Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, Microtus Montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado

Part 1

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UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS

MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Volume 7, No. 7, pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text

July 23, 1954

Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado

SYDNEY ANDERSON

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

LAWRENCE

1954

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS PUBLICATIONS, MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

Editors: E. Raymond Hall, Chairman, A. Byron Leonard, Robert W. Wilson

Volume 7, No. 7, pp. 489-506, 2 figures in text

Published July 23, 1954

UNIVERSITY OF KANSAS

Lawrence, Kansas

PRINTED BY

FERD VOILAND, JR., STATE PRINTER

TOPEKA, KANSAS

1954

25-3560

Subspeciation in the Meadow Mouse, Microtus montanus, in Wyoming and Colorado

SYDNEY ANDERSON

Microtus montanus reaches the eastern limits of its geographic distribution in Wyoming and Colorado. There the mountains, but in general not the lowlands, are occupied by this species. A certain minimum of moisture may be of direct importance to the mouse and certainly is indirectly important, because certain hydrophytic or mesophytic grasses used by the mouse for food, for protection from enemies, and for shelter from the elements are dependent on the moisture. Areas suitable for Microtus montanus are separated by deserts that are dominated by sagebrush and other xerophytic plants or by forests or rocky exposures at higher altitudes. A relatively small percentage, probably less than ten per cent, of the total area even in the more favorable parts of the range of the species is suitable for occupancy. In these mice, as in other microtines (Elton, 1942; Piper, 1909), there are seasonal, and irregularly multiannual fluctuations in population density, which sometimes are extreme. Consequently the mice at some times seem to be absent from suitable habitats, and at some other times occur there in amazingly large numbers.

Because the species is broken up into partly isolated, or at times completely isolated, colonies or local populations it may be supposed that various evolutionary forces such as selection and random genetic drift operate to foster variation. The degree to which racial distinction is attained may depend upon these forces and the time available. In Microtus montanus in the eastern Rocky Mountains the degree of subspecific distinction is not great.

The study here reported upon is based on 1,187 specimens of Microtus montanus from Wyoming, Colorado, Idaho and Montana, and on work in the field. I spent approximately four months in the field in this area, in the summers of 1950, 1951, and 1952. The specimens studied were arranged according to localities and the larger series were compared statistically. Each of two series, totaling 136 specimens, was studied intensively to ascertain the kind and range of variation within single populations. Twenty-seven measurements, various proportions based on these measurements, and differences in color were analyzed. Fifteen characters, judged to be most significant, were selected for use in comparing all series. In addition, certain characters that can not be expressed easily by measurements, such as inflation of the auditory bullae and the curvature of the zygomatic arch, were observed. The studies by A. B. Howell (1924) of variation in Microtus montanus yosemite Grinnell in California and those by O. B. Goin (1943) of Microtus pennsylvanicus pennsylvanicus (Ord) were useful. The external measurements are from the collectors' field labels. The measurements of the skull all were taken with dial calipers reading to a tenth of a millimeter. The anteroposterior measurements of the skull all were taken along the shortest line between the points specified below and are not necessarily along a line parallel to the long axis of the skull. These measurements were taken on the left side of the skull whenever possible. Some of the skulls are damaged and therefore some measurements could not be taken and are omitted in the computations. Measurements are in millimeters.

The results of these studies were submitted to the Department of Zoology and the Graduate School of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts (1952) and are available in manuscript form at the Museum of Natural History and the library of the University of Kansas.

EXPLANATION OF MEASUREMENTS

Part 2

Caudal index.--the length of the tail expressed as a percentage of the length of the head and body. The length of the head and body is the collector's measurement of total length less the length of the tail.

CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF LENGTH.

Condylobasilar length.--from the exoccipital condyle to the most posterior point on the border of the alveolus of the upper incisor.

Alveolobasilar length.--from the posterior border of the alveolus of the third upper molar to the posterior border of the alveolus of the incisor.

Palatilar length.--from the anteriormost part of the posterior border of the bony shelf of the palate to the posteriormost part of the alveolus of the incisor.

Alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row.--from the most posterior point of the alveolus of the third upper molar to the most anterior point of the alveolus of the first upper molar.

MEASUREMENTS OF BREADTH.

Zygomatic breadth.--greatest transverse width.

Interorbital breadth.--the breadth of the interorbital constriction.

Lambdoidal breadth.--between the lateralmost points of the lambdoidal crest.

Prelambdoidal breadth.--between the medialmost margins of the prominent fenestrae in the posterodorsal parts of the squamosal bones. To these fenestrae Howell (1924:995) applied the adjective "prelambdoidal," but other authors have used other names (see Hill, 1935:127).

Depth of braincase.--shortest distance from the ventral side of the cranium at the suture between the basioccipital and basisphenoid bones to the dorsal surface of the cranium (usually not perpendicular to the long axis of the skull).

The history of our knowledge of Microtus montanus in this area begins with the early work of the United States Bureau of Biological Survey directed by C. H. Merriam (1891), and participated in by Vernon Bailey (1900, 1917), Merritt Cary (1911, 1917), and others. The changes in nomenclature which grew out of increased understanding of these mice through additional collecting are expressed in the synonymies under the accounts of subspecies. As a result of my studies two of the three subspecific names previously proposed for mice from this area have been retained although changes are proposed in the ranges assigned to the two subspecies and two additional heretofore unrecognized subspecies are named and described. Furthermore the additional specimens and my studies of variation make modifications in the characterization of these subspecies necessary. Not all of the samples here assigned to a single subspecies are identical and I therefore list and discuss some of the local variants.

Numerous members of summer field parties from the Museum of Natural History at the University of Kansas collected most of the specimens studied and wrote field notes that have been helpful. I am grateful to these persons and to Professor E. R. Hall and Dr. R. H. Baker for their assistance and helpful suggestions. Specimens in the following museums were made available by their respective curators: Chicago Natural History Museum by Mr. Colin C. Sandborn, The Museum of Zoology at the University of Michigan by Dr. E. T. Hooper, The American Museum of Natural History by Mr. G. G. Goodwin, The United States National Museum by Dr. David H. Johnson and the Biological Surveys Collection by Miss Viola S. Schantz. A fellowship from the National Science Foundation made possible the studies at the museums other than at the University of Kansas.

=Microtus montanus nanus= (Merriam)

Arvicola (Mynomes) nanus Merriam, N. Amer. Fauna, 5:62, July 30, 1891.

Microtus montanus nanus, Hall, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 51:131, August 23, 1938.

Microtus nanus, Bailey, N. Amer. Fauna, 17:30, June 6, 1900 (part).

Microtus montanus caryi Bailey, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 30:29, February 21, 1917.

Microtus nanus nanus, Cary, N. Amer. Fauna, 42:43, October 3, 1917 (part).

Type.--Adult male No. 23853/31253, U. S. National Museum, Department of Agriculture collection, from Pahsimeroi Mountains, Custer County, Idaho; obtained by C. Hart Merriam and Vernon Bailey, September 16, 1890.

Range.--Idaho; southwestern Montana; most of the southwestern half of Wyoming; southward to central Colorado. See figure 1.

Comparisons.--Comparisons with subspecies named as new in this paper will be found in the accounts of those subspecies beyond. From Microtus montanus fusus Hall, the subspecies to the south, M. m. nanus from Idaho differs as follows: averages smaller; slightly darker and less reddish and less yellowish in color; slightly wider braincase (see measurement of prelambdoidal breadth); larger bullae.

Measurements.--Average (= arithmetical mean) measurements of 34 specimens, both male and female, from several localities in eastern Idaho are: total length, 151; length of tail, 39; hind foot, 19.2; condylobasilar length of the skull, 25.0; zygomatic breadth, 15.0; alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.4; prelambdoidal breadth, 8.9; and lambdoidal breadth, 11.7.

Average and extreme measurements of six adult males from near Pocatello, Bannock County, Idaho, and nine adult males from near Afton, Lincoln County, Wyoming, are, respectively, as follows: total length, 143(135-150), 163(143-179); length of tail, 35.1(33-38), 42.8(36-49); caudal index, 32.0(28.0-33.1), 35.7(30.6-41.9); hind foot, 18.9(18-20), 18.8(17-20); condylobasilar length of skull, 24.4(24.0-26.0), 25.6(24.5-26.2); alveolobasilar length, 14.1(13.7-14.5), 14.6(13.8-15.0); palatilar length, 13.2(12.9-13.6), 13.8(13.2-14.5); alveolar length of upper molar tooth-row, 6.3(6.1-6.5), 6.3(6.0-6.6); depth of braincase, 7.7(7.5-7.9), 8.0(7.7-8.3); lambdoidal breadth, 11.4(11.0-11.7), 12.0(11.3-12.7); prelambdoidal breadth, 9.1(8.6-9.4), 8.7(8.0-9.4); zygomatic breadth, 14.3(13.8-14.7), 15.3(14.4-16.3); interorbital breadth, 3.6(3.5-3.7), 3.5(3.3-3.7). The average length of the nasal bones in the series from Pocatello is 7.1 mm. The averages, which have not been included in Table 1, for three measurements of the series from Carbon County, Wyoming, are as follows (Encampment, males; Encampment, females; Savery, males; and Savery, females, respectively): alveolobasilar length, 14.4, 14.3, 14.5, 14.3; interorbital breadth, 3.5, 3.4, 3.5, 3.4; depth of braincase, 7.8, 7.6, 7.9, 7.6. Additional measurements are included in Table 1 for other series.

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