON DC 20015

Alma Lutz was born and brought up in North Dakota, graduated from the Emma Willard School and Vassar College, and attended the Boston University School of Business Administration. She has written numerous articles and pamphlets and for many years has been a contributor to The Christian Science Monitor. Active in organizations working for the political, civil, and economic rights of women, she has also been interested in preserving the records of women's role in history and serves on the Advisory Board of the Radcliffe Women's Archives. Miss Lutz is the author of Emma Willard, Daughter of Democracy (1929), Created Equal, A Biography of Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1940), Challenging Years, The Memoirs of Harriot Stanton Blatch, with Harriot Stanton Blatch (1940), and the editor of With Love Jane, Letters from American Women on the War Fronts (1945).

(C) 1959 by Alma Lutz Member of the Authors League of America

Published by arrangement with Beacon Press All rights reserved.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Lutz, Alma. Susan B. Anthony: rebel, crusader, humanitarian.

Reprint of the ed. published by Beacon Press, Boston. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Anthony, Susan Brownell, 1820-1906. [JK1899.A6L8 1975] 324'.3'0924 75-37764 ISBN 0-89201-017-7

Printed in the United States of America

To the young women of today

PREFACE

To strive for liberty and for a democratic way of life has always been a noble tradition of our country. Susan B. Anthony followed this tradition. Convinced that the principle of equal rights for all, as stated in the Declaration of Independence, must be expressed in the laws of a true republic, she devoted her life to the establishment of this ideal.

Because she recognized in Negro slavery and in the legal bondage of women flagrant violations of this principle, she became an active, courageous, effective antislavery crusader and a champion of civil and political rights for women. She saw women's struggle for freedom from legal restrictions as an important phase in the development of American democracy. To her this struggle was never a battle of the sexes, but a battle such as any freedom-loving people would wage for civil and political rights.

While her goals for women were only partially realized in her lifetime, she prepared the soil for the acceptance not only of her long-hoped-for federal woman suffrage amendment but for a worldwide recognition of human rights, now expressed in the United Nations Charter and the Declaration of Human Rights. She looked forward to the time when throughout the world there would be no discrimination because of race, color, religion, or sex.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

"The letters of a person ...," said Thomas Jefferson, "form the only full and genuine journal of his life." Susan B. Anthony's letters, hundreds of them, preserved in libraries and private collections, and her diaries have been the basis of this biography, and I acknowledge my indebtedness to the following libraries and their helpful librarians: the American Antiquarian Society; the Bancroft Library of the University of California; the Boston Public Library; the Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery; the Indiana State Library; the Kansas Historical Society; the Library of Congress; the Susan B. Anthony Memorial Collection of the Los Angeles Public Library, which has been transferred to the Henry E. Huntington Library; the New York Public Library; the New York State Library; the Ohio State Library; the Radcliffe Women's Archives; the Seneca Falls Historical Society; the Smith College Library; the Susan B. Anthony Memorial Inc., Rochester, New York; the University of Rochester Library; the University of Kentucky Library; and the Vassar College Library.

I am particularly indebted to Lucy E. Anthony, who asked me to write a biography of her aunt, lent me her aunt's diaries, and was most generous with her records and personal recollections. To her and to her sister, Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon, I am very grateful for photographs and for permission to quote from Susan B. Anthony's diaries and from her letters and manuscripts.

Ida Husted Harper's Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony, written in collaboration with Susan B. Anthony, and the History of Woman Suffrage, compiled by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, and Ida Husted Harper, have been invaluable. As many of the letters and documents used in the preparation of these books were destroyed, they have preserved an important record of the work of Susan B. Anthony and of the woman's rights movement.

I am especially grateful to Martha Taylor Howard for her unfailing interest and for the use of the valuable Susan B. Anthony Memorial Collection which she initiated and developed in Rochester, New York; and to Una R. Winter for her interest and for the use of her Susan B. Anthony Collection, most of which is now in the Henry E. Huntington Library.

I thank Edna M. Stantial for permission to examine and quote from the Blackwell Papers; Anna Dann Mason for permission to read her reminiscences and the many letters written to her by Susan B. Anthony; Ellen Garrison for permission to quote from letters of Lucretia Mott and Martha C. Wright; Eleanor W. Thompson for copies of Susan B. Anthony's letters to Amelia Bloomer; Henry R. Selden II whose grandfather was Susan B. Anthony's lawyer during her trial for voting; Judge John Van Voorhis whose grandfather was associated with Judge Selden in Miss Anthony's defense; William B. Brown for information about the early history of Adams, Massachusetts, the Susan B. Anthony birthplace, and the Friends Meeting House in Adams; Dr. James Harvey Young for information about Anna E. Dickinson; Margaret Lutz Fogg for help in connection with the trial of Susan B. Anthony; Dr. Blake McKelvey, City Historian of Rochester; Clara Sayre Selden and Wheeler Chapin Case of the Rochester Historical Society; the grand-nieces of Susan B. Anthony, Marion and Florence Mosher; Matilda Joslyn Gage II; Florence L. C. Kitchelt; and Rose Arnold Powell.

I thank The Christian Science Monitor for permission to use portions of an article published on October 24, 1958.

I am especially grateful to A. Marguerite Smith for her constructive criticism of the manuscript and her unfailing encouragement.

Part 2

ALMA LUTZ

Highmeadow Berlin, New York

TABLE OF CONTENTS

QUAKER HERITAGE 1

WIDENING HORIZONS 15

FREEDOM TO SPEAK 28

A PURSE OF HER OWN 39

NO UNION WITH SLAVEHOLDERS 56

THE TRUE WOMAN 67

THE ZEALOT 79

A WAR FOR FREEDOM 92

THE NEGRO'S HOUR 108

TIMES THAT TRIED WOMEN'S SOULS 125

HE ONE WORD OF THE HOUR 138

WORK, WAGES, AND THE BALLOT 149

THE INADEQUATE FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT 159

A HOUSE DIVIDED 169

A NEW SLANT ON THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT 180

TESTING THE FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT 198

"IS IT A CRIME FOR A CITIZEN ... TO VOTE?" 209

SOCIAL PURITY 217

A FEDERAL WOMAN SUFFRAGE AMENDMENT 226

RECORDING WOMEN'S HISTORY 235

IMPETUS FROM THE WEST 241

VICTORIES IN THE WEST 252

LIQUOR INTERESTS ALERT FOREIGN-BORN VOTERS AGAINST WOMAN SUFFRAGE 266

AUNT SUSAN AND HER GIRLS 274

PASSING ON THE TORCH 285

Part 3

SUSAN B. ANTHONY OF THE WORLD 299

NOTES 311

BIBLIOGRAPHY 327

INDEX 335

TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-five Frontispiece (From a daguerrotype, courtesy Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, N.Y.)

Daniel Anthony, father of Susan B. Anthony 2 (From The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony by Ida Husted Harper)

Lucy Read Anthony, mother of Susan B. Anthony 3 (From The Life and Work of Susan B. Anthony by Ida Husted Harper)

Susan B. Anthony Homestead, Adams, Massachusetts 5 (The Smith Studio, Adams, Massachusetts)

Frederick Douglass 22

Elizabeth Cady Stanton in her "Bloomer costume" 27 (From The Lily)

Lucy Stone 29 (From Lucy Stone by Alice Stone Blackwell. Courtesy Little, Brown and Company)

Susan B. Anthony at the age of thirty-four 31 (Courtesy Susan B. Anthony Memorial, Inc., Rochester, New York)

James and Lucretia Mott 33 (From James and Lucretia Mott by Anna D. Hallowell. Courtesy Houghton Mifflin Company)

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her son, Henry 40

Ernestine Rose 42 (From History of Woman Suffrage by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage)

Parker Pillsbury 49 (From William Lloyd Garrison by His Children)

Merritt Anthony 57 (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)

Susan B. Anthony, 1856 68 (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)

Lucy Stone and her daughter, Alice Stone Blackwell 72 (Courtesy Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, San Marino, California)

William Lloyd Garrison 86 (From William Lloyd Garrison and His Times by Oliver Johnson)

Susan B. Anthony 97

Daniel Anthony, brother of Susan B. Anthony 110 (Courtesy Mrs. Ann Anthony Bacon)

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