Part 31

Mix common salt with pounded ice or snow, and they will run into brine, which will be much colder than the ice or snow.

CONTRA-CRYSTALLIZATION.

Dissolve two ounces of nitre and three of Glauber salts in five ounces of warm water; fill two bottles with the solution, into one of which put a crystal of nitre, and into the other a crystal of Glauber salts; place both bottles in ice-cold water, when nitre only will crystallize in the one and Glauber salts in the other.

ONE AND ONE DO NOT MAKE TWO.

Mix a wine-glass full of sulphuric acid with a wine-glass full of water, cautiously; and, on re-measuring the mixture, it will not be found sufficient to re-fill both glasses.

TO COPY WRITING INSTANTLY.

Add a little sugar to ink, with which write the letter to be copied; then lay a sheet of thin unsized paper, damped with a sponge, on the writing; pass lightly over it a flat iron, very moderately heated, and a reverse impression of the writing will be accurately taken off.

THE RIVAL DIALS.

Fix two pendulum clocks to the same wall, or lay two watches upon the same table, and they will take the same rate of going, though they would vary in that rate if they were placed in separate apartments. Indeed, it has been observed, that the pendulum of one clock will even stop that of the other, and that the stopped pendulum will, after a certain time, go again, and, in its turn stop the other pendulum.

TO SPIN INDIAN RUBBER.

Dissolve a small piece of Indian rubber in a little caoutchoucine, and put a drop or two of the solution upon a looking-glass or window-pane; touch it lightly with a dry piece of Indian rubber, quickly draw out a fine thread, which attach to a card, and wind off as silk.

INDELIBLE WRITING.

As the art of man can unmake whatever his ingenuity can make, we have no right to expect an indelible ink; however, an approximation to it may be made as follows: make a saturated solution of indigo and madder in boiling water, in such proportions as to give a purple tint; add to it from one-sixth to one-eighth of its weight of sulphuric acid, according to the thickness and strength of the paper to be used. Write with this ink, and expose the paper to a gradual heat from the fire, when the characters will be completely black, the letters being burnt in and charred by the sulphuric acid. If the acid has not been used in sufficient quantity to destroy the texture of the paper, and reduce it to the state of tinder, the colour may be discharged by washing it with a strong solution of oxalic acid in water. When the full proportion of acid has been employed, crumple and rub the paper, and the charred letters will fall out; then by placing a black ground behind the letters, they may be preserved, and thus a species of indelible writing may be procured, the letters being, as it were, stamped out of the paper.

VEGETABLE ANATOMY.

Soak any part of a plant in nitric acid for a short space of time, and all power of cohesion will be lost by the vessels, which will become transparent, and be easily separable from each other by gentle dissection. So complete will be the effect, that even the most delicate cells of the cellular tissue will become disengaged from each other, and may be examined singly with perfect ease. This discovery will enable persons who have not compound microscopes, and delicate directing instruments, to anatomize plants with facility.

TO TELL WHAT O’CLOCK IT IS BY THE MOON.

This may be calculated by the shadow which the moon casts upon a sun-dial, it being only necessary to know the moon’s age, which may be found in an almanack. If the new moon happens in the morning, this day is taken into the account; but if it happens after noon, the following day is counted the first. The moon’s age is to be multiplied by four and divided by five. The quotient must either be added to the hour, which the shadow indicates on the sun-dial, and the sum will give the time sought; or subtract from the quotient the hour shown by the moon upon the dial, and the remainder will give the hour sought. The first is to be done when the shadow falls on an hour of the afternoon, and the latter when it falls upon an hour of the forenoon. The following are examples:

1st. Suppose the moon to be ten days old, and the shade cast by the moon upon the sun-dial to be at half-past two; or, that the shadow cast by the moon falls on the place at which the shadow cast by the sun stands at half-past two;—what o’clock was it then? The answer is calculated as follows:—The moon’s age, 10 days × 4 = 40 40/5 = 8. Eight, therefore, is the time when the moon was in the meridian, and 8 + 2½ = 10½, or half-past ten, the hour sought.

2d. Suppose the moon to have been 18 days old, and the shadow cast by it on the sun-dial to have marked eleven. This time is subtracted from the hour when the moon was in the meridian on that day, and from which the hour marked by the shadow must be deducted. The shadow shows here 11 o’clock in the forenoon, or one hour before noon, which, deducted from 2h. 24m. gives 1h. 24m.; 2⅖ - 1 = 1⅖, or 24 minutes past one o’clock.

THE PHYSIOGNOTYPE.

This is a newly-invented instrument, by the aid of which a person may have a plaster cast of his face taken without submitting to the usual unpleasant process.

It consists of an assemblage of very fine moveable wires, confined closely together within a broad hoop or band, after the manner of the bristles in a telescope hearth-brush, but not closed at the back, in order to allow to the wires a free passage. The wires slide in a metal plate, perforated all over with holes, very fine and close together. The apparatus is surrounded by an outer case which is filled with warm water, in order to prevent any unpleasant sensation on the contact of the instrument with the skin.

When it is desired to take a likeness, the instrument is applied to the face with a gentle and gradual pressure, the wires easily yield and slide back, conformably to the prominences of the countenance; they are then fixed tightly in their position, and thus form a mould which will yield a perfect and faithful cast of the face, in which even the most minute line will appear with the strictest accuracy.

INFINITE DIVISIBILITY OF MATTER.

Dissolve a single grain of copper in about one dram of nitric acid, and dilute the solution with about one ounce of water, when it will be evident that a single drop of the mixture must contain an almost immeasurably small portion of copper. Yet, if the blade of a knife be dipped into it, it will become covered with a coat of copper; thus showing that the copper can be infinitely divided without any alteration in its properties.

HOLDING THE BREATH.

If a person inspire deeply, he will be able, immediately after, to hold breath for a time, varying with his health, state of exertion, or repose. A man, during an active walk, may not be able to cease breathing for more than half a minute; but, after resting on a chair or bed, he may refrain from breathing for a minute and a half, or even two minutes. But if he will prepare himself by breathing deeply, hardly, and quickly (as he would naturally do after running), and ceasing that operation with his lungs full of air, then hold his breath as long as he is able, he will find that the time, during which he can remain without breathing, will be double, or even more than double the former. This effect may be rendered exceedingly serviceable, as on many occasions a man who can hold breath for a minute, or two minutes, may save the life of another; such as in entering a chamber on fire, rescuing from drowning, &c.

SAND IN THE HOUR-GLASS.