Part 10

"Ha+! ni'kawasa'e! Ha+, Min k'in' wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a'yiñ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a n'ikawasa'e! Ha+! u¢a'tsin tatsi' a'*d*intau', ni'kawasa'e!"

"Halloo, O warrior! Halloo, O warrior, Saucy Sun Carrier! Halloo, it has been really said that you shall strike the offenders without hesitation, O warrior!"

The four headmen direct a captain to order a Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a u{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a¢antsi man to lead the scouts, and subsequently to call on a Sintsa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}¢e man for that purpose, alternating between the two sides of the camping circle. There are thus three grades of men engaged in the hunt--the ordinary members of the soldier gentes, the aki{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}a, and the wapa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}¢a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}i utsin.

Should the Osage be warring against the Kansa or any other tribe, and one of the foe slip into the Osage camp and beg for protection of the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e (chief), the latter is obliged to help the suppliant. He must send for the Sintsa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}¢e and Tse {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}u{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a intse (leaders), whom he would thus address: "I have a man whom I wish to live. I desire you to act as my soldiers." At the same time the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e would send word to the Pan{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}ka wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e, who would summon a Wa{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}a{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e and a Hañ{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}a uta¢antsi to act as his soldiers or policemen. Meantime the kettle of the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e was hung over the fire as soon as possible and food was cooked and given to the fugitive. When he had eaten (a mouthful) he was safe. He could then go through the camp with impunity. This condition of affairs lasted as long as he remained with the tribe, but it terminated when he returned to his home. After food had been given to the fugitive by the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e any prominent man of the tribe could invite the fugitive to a feast.

The privilege of taking care of the children was given to the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e and the Pan{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED H~}ka wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e, according to Saucy Chief. When a child (on the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u side) is named, a certain old man is required to sing songs outside of the camp, dropping some tobacco from his pipe down on the toes of his left foot as he sings each song. On the first day the old man of the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u (wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e?) takes four grains of corn, one grain being black, another red, a third blue, and a fourth white, answering to the four kinds of corn dropped by the four buffalo, as mentioned in the tradition of the Osage. After chewing the four grains and mixing them with his saliva, he passes them between the lips of the child to be named. Four stones are put into a fire, one stone toward each of the four quarters. The Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u old man orders some cedar and a few blades of a certain kind of grass that does not die in winter, to be put aside for his use on the second day. On the second day, before sunrise, the Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u old man speaks of the cedar tree and its branches, saying, "It shall be for the children." Then he mentions the river, the deep holes in it, and its branches, which he declares shall be medicine in future for the children. He takes the four heated stones, places them in a pile, on which he puts the grass and cedar. Over this he pours water, making steam, over which the child is held. Then four names are given by the headman of the gens to the father, who selects one of them as the name for the child. Meantime men of different gentes bring cedar, stones, etc, and perform their respective ceremonies. The headman (Tsi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}u wacta{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}e?) takes some of the water (into which he puts some cedar), giving four sips to the child. Then he dips his own left hand into the water and rubs the child down the left side, from the top of the head to the feet; next he rubs it in front, then down the right side, and finally down the back. He invites all the women of his gens who wish to be blessed to come forward, and he treats them as he did the infant. At the same time the women of the other gentes are blessed in like manner by the headmen of their respective gentes.

THE IOWA

The Iowa camping circle was divided into two half-circles, occupied by two phratries of four gentes each. The first phratry regulated the hunt and other tribal affairs during the autumn and winter; the second phratry took the lead during the spring and summer. The author is indebted to the late Reverend William Hamilton for a list of the Iowa gentes, obtained in 1880 during a visit to the tribe. Since then the author has recorded the following list of gentes and subgentes, with the aid of a delegation of the Iowa who visited Washington:

First phratry

Gentes Subgentes 1. Tu'-nan-p'in, Black 1. Ta'po-çka, a large bear. Tohin and Çi{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}re black bear with a white wonañe were chiefs of spot on the chest. this gens in 1880. Tohin 2. Pun'-xa çka, a black kept the sacred pipe. bear with a red nose; literally, Nose White. 3. Mun-tci'-nye, Young black bear, a short black bear. 4. Ki'-ro-ko'-qo-tce, a small reddish black bear, motherless; it has little hair and runs swiftly. 2. Mi-tci'-ra-tce, Wolf. 1. Cun'-tan çka, Ma'-hin was a chief of White-wolf. this gens. 2. Cun'-tan çe-we, Black-wolf. 3. Cun'-tan qo'-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e, Gray-wolf. 4. Ma-nyi'-ka-qçi', Coyote. 3. Tce'-xi-ta, Eagle and 1. Na' tci-tce', i.e. Thunder-being gens. Qra'-qtci, Real or Golden eagle. 2. Qra' huñ'-e, Ancestral or Gray eagle. 3. Qra' {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}re'-ye, Spotted-eagle. 4. Qra' pa çan; Bald-eagle. 4. Qo'-ta-tci, Elk; now 1. Un'-pe-xa qan'-ye, extinct. The Elk gens Big-elk. funished the soldiers or 2. Un'-pe-xa yiñ'-e, policemen. Young-elk (?). 3. Un'-pe-xa {~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}{~COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT~}re'-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e yiñ'-e, Elk-somewhat-long. 4. Ho'-ma yiñ'-e, Young elk (?). The difference between Un'pexa and Homa is unknown. The former may be the archaic name for "elk." 5. Pa'-qça, Beaver. 1. Ra-we' qan'ye, Probably the archaic Big-Beaver. name, as beaver is now 2. Ra-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}{~COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT~}ro'-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e, meaning ra-we. The survivors of unknown. this gens have joined the 3. Ra-we' yiñ'-e, Pa-ça or Beaver gens of Young-beaver. the Oto tribe. 4. Ni'wan-ci'-ke, Water-person.

Second phratry

6. Ru'-tce, Pigeon 1. Min-ke' qan'-ye, Big-raccoon. 2. Min-ke'yiñ'-e, Young-raccoon 3. Ru'-tce yiñ'-e, Young-pigeon. 4. Oo'-ke, Prairie-chicken, grouse. 7. A'-ru-qwa, Buffalo 1. Tce-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}o qan'-ye, Big-buffalo-bull. 2. Tce-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}o yiñ'-o, Young-buffalo-bull. 3. Tce-p'o'-cke yiñ'-e, Young-buffalo-bull-that-is-distended (?). 4. Tce-yiñ'-ye, Buffalo-calf. 8. Wa-kan', Snake. An 1. Wa-kan' {~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}{~COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT~}i, Yellow-snake, i.e., extinct gens. Rattlesnake. 2. Wa-kan'-qtci, Real-snake, (named after a species shorter than the rattlesnake). 3. Ce'-ke yiñ'-e, Small or young ceke, the copperhead snake (?). 4. Wa-kan' qo'-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}e, Gray-snake (a long snake, which the Omaha call swift blue snake). 9. Mañ'-ko-ke, Owl. The names of the subgentes have been Extinct. forgotten.

An account of the mythical origin of each Iowa gens, first recorded by the Reverend William Hamilton, has been published in the Journal of American Folk-lore.(7)

The visiting and marriage customs of the Iowa did not differ from those of the cognate tribes, nor did their management of the children differ from that of the Dakota, the Omaha, and others.

Murder was often punished with death, by the nearest of kin or by some friend of the murdered person. Sometimes, however, the murderer made presents to the avengers of blood, and was permitted to live.

THE OTO

The author has not yet learned the exact camping order of the Oto and Missouri tribes, though he has recorded lists of their gentes (subject to future revision), with the aid of Ke-{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}re{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}{~COMBINING ACUTE ACCENT~}e, an Oto, Cka{~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED T~}{~LATIN SMALL LETTER OPEN O~}oinye, a Missouri, and Battiste Deroin, the interpreter for the two tribes. These gentes are as follows: 1, Pa-ça', Beaver; 2, Tunan'-p'in, Black bear, or Mn-tci'-ra-tce, Wolf; 3, A-ru'-qwa, Buffalo; 4, Ru'-qtca, Pigeon; 5, Ma-ka'-tce, Owl; 6, Tce'-xi-ta, Eagle, Thunderbird, etc; 7, Wa-kan', Snake.

THE NI-U'-T'A-TCI OR MISSOURI

This tribe, which for many years has been consolidated with the Oto, has at least three gentes. It may have had more, but their names have not yet been recorded. 1, Tu-nan'-p'in, Black bear; 2, Tce-xi'-ta, Eagle, Thunderbird, etc, in four subgentes: (a) Wa-kan'-ta, Thunderbird; (b) Qra, Eagle; (c) {~LATIN SMALL LETTER TURNED K~}re'-tan, Hawk; (d) Mo'-mi, A-people-who eat-no-small-birds-which-have-been-killed-by-larger-ones (a recent addition to this gens, probably from another tribe): 3, Ho-ma' or Ho-ta'-tci, Elk.

THE HOTCAÑGARA OR WINNEBAGO

The Winnebago call themselves Ho-tcañ'-ga-ra', "First or parent speech." While they have gentes, they have no camping circle, as their priscan habitat was in a forest region. The following names were obtained from James Alexander, a full-blood of the Wolf gens, and from other members of the tribe:

1. Wolf gens--Common name, Cuñk i-ki'-ka-ra'-tca-da, or Cuñk-tcañk'i-ki'-ka-ra'-tca-da, Those-calling-themselves-after-the-dog-or-wolf; archaic name, ¢e-go'-ni-na, meaning not recorded.

2. Black-bear gens--Common name, Honte' i-ki'-ka-ra'-tca-da, They-call-themselves-after-the-black-bear; archaic name, Tco'-na-ke-ra,, meaning not recorded.

3. Elk gens--Common name, Hu-wan'-i-ki'-ka-ra'-tca-da, They-callthemselves-after-the-elk; archaic name not recorded.

4. Snake gens--Common name, Wa-kan' i-ki'-ka-ra'-tca-da, They-call-themselves-after-a-snake; archaic name not recorded.

5. Bird gens--Common name, Wa-ni¢k' i-ki'-ka-ra'-tca-da, They-call-themselves-after-a-bird; archaic name not recorded. This gens is composed of four subgentes, as follows: (a) Hi-tca-qce-pa-ra, or Eagle; (b) Ru-tcke, or Pigeon; (c) Ke-re-tcun, probably Hawk; (d) Wa-kan'-tca-ra, or Thunderbird. The archaic names of the subgentes were not recorded.

6. Buffalo gens--Common name, Tce' i-ki'-ka-ra'-tca-da, They-call-themselves-after-a-buffalo; archaic name not recorded.

7. Deer gens--Common name, Tca' i-ki'-ka-ra'-tca-da, They-call-themselves-after-a-deer; archaic name not recorded.

8. Water-monster gens--Common name, Wa-ktce'-qi i-ki'-ka-ra'-tca-da, They-call-themselves-after-a-water-monster; archaic name not recorded.