Part 8

The Ictasanda gens also was in four parts: 1, Niniba-t'an, Keepers-of-the-pipe. 2, Real Ictasanda people, (Numbers 1 and 2 were consolidated prior to 1880.) 3, Wacetan or Reptile people, sometimes called Keepers-of-the-claws-of-a-wildcat. 4, Real Thunder people, or Those-who-do-not-touch-a-clamshell, or Keepers-of-the-clamshell-and-the-tooth-of-a-black-bear.

The social organization of the Omaha has been treated at length by the author in his paper on Omaha Sociology.(6)

THE PONKA

The Ponka tribal circle was divided equally between the Tcinju and Wajaje half-tribes. To the former belonged two phratries of two gentes each, i.e., numbers 1 to 4, inclusive, and to the latter two similar phratries, including gentes 5 to 8.

FIG. 36.--Ponka camping circle.

Tcinju half-tribe--Thunder or Fire phratry: Gens 1, Hisada, Legs-stretched-ont-stiff (refers to a dead quadruped); Thunder people. Gens 2, Touch-not-the-skin-of-a-black-bear. Wind-makers or War phratry: Gens 3, ¢ixida, Wildcat (in two subgentes: 1, Sinde-ag¢e, Wears-tails, i.e., locks of hair; Naq¢e-it'aji, Does-not-touch-charcoal; and Wasc{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u-it'aji, Does-not-tonch-verdigris. 2, Wami-it'aji, Does-not-touch-blood). Gens 4, Nika-*d*a-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}na, "Bald human-head;" Elk people (in at least three subgentes: 1, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-sinde-it'aji, Does-not-touch-a-buffalo-tail; 2, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e ¢eze ¢ataji, Does-not-eat-buffalo-tongues; 3, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}aqti ki Anpan ¢ataji, Does-not-eat-deer-and-elk).

Wajaje half-tribe--Earth phratry: Gens 5, Ma{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}an, Medicine, a buffalo gens, also called {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-sinde it'aji, Does-not-touch-buffalo-tails (in two subgentes: 1, Real Ponka, Keepers-of-a-sacred-pipe; 2, Gray Ponka). Gens 6, Wacabe, Dark buffalo (in two subgentes: 1, Buffalo tail, or,{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-¢eze ¢ataji, Does-not-eat-buffalo-tongues, or {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-jiñga ¢ataji, Does-not-eat-a-very-young-buffalo-calf; 2, {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}e-*d*a it'aji, Does-not-touch-a-buffalo-head or skull). Water phratry (?): Gens 7, Wajaje, Osage (in two subgentes at present: 1, Dark Osage, Keepers-of-a-sacred-pipe, or Wase{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u-it'aji, Does-not-touch-verdigris, or Naq¢e-it'aji, Does-not-touch-charcoal; 2, Gray Osage, or Wes'a wet'aji, Does-not-touch-serpents; 3, Necta, an Owl subgens, now extinct). Gens 8, Nuqe, Reddish-yellow buffalo (miscalled Nuxe, Ice). Subgentes uncertain, but there are four taboo names: Does-not-touch-a-Buffalo-head (or skull), Does-not-touch-a-buffalo-calf, Does-not-touch-the-yellow-hide-of-a-buffalo-calf, and Does-not-eat-buffalo-tongues.

THE QUAPAW OR KWAPA

When the Kwapa were discovered by the French they dwelt in five villages, described by the early chroniclers as the Imaha (Imaham, Imahao), Capaha, Toriman, Tonginga (Doginga, Topinga), and Southois (Atotchasi, Ossouteouez). Three of these village names are known to all the tribe: 1, U{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a'qpa-qti, Real Kwapa; 2, Ti'-u-a'-d¢i-man (Toriman), Ti'-u-a-d¢i' man (of Mrs Stafford); 3, U-zu'-ti-u'-we (Southois, etc). The fourth was Tan'wan ji'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Small village. Judging from analogy and the fact that the fifth village, Imaha, was the farthest up Arkansas river, that village name must have meant, as did the term Omaha, the upstream people.

The following names of Kwapa gentes were obtained chiefly from Alphonsus Vallière, a full-blood Kwapa, who assisted the author at Washington, from December, 1890, to March, 1891:

Nan'panta, a Deer gens; Onphun enikaci{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Elk gens; Qid¢ e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Eagle gens; Wajiñ'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a enikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Small-bird gens; Hañ'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Hañ'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a or Ancestral gens; Wasa' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Black-bear gens; Mantu' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Grizzly-bear (?) gens; Te e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Buffalo gens (the ordinary buffalo); Tuqe'-nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Reddish-yellow Buffalo gens (answering to Nuqe of the Ponka, Yuqe of the Kansa, ¢uqe of the Osage); Jawe' nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Beaver gens; Hu i'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Fish gens; Mika'q'e ni'kaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Star gens; Pe'tan e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Crane gens; Cañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e'-nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Dog (or Wolf?) gens; Wakan'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Thunder-being gens; Tand¢an' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a or Tan'd¢an tañ'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Panther or Mountain-lion gens; Ke-ni'kaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Turtle gens; Wes'a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Serpent gens; Mi e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, the Sun gens. Vallière was unable to say on which side of the tribal circle each gens camped, but he gave the personal names of some members of most of the gentes.

On visiting the Kwapa, in the northeastern corner of Indian Territory, in January, 1894, the author recorded the following, with the assistance of Mrs Stafford, a full-blood Kwapa of about 90 years of age: Among the Hañka gentes are the Hañ'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a tañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Large Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a or Mancka' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Crawfish people; Wajiñ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Small-bird people; Jiñ'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Small-bird people; Te ni'kaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Buffalo people, or Hañ'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a ji'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Small Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a; An'pan e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Elk people; Qid¢a' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Eagle people; Tuqe'-nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Reddish-yellow Buffalo people; and Cañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e'-nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Dog (or Wolf?) people. Mrs Stafford knew that five gentes were not on the Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a side, three of them, Hu i´'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Fish people, Ni'kia'ta (meaning unknown), and Ke-ni'kaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Turtle people, being on the same side; Mantu' e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Lion people; and Ti'ju (answering to the Osage Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u, the Kansa Tciju, and the Ponka Tcinju), meaning not obtained, which last is extinct. Mrs Stafford could not tell on which side camped any of the following gentes given by Vallière: Maqe, Wes'a, Wasa, Jawe, Mikaq'e, Mi, etc. The only persons capable of giving the needed information are among those Kwapa who reside on Osage reservation. According to George Redeagle and Buffalo Calf, two full-blood Quapaw, the Maqe-nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Upper World people, were identical with the Wakan{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a e'nikaci'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, Thunder-being people, of Vallière. These two men said, also, that there was no single gens known as the Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a, that name belonging to a major division, probably a half-tribe.

THE KANZE OR KANSA

FIG. 37.--Kansa camping circle.

Among the Omaha the Yata people are those who camp on the yata or left side of the tribal circle; the Ictuñga people, those who camp on the Ictuñga or right side. The tribe is divided into seven phratries, or, as the Kansa style each, wayunmindan, (i.e., those who sing together), as follows:

Phratries Gentes Subgentes I 1. Manyiñka, a, Manyinka Earth, or tañga, Large Earth-lodge-makers. earth. b, Manyiñka gaxe,&Manyiñka jiñga, Small earth. II 2. Ta, Deer, or a, Taqtci, Real Wajaje, Osage. deer. b, Ta yatcaji, Eats-no-deer, or Ta ts'eye, Kills-deer, or Wadjüta ts'eye, Kills-quadrupeds. III 3. Pañka, Ponka a, Pañk unikacinga, Ponka people. b, Qundj-alan, Wear-red-cedar (-fronds)-on-their-heads. III 4. Kanze, Kansa, or a, Tadje unikacinga, Tci hacin, Wind people, or Ak'a Lodge-in-the-rear; unikacinga, South-wind Last-lodge. people, or Tci hacinqtci, Real Tci hacin, Camp-behind-all. b, Tadje jiñga, Small-wind, or Mannanhind-je, Makes-a breeze-near-the-ground. III 5. Wasabe, Black a, Wasabeqtci, Real bear. Black-bear, or Sakun wayatce, Eats-raw (-food). b, Sindjale, Wears-tails (locks of hair) -on-the-head. I 6. Wanaxe, Ghost Not learned. IV 7. Ke k'in, Not learned. Carries-a-turtle-on-his-back. V 8. Min k'in, Not learned. Carries-the-sun-on-his-back. I 9. Upan, Elk a, Upan-qtci, Real elk, or Mansanha, referring to the color of the fur. b, Sanhange, meaning unknown. VI 10. Qüya, White eagle a, Hüsada, Legs-stretched-out-stiff; Qüyunikacinga, White-eagle people. b, Wabin ijupye, Wade-in-blood; Wabin unikacinga, Blood people. VI 11. Han, Night a, Han nikacinga, Night people. b, Dakan manyin, Walks-shining (Star people?) VII 12. Ibatc'e, a, Qüyego jiñga, Holds-the-firebrand-to-sacred-pipes, Hawk-that-has-a-tail-like-a-"king-eagle;" or Hañga jiñga, small Hañga. "Little-one-like-an-eagle." b, Mika unikacinga, Raccoon people, or Mika qla jiñga, Small lean racoon. VII 13. Hañga tañga, Large Hañga; Hañga A black eagle with spots. Subgentes not utanandji, recorded. Hañga-apart-from-the-rest, or Ta sindje qaga, Stiff-deer-tail. II 14. Tceduñga, Buffalo (bull), or a, Tceduñga, Buffalo with dark hair. Sitañga, Big feet. b, Yuqe, Reddish-yellow Buffalo. (See Ponka Nuqe, Osage ¢uqe, Kwapa Tuqe.) V 15. Tci ju wactage, Tci-ju (Red-hawk people?). Subgentes not peacemaker. recorded. II 16. Lu nikacinga, Thunder-being Subgentes not recorded. people; Ledan unikacinga, Gray-hawk people.

Great changes have occurred among the Kansa since they have come in contact with the white race; but when Say visited them in the early part of the present century they still observed their aboriginal marriage laws. No Kansa could take a wife from a gens on his side of the tribal circle, nor could he marry any kinswoman, however remote the relationship might be. There are certain gentes that exchange personal names (jaje kik'übe au), as among the Osage. Civil and military distinctions were based on bravery and generosity. Say informs us that the Kansa had been at peace with the Osage since 1806; that they had intermarried freely with them, so that "in stature, features, and customs they are more and more closely approaching that people." He states also that the head chief of the Kansa was Gahinge Wadayiñga, Saucy Chief (which he renders "Fool Chief"), and that the ten or twelve underchiefs did not seem to have the respect of the people.

Unmarried females labored in the fields, served their parents, carried wood and water, and cooked. When the eldest daughter married she controlled the lodge, her mother, and all the sisters; the latter were always the wives of the same man. Presents were exchanged when a youth took his first wife. On the death of the husband the widow scarified herself, rubbed her person with clay, and became careless about her dress for a year. Then the eldest brother of the deceased married her without any ceremony, regarding her children as his own. When the deceased left no brother (real or potential) the widow was free to select her next husband. Fellowhood (as in cases of Damon and Pythias, David and Jonathan) often continues through life.

The Kansa had two kinds of criers or heralds: 1, the wadji'panyin or village crier; 2, the ie'kiye'(Omaha and Ponka i'eki'¢e. In 1882, Sansile (a woman) was hereditary wadji'panyin of the Kansa, having succeeded her father, Pezihi, the last male crier. At the time of an issue (about 1882) Sansile's son-in-law died, so she, being a mourner, could not act as crier; hence her office devolved on K'axe of the Taqtci subgens. In that year one of the Ta yatcaji subgens (of the Taqtci or Deer gens) was iekiye number 1. Iekiye number 2 belonged to the Tadje or Kanze (Wind) gens.

THE OSAGE

In the Osage nation there are three primary divisions, which are tribes in the original acceptation of that term. These are known as the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u utse pe¢un*d*a, the Seven Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u fireplaces, Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a utsse pe¢u*d*a, the Seven Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a fireplaces, and Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e utse pe¢u*d*a, the Seven Osage fireplaces. Each "fireplace" is a gens, so that there are twenty-one gentes in the Osage nation. The Seven Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a fireplaces were the last to join the nation, according to the tradition of the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e people. When this occurred, the seven Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a gentes were reckoned as five, and the seven Osage gentes as two, in order to have not more than seven gentes on the right side of the tribal circle.

At first the Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a uta¢antse gens had seven pipes, and the Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e had as many. The Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e gave their seventh pipe to the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u, with the right to make seven pipes from it, so now the Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e people have but six pipes, though they retain the ceremonies pertaining to the seventh.

FIG. 38.--Osage camping circle.

When there is sickness among the children on the Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e or right (war) side of the circle, their parents apply to the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u (Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e?) for food for them. In like manner, when the children on the left or Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u side are ill, their parents apply to the Panhka (wactaqe?), on the other side, in order to get food for them.

The Seven Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u fireplaces occupy the left or peace side of the circle. Their names are:

1. Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u Sintsa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}¢e, Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u-wearing-a-tail (of hair)-on-the-head; also called Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u Wanun', Elder Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u; in two subgentes, Sintsa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}¢e, Sun and Comet people, and Cuñ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e i'nik'acin'a, Wolf people.

2. Tse {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u'{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a intse', Buffalo-bull face; in two subgentes, of which the second is Tse' ¢añka' or Min'paha', Hide-with-the-hair-on. The policemen or soldiers on the left side belong to these two gentes.

3. Min k'in', Sun carriers, i.e., Carry-the-snn (or Buffalo hides)-on-their-backs. These have two subgentes, a, Mini'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Sun people; b, Minxa' ska i'ni{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}k'acin'a, Swan people,