Part 25

Description.--Size large; back from near Ochraceous-Tawny to near Ochraceous-Buff with admixture of black tipped hair forming distinct dorsal band; sides lighter than back, from near Ochraceous-Buff to near Yellow Ocher with black hair interspersed; lateral line usually distinct, of clear Ochraceous-Buff; belly white, usually with moderate suffusion of Ochraceous-Buff; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, edged with Ochraceous-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, well inflated; incisive foramina long and usually truncate at posterior border; pterygoid fossae broad; zygomata relatively wide-spread and long; large medial projection on inferior ramus of zygomatic process of maxillary; condylobasal length and occipitonasal length relatively great; mastoid region and palatal region relatively broad; interparietal bone usually broad.

Comparisons.--From Zapus hudsonius pallidus, Z. h. campestris differs as follows: Coloration darker (more black and yellow but less orange); averaging larger in all measurements taken except in least interorbital constriction and distance from incisors to postpalatal notch which are slightly larger and breadth across zygomatic arches which is same; zygomatic arch heavier; incisive foramina larger; interparietal bone broader.

Compared with Zapus hudsonius intermedius, Z. h. campestris differs as follows: Coloration more tawny and ochraceous, less yellow; auditory bullae averaging larger, more inflated; condylobasal length averaging greater; zygomata averaging more wide-spread and longer; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; mastoid region broader; incisive foramina longer and more truncate posteriorly.

From Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Z. h. campestris differs as follows: Size larger; color lighter, more ochraceous, less tawny; occipitonasal length averaging greater; mastoid region broader; zygomata averaging longer; zygomatic arch more widely bowed; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging longer; incisive foramina longer; auditory bullae broader, more inflated.

For comparison with Zapus hudsonius preblei see account of that subspecies.

Remarks.--Animals from the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming are thought of as most characteristic of this geographic race. Intergradation is noted with Zapus hudsonius pallidus and is discussed in the account of that subspecies.

Specimens examined.--Total, 66, distributed as follows:

MONTANA: Big Horn County: Rotten Grass Creek, north base Big Horn Mts., 2 (USBS); Little Big Horn River, 2 mi. from Wyoming line, 1 (USBS).

SOUTH DAKOTA: Custer County: Custer, 3 (USNM); Bull Springs, 6 (Clev. MNH); Beaver Creek, Wind Cave Nat'l Park, 1 (UM); Wind Cave Nat'l Park Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek, Wind Cave Nat'l Park, 2 (UM); Pennington County: Rapid Creek, 2 mi. W Pactola, 4800 ft., 3 (UM); Castle Creek, R. 2E, T. 1N, 6500 ft., 3 (UM); Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City, 6 (UM); Palmer Gulch, 4 mi. SE Hill City, 3 (UM); Palmer Gulch, 9 (FM); no definite locality, 4 (UM).

WYOMING: Crook County: Devils Tower, flood plain Belle Fourche River, 3350 ft., 1 (USBS); Bear Lodge Mts., 4 (USBS); 15 mi. N Sundance, Black Hills Nat'l Forest, 5500 ft., 2; 3 mi. NW Sundance, 5900 ft., 17; Sundance, 2 (USBS). Weston Co.: 1-1/2 mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft., 5.

Marginal records.--Montana: Rotten Grass Creek, N base Big Horn Mts. South Dakota: Nelsons Place, 3 mi. SE Hill City; Wind Cave Nat'l Park Game Ranch, Cold Spring Creek. Wyoming: 1-1/2 mi. E Buckhorn, 6150 ft.

=Zapus hudsonius canadensis= (Davies)

Dipus canadensis Davies, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 4:157, 1798.

Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Preble, N. Amer. Fauna, 15:17, August 8, 1899 (part--the part from Ontario).

Zapus hudsonius canadensis, Batchelder, Proc. New England Zool. Club, 1:5, February 8, 1899 (part--the part from Quebec); Anderson, Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1941:35-37, July 14, 1942 (part--the part from Quebec excepting the Gaspé Peninsula).

Zapus hudsonius ontarioensis Anderson, Ann. Rept. Provancher Soc. Nat. Hist., Quebec, 1942:59, September 7, 1943, type from Pancake Bay (Batchawana Bay) southeast end of Lake Superior, Algoma District, about 40 miles northeast of Sault Ste-Marie, Ontario.

Type.--No type specimen designated, subspecies characterized on the basis of two specimens obtained by Major General Thomas Davies within a few miles of the city of Quebec.

Range.--Eastern Ontario and western Quebec from Hudson Bay southward to the Great Lakes and into northwestern New York. See fig. 47. Zonal range: Transition and Canadian.

Description.--Size medium; back from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff with admixture of black hair usually forming a dorsal band; sides from near Clay Color to near Cinnamon-Buff and lighter than back; lateral line usually distinct, and clear Cinnamon-Buff; belly white, sometimes with slight suffusion of Cinnamon-Buff mid-ventrally; tail bicolored, brownish to brownish-black above, grayish-white to yellowish-white below; ears dark, sometimes flecked with color of the sides, edged with Cinnamon-Buff; feet grayish-white above; auditory bullae large, relatively broad and flat; incisive foramina relatively short and narrow, widest posteriorly; zygomata not widely bowed outward; mastoid region relatively wide; frontal region well inflated; nasals relatively narrow, short, and parallel sided.

Comparisons.--From Zapus hudsonius hudsonius, Z. h. canadensis differs as follows: Upper parts generally dull averaging lighter, less black tipped hair; sides also lighter with less suffusion of dark hair; frontal region more inflated; mastoid region averaging broader; auditory bullae broader; distance from incisors to postpalatal notch averaging slightly longer.

For comparison with Zapus hudsonius acadicus, Zapus hudsonius ladas, and Zapus hudsonius americanus see accounts of those subspecies.

Remarks.--Bole and Moulthrop (1942:165) refer 2 specimens from Elba, New York, to Z. h. hardyi (= acadicus); they are more nearly like Z. h. canadensis in size and shape of the auditory bullae and general color of the pelage. A specimen from Spectacle Pond, New York, has the narrow pterygoid fossae and relatively narrow auditory bullae of Z. h. acadicus and the relatively short, narrow incisive foramina, inflated frontal region, and color of Z. h. canadensis to which the specimen is here referred. Intergradation is noted also in animals from Schreiber, Ontario. They resemble Zapus hudsonius hudsonius in their darker coloration and shape of auditory bullae but in the remainder of the characters studied resemble Z. h. canadensis to which they are referred. Specimens from Notre Dame de la Dore and 1/2 mi. N Mistassini Post, Quebec, in size and shape of the auditory bullae and in width of the pterygoid fossae, closely approach Z. h. ladas but in color, distinct dorsal band, and in narrower zygomata are all nearest Z. h. canadensis to which subspecies they are here referred.

Zapus hudsonius ontarioensis Anderson (1942:59) from eastern Ontario was based chiefly, in comparison with Z. h. canadensis, upon, "dorsal stripe less distinct and sides somewhat duller yellowish with more admixture of blackish hairs." Examination of 68 of the 69 specimens from the type locality shows that 58 are subadult and in subadult pelage. Individuals which are adult are indistinguishable in color of pelage and in cranial features from comparable material from southern Quebec. Z. h. ontarioensis is, therefore, considered to be a synonym of Z. h. canadensis.

Specimens examined.--Total, 123, distributed as follows:

NEW YORK: Franklin Co.: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township, 2 (AMNH). Genesee Co.: Elba, 2 (Clev. MNH).

ONTARIO: Schreiber, 2 (NMC); Franz, 5 (MVZ); Pancake Bay, Algoma District, 68 (NMC); Maclennan, Algoma District, 3 (ROM); Cache Lake, Algonquin Park, 1 (MVZ); Experimental Farm, Ottawa, 1 (NMC); Dows Swamp, Ottawa, 1 (NMC); Apple Hill, 1 (NMC); Clear Lake, Arden, 1 (NMC); Athens, 1 (NMC); Aurora, 4 (Clev. MNH); Pattageville, Toronto, 1; Lorne Park, Toronto, 1 (NMC); Credit, 2 (NMC); Pickering, 1 (MVZ); Preston, 1 (NMC); St. Thomas, 1 (NMC).

QUEBEC: Notre Dame de la Dore, 3 (NMC); 1/2 mi. N Mistassini Post, 1 (NMC); Lake Albanel, 1 (NMC); St. Felicien, 3 (NMC); Valcartier, 8 (NMC); Kiamika Lake, 4 (NMC); Ste. Veronique, 2 (NMC); Val Jalbert, 2 (NMC); St. Methode, 1 (NMC).

Marginal records.--Quebec: 1/2 mi. N Mistassini Post; Valcartier. New York: Spectacle Pond, Brighton Township; Elba. Ontario: St. Thomas; Pancake Bay, Algoma Dist.; Franz; Schreiber. Quebec: Kiamika Lake.