Newer Ideals of Peace

CHAPTER I. Introduction

INTRODUCTION

Newer ideals of peace are dynamic; if made operative will do away with war as a natural process 3

Of the older ideals the appeal to pity is dogmatic 4

The appeal to the sense of prudence also dogmatic and at this moment seems impotent 5

Outlook for universal peace by international arbitration 6

Primitive and profound impulses operate against impulse to war 8

Appeal to pity and prudence unnecessary if the cosmopolitan interest in human affairs is utilized 9

Social morality originates in social affections 11

Emotion determines social relations in the poorer quarters of a cosmopolitan city 13

New immigrants develop phenomenal powers of association 14

Their ideal of government includes kindliness as well as protection 15

Crowded city quarters the focal point of governmental progress 16

Life at these points must shape itself with reference to the demands of social justice 17

Simple foundations laid there for an international order 18

Ideals formed “in the depth of anonymous life” make for realization 20

Impulses toward compassionate conduct imperative 21

The internationalism of good will foreseen by the philosopher 23

A quickening concern for human welfare; international aspects illustrated by world-wide efforts to eradicate tuberculosis, first signs of the substitution of nurture for warfare 25

This substitution will be a natural process 26

Our very hope for it, a surrender to the ideals of the humble 27

Accounting must be taken between survivals of militarism and manifestations of newer humanitarianism 28

Tendency to idealization marked eighteenth-century humanitarian 29

Newer ideals of this century sustained only by knowledge and companionship 30

CHAPTER II. Survivals of Militarism in City Government

SURVIVALS OF MILITARISM IN CITY GOVERNMENT

American Republic founded under the influence of doctrinaire eighteenth-century ideals. Failure in municipal administration largely due to their inadequacy 31

Modern substitutes of the evolutionary conception of progress for eighteenth-century idealism 32

Failure of adjustment between the old form of government and present condition results in reversion to military and legal type 34

National governmental machinery provides no vehicle for organized expression of popular will 35

Historic governments dependent upon force of arms 36

Founders placed too exclusive a value upon the principles defended by the War of the Revolution. Example of the overestimation of the spoils of war 37

Immigration problem an illustration of the failure to treat our growing Republic in a spirit of progressive and developing democracy 39

Present immigration due partly to the philosophic dogmas of the eighteenth-century. Theory of naturalization still rests upon those dogmas 40

No adequate formulization of newer philosophy although immigration situation has become much more industrial than political 42

Exploitation of immigrants carried on under guise of preparation for citizenship 46

Failure to develop a government fitted to varied peoples 48

Attitude of contempt for immigrant survival of a spirit of conqueror toward inferior people 49

Contempt reflected by children toward immigrant parents 50

Universal franchise implies a recognition of social needs and ideals 52

Difficulties of administering repressive government in a democracy 54

The attempt inevitably develops the corrupt politician as a friend of the vicious 56

He must be followed by successive reformers who represent the righteous and protect tax interests 57

Illustration from the point of view of humble people 58

Dramatic see-saw must continue until we attain the ideals of an evolutionary democracy 59

Community divided into repressive and repressed, representing conqueror and conquered 60

CHAPTER III. Failure to Utilize Immigrants in City Government

FAILURE TO UTILIZE IMMIGRANTS IN CITY GOVERNMENT

Democratic governments must reckon with the unsuccessful if only because they represent majority of citizens 62

To demand protection from unsuccessful is to fail in self-government 63

Study of immigrants might develop result in revived enthusiasm for human possibilities reacting upon ideals of government 64

Social resources of immigrants wasted through want of recognition of old habits 65

Illustrated by South Italians’ ability to combine community life with agricultural occupations, which is disregarded 66

Anglo-Saxon distrust of experiments with land tenure and taxation illustrated by Doukhobors 67

Immigrant’s contribution to city life 69

Military ideals blind statesmen to connection between social life and government 70

Corrupt politician who sees the connection often first friend of immigrant 71

Real statesmen would work out scheme of naturalization founded upon social needs 72

Intelligent co-operation of immigrants necessary for advancing social legislation 74

Daily experience of immigrants not to be ignored as basis of patriotism 75

Lack of cosmopolitan standard widens gulf between immigrant parents and children 78

