Part Ii. Sect. Ii. Pp. 204–6.

Footnote 75:

MacCulloch (J. R.), editor of the Commercial Dictionary, and probably the original of Carlyle’s Macrowdy. No one could have a proper reverence for the Fathers of Political Economy who perpetually referred to the greatest of them without his distinctive prænomen.

Footnote 76:

Introduction to W. of N., p. lii. So the writer of Progress and Poverty tells us “the doctrine of Malthus did not originally and does not necessarily involve the idea of progression” (Bk. II. ch. i. p. 89, ed. 1881).

Footnote 77:

Bagehot (Econ. Studies, p. 136 seq.), W. R. Greg (Enigmas of Life), and Held (Sociale Geschichte Englands) may be acquitted, but they are not writers of text-books.

Footnote 78:

Wealth of Nations, Introduction, p. lii.

Footnote 79:

See e. g. the tract on the Measure of Value, p. 23, and cf. Pol. Ec. (2nd ed.), p. 234.

Footnote 80:

Godwin’s Thoughts on Parr’s Sermon, 1801, p. 54; cf. Godwin’s Population (1820), Bk. i. 27.

Footnote 81:

Godwin’s Life, by Kegan Paul, vol. i. 321.

Footnote 82:

Hansard, sub dato, p. 1429.

Footnote 83:

Empson in Edinburgh Review, Jan. 1837, p. 483; cf. Essay on Population, 7th ed. p. 473 n. Empson’s authorship of that article appears from Macvey Napier’s Correspondence, p. 187. See below, Book V.

Footnote 84:

Works, vol. viii. p. 440.

Footnote 85:

Thoughts on Parr’s Sermon, p. 56.

Footnote 86:

Essay, 1st ed., pp. 17, 47, 48; Origin of Species, ch. iii. p. 50. Hence Sir Chas. Lyell even denies the originality of Darwin and Wallace (Antiquity of Man, ch. xxi p. 456).

Footnote 87:

Cf. A. R. Wallace, Contributions to Theory of Natural Selection, and the discussions raised thereupon, 1868. See also Essays in Philosophical Criticism (1883), Essay VIII., The Struggle for Existence, in which some of the mixed motives are further described.

Footnote 88:

Appendix to 5th ed., 1817; 7th ed., p. 526. Cf. Bacon (Essay XXXVIII.), “to bend nature like a wand to a contrary extreme whereby to set it aright.” Adam Smith had used the simile of a bent stick to describe the reaction of the French Economists against the Mercantile theorists (Wealth of Nations, IV. ix. 300).

Footnote 89:

Essay, 1st ed., p. 367. Cf. Senior’s Lectures on Population, p. 79, and p. 75, where he compares such progress to the exploits of the snail which every day climbed up a wall four feet and fell back three.

Footnote 90:

Essay, 1st ed., p. 10.

Footnote 91:

Cf. St. Matth. xix. 12.

Footnote 92:

MS. notes on p. vii of S. T. Coleridge’s copy of the 2nd ed. of the Essay, in Brit. Museum (from the library of his executor, Dr. Joseph H. Green).

Footnote 93:

See Otter’s biographical preface to Malthus’ Pol. Ec. (1836), p. xxxvi, and Otter’s Life of Clarke (1825), i. 437, &c.

Footnote 94:

See below, Book II. chap. iv.

Footnote 95:

2nd ed., Book IV. chap, xii.; 7th ed., p. 477.

Footnote 96:

2nd ed., I. ii. 10, 11; cf. xiv. 180; 7th ed., pp. 8 note, 262, &c.

Footnote 97:

2nd ed., p. 11.

Footnote 98:

7th ed., p. 351; so I. ix. 82, “moral impossibility” of increase, in a case where there is plenty of food, but bad distribution makes it unattainable. The impossibility is due not to physical law but to human institutions (mores).

Footnote 99:

Malthus, Essay, 1st ed., p. 387.

Footnote 100:

In an unpublished MS. quoted in his Life, i. 76. His published writings contain nothing quite so strong.

Footnote 101:

See below, Book III.

Footnote 102:

Essay, 7th ed., B. IV. chap. vi. and ix.

Footnote 103:

Wealth of Nations, B. V. ch. i. Pt. iii. Art. 2.

Footnote 104:

Essay, Book IV. ch. ix. of 7th ed., esp. p. 439.

Footnote 105:

Cf. even Essay, 1st ed., pp. 33, 34, and 324. But see later, B. II. chaps. ii. and iii.

Footnote 106:

7th ed., Append., p. 495. Cf. