Manual of the Trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) 2nd Ed.

Section 1. Flowers in Unisexual Aments (_female Flowers of Juglans and

Quercus solitary or in spikes); ovary inferior (superior in Leitneriaceæ_) when a calyx is present.

V. Salicaceæ (p. 119). Flowers diœcious, without a calyx. Fruit a 2—4-valved capsule. Leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous. VI. Myricaceæ (p. 163). Flowers monœcious or diœcious; fruit a dry drupe, covered with waxy exudations; leaves simple, alternate, resinous-punctate, persistent. VII. Leitneriaceæ (p. 167). Flowers diœcious, the staminate without a calyx; ovary superior; fruit a compressed oblong drupe; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, deciduous. VIII. Juglandaceæ (p. 168). Flowers monœcious; fruit a nut inclosed in an indehiscent (Juglans) or 4-valved (Carya) fleshy or woody shell; leaves alternate, unequally pinnate without stipules, deciduous. IX. Betulaceæ (p. 200). Flowers monœcious; fruit a nut at the base of an open leaf-like involucre (Carpinus), in a sack-like involucre (Ostrya), in the axil of a scale of an ament (Betula), or of a woody strobile (Alnus); leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous. X. Fagaceæ (p. 227). Flowers monœcious; fruit a nut more or less inclosed in a woody often spiny involucre; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous (in some species of Quercus and in Castanopsis and Lithocarpus persistent).

Section 2. Flowers Unisexual (_perfect in Ulmus_); Calyx Regular, the

stamens as many as its lobes and opposite them; ovary superior, 1-celled; seed 1.

XI. Ulmaceæ (p. 308). Fruit a compressed winged samara (Ulmus), a drupe (Celtis and Trema), or nut-like (Planera), leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (persistent in Trema). XII. Moraceæ (p. 328). Flowers in ament-like spikes or heads; fruit drupaceous, inclosed in the thickened calyx and united into a compound fruit, oblong and succulent (Morus), large, dry and globose (Toxylon), or immersed in the fleshy receptacle of the flower (Ficus); leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (persistent in Ficus).

Section 3. Flowers Usually Perfect; Ovary Superior or Partly Inferior,

1—4-celled; leaves simple, persistent in the North American species.

XIII. Olacaceæ (p. 336). Calyx and corolla 4—6-lobed; ovary 1—4-celled; fruit a drupe more or less inclosed in the enlarged disk of the flower; leaves alternate or fascicled, without stipules. XIV. Polygonaceæ (p. 338). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a nutlet inclosed in the thickened calyx; leaves alternate, their stipules sheathing the stems. XV. Nyctaginaceæ (p. 340). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a nutlet inclosed in the thickened calyx; leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules.

Subdivision 2. Petalatæ. Flowers with both calyx and corolla (without a corolla in Lauraceæ, in Liquidambar in Hamamelidaceæ, in Cercocarpus in Rosaceæ, in Euphorbiaceæ, in some species of Acer, in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron in Rhamnaceæ, in Fremontia in Sterculiaceæ, in Chytraculia in Myrtaceæ, in Conocarpus in Combretaceæ and in some species of Fraxinus in Oleaceæ).

Section 1. Polypetalæ. Corolla of Separate Petals.

A. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Hamamelidaceæ; inferior in Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Cratægus, and Amelanchier in Rosaceæ).

XVI. Magnoliaceæ (p. 342). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals in 3 or 4 rows of 3 each; fruit cone-like, composed of numerous cohering carpels; leaves simple, alternate, their stipules inclosing the leaf-buds, deciduous or rarely persistent. XVII. Anonaceæ (p. 353). Flowers perfect; sepals 3; petals 6 in 2 series; fruit a pulpy berry developed from 1 or from the union of several carpels; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous or persistent. XVIII. Lauraceæ (p. 356). Flowers perfect or unisexual; corolla 0; fruit a 1-seeded drupe or berry; leaves simple, alternate, punctate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Sassafras). XIX. Capparidaceæ (p. 365). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4; fruit baccate, elongated, dehiscent; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, persistent. XX. Hamamelidaceæ (p. 366). Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and petals 5 (corolla 0 in Liquidambar); ovary partly inferior; fruit a 2-celled woody capsule opening at the summit; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous. XXI. Platanaceæ (p. 371). Flowers monœcious, in dense unisexual capitate heads; fruit an akene; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous. XXII. Rosaceæ (p. 376). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5 (petals 0 in Cercocarpus); ovary inferior in Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Cratægus, and Amelanchier; fruit a drupe (Prunus and Chrysobalanus), a capsule (Vauquelinia and Lyonothamnus), an akene (Cowania and Cercocarpus), or a pome (Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Cratægus, and Amelanchier); leaves simple or pinnately compound, alternate (opposite in Lyonothamnus), with stipules, deciduous or persistent. XXIII. Leguminosæ (p. 585). Flowers perfect, regular or irregular; fruit a legume; leaves compound, or simple (Dalea), alternate, with stipules, deciduous or persistent. XXIV. Zygophyllaceæ (p. 630). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit capsular, becoming fleshy; leaves opposite, pinnate, with stipules, persistent. XXV. Malpigiaceæ (p. 631). Flowers usually perfect rarely dimorphous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5, unguiculate; fruit a drupe or samara; leaves opposite, simple, entire, persistent; often with stipules. XXVI. Rutaceæ (p. 633). Flowers unisexual or perfect; fruit a capsule (Xanthoxylum), a samara (Ptelea), of indehiscent winged 1-seeded carpels (Helietta), or a drupe (Amyris); leaves alternate or opposite, compound, glandular-punctate, without stipules, persistent or rarely deciduous (0 in Canotia). XXVII. Simaroubaceæ (p. 641). Flowers diœcious, calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit drupaceous (Simarouba), baccate (Picramnia), a samara (Alvaradoa); leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without stipules, persistent. XXVIII. Burseraceæ (p. 645). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-parted; petals 5; fruit a drupe; leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, deciduous. XXIX. Meliaceæ (p. 648). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit a 5-celled dehiscent capsule; leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without stipules, persistent. XXX. Euphorbiaceæ (p. 649). Flowers perfect; calyx 4—6-parted (Drypetes), 3-lobed (Hippomane), or 0 (Gymnanthes); petals 0; fruit a drupe (Drypetes and Hippomane), or a 3-lobed capsule (Gymnanthes). XXXI. Anacardiaceæ (p. 655). Flowers usually unisexual, diœcious or polygamo-diœcious (Pistacia without a calyx, and without a corolla in the North American species); fruit a dry drupe; leaves simple or compound, alternate, without stipules, deciduous (persistent in Pistacia and in one species of Rhus). XXXII. Cyrillaceæ (p. 665). Flowers perfect; calyx 5—8-lobed; petals 5—8; fruit an indehiscent capsule; leaves alternate, without stipules, persistent (more or less deciduous in Cyrilla). XXXIII. Aquifoliaceæ (p. 668). Flowers polygamo-diœcious; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit a drupe, with 4—8 1-seeded nutlets; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, persistent or deciduous. XXXIV. Celastraceæ (p. 674). Flowers perfect, polygamous or diœcious; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5; fruit a drupe, or a capsule (Evonymus); leaves simple, opposite or alternate, with or without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Evonymus). XXXV. Aceraceæ (p. 681). Flowers diœcious or monœciously polygamous; calyx usually 5-parted; petals usually 5, or 0; fruit of 2 long-winged samara joined at the base; leaves opposite, simple or rarely pinnate, without or rarely with stipules, deciduous. XXXVI. Hippocastanaceæ (p. 702). Flowers perfect, irregular; calyx 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5, unequal; fruit a 3-celled 3-valved capsule; leaves opposite, digitately compound, long-petiolate, without stipules, deciduous. XXXVII. Sapindaceæ (p. 711). Flowers polygamous; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; corolla of 4 or 5 petals; fruit a berry (Sapindus and Exothea), a drupe (Hypelate), or a 3-valved capsule (Ungnadia); leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, persistent, or deciduous (Ungnadia). XXXVIII. Rhamnaceæ (p. 718). Flowers usually perfect; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals 4 or 5 (0 in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron); fruit drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate (mostly opposite in Reynosia and Krugiodendron), with stipules, persistent (deciduous in some species of Rhamnus). XXXIX. Tiliaceæ (p. 732). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a nut-like berry; leaves simple, alternate, mostly oblique at base, with stipules, deciduous. XL. Sterculiaceæ (p. 749). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 0; fruit a 4 or 5-valved dehiscent capsule; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, persistent. XLI. Theaceæ (p. 750). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a 5-celled woody dehiscent capsule, loculicidally dehiscent; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent or deciduous. XLII. Canellaceæ (p. 753). Flowers perfect; sepals 3; petals 5; filaments united into a tube; fruit a berry; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent. XLIII. Kœberliniaceæ (p. 754). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4, minute; leaves bract-like, alternate, without stipules, caducous. XLIV. Caricaceæ (p. 755). Flowers unisexual or perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit baccate; leaves palmately lobed or digitate, alternate, without stipules, persistent.

B. Ovary inferior (partly inferior in Rhizophora).

XLV. Cactaceæ (p. 757). Flowers perfect; petals and sepals numerous; fruit a berry; leaves usually wanting. XLVI. Rhizophoraceæ (p. 763). Flowers perfect; calyx 4-parted; petals 4; ovary partly inferior; fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded berry perforated at apex by the germinating embryo; leaves simple, opposite, entire, with stipules, persistent. XLVII. Combretaceæ (p. 764). Flowers perfect or polygamous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5 (0 in Conocarpus); fruit drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate or opposite, without stipules, persistent. XLVIII. Myrtaceæ (p. 768). Flowers perfect; calyx usually 4-lobed, or reduced to a single body forming a deciduous lid to the flower (Chytraculia); petals usually 4 (0 in Chytraculia); fruit a berry; leaves simple, opposite, pellucid-punctate, without stipules, persistent. XLIX. Melastomaceæ (p. 776). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed; stamens as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla; fruit capsular or baccate, inclosed in the tube of the calyx; leaves opposite, rarely verticillate, 3—9-nerved, without stipules. L. Araliaceæ (p. 777). Flowers perfect or polygamous; sepals and petals usually 5; fruit a drupe; leaves twice pinnate, alternate, with stipules, deciduous. LI. Nyssaceæ (p. 779). Flowers diœcious, polygamous, diœcious or perfect; calyx 5-toothed or lobed; petals 5 or more, imbricate in the bud, or 0; stamens as many or twice as many as the petals; fruit drupaceous (Nyssa), usually 1-celled and 1-seeded; leaves alternate, deciduous, without stipules. LII. Cornaceæ (p. 784). Flowers perfect or polygamo-diœcious; calyx 4 or 5-toothed; petals 4 or 5; fruit a fleshy drupe; leaves simple, opposite (alternate in one species of Cornus), without stipules, deciduous.

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