Government is developing most rapidly in its relation to the young criminal and to the poor and dependent 79

Denver Juvenile Court is significant in its attitude toward repressive government 81

Good education in reform schools indicates compunction on the part of the State 83

Government functions extended to care of defectives and dependents 84

Ignores normal needs of every citizen 85

Socialists would meet the needs of workingmen by socialized legislation, but refuse to deal with the present state 86

At present radical changes must come from forces outside life of the people 87

Imperial governments are now concerning themselves with primitive essential needs of workingmen 88

Republics restrict functions of the government 90

Is America, in clinging to eighteenth-century traditions, losing its belief in the average man? 91

CHAPTER IV. Militarism and Industrial Legislation

MILITARISM AND INDUSTRIAL LEGISLATION

American cities slow to consider immigration in relation to industry 93

Workingmen alone must regard them in relation to industrial situations 94

Assimilation of immigrants by workingman due both to economic pressure and to idealism 95

Illustrated by Stock Yards Strike 96

And by the strike in Anthracite Coal Fields 97

In the latter aroused public opinion forced Federal Government to deal with industrial conditions 98

In complicated modern society not always easy to see where social order lies 101

Chicago Stock Yards Strike illustrates such a situation 104

Government should have gained the enthusiasm immigrants gave to union 107

War element an essential part of strike 109

Appeal to loyalty the nearest approach to a moral appeal 110

Reluctance of United States Government to recognize matters of industry as germane to government 112

Resulting neglect of civic duty 113

The workingman’s attitude toward war as expressed by his international organization 114

Commerce the modern representative of conquest 116

Standard of life should be the test of a nation’s prosperity, so recognized by workingmen 117

Social amelioration undertaken by those in closest contact with social maladjustments 118

Present difficulties in social reform will continue until class interests are subordinated to a broader conception of social progress 119

If self-government were inaugurated by advanced thinkers now, they would make research into early forms of industrial governments 121

Autocratic European governments have recognized workingman’s need of protection 122

Has Democracy a right to refuse this protection? 123

CHAPTER V. Group Morality in the Labor Movement

GROUP MORALITY IN THE LABOR MOVEMENT

Industrial changes which belong to the community as a whole have unfortunately divided it into two camps 124

These are typified by Employers’ Associations and Trades Unions each developing a group morality 125

Trade Unions at present illustrate the eternal compromise between the inner concept and the outer

Act 127

Present moment one of crisis in Trades Union development 128

Newly organized unions in war state of development responsible for serious mistakes 130

Tacit admission that a strike is war made during the Teamsters’ Strike in Chicago in 1905 132

Temporary loss of belief in industrial arbitration 134

Teamsters’ Strike not adjudicated in court threw the entire city into state of warfare 136

New organizations of employers exhibit traits of militant youth 138

Public although powerless to intervene, sees grave social consequences 140

Division of community into classes; increase of race animosity; spirit of materialism 141

Class prejudice created among children still another social consequence 142

Disastrous effect of prolonged warfare upon the labor movement itself 144

Real effort of trades unions at present is for recognition of the principle of collective bargaining 145

Trades unions are forced to correct industrial ills inherent in the factory system itself 146

Illustration from limitation of output 147

Illustration from attitude towards improved machinery 148

Disregard of the machine as a social product makes for group morality on the part of the owner and employees 149

Contempt resulting from group morality justifies method of warfare 150

CHAPTER VI. Protection of Children for Industrial Efficiency

PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FOR INDUSTRIAL EFFICIENCY

Deficiency in protective legislation 151

Contempt for immigrant because of his economic standing 152

National indifference to condition of working children 154

Temptation to use child labor peculiar to this industrial epoch 155

Our sensibilities deadened by familiarity 155

Protection of the young the concern of government 156

Effect of premature labor on the child 158

Effect of child labor on the family 161

Effect on the industrial product 162

Effect on civilization 163

Intelligent labor the most valuable asset of our industrial prosperity 164

Results of England’s foreign commercial policy 165

Lack of consistency in the relation of the state to the child in the United States 166

Failure of public school system to connect with present industrial development 167

Correlation of new education with industrial situation 168

Child labor legislation will secure to child its proper play period 169

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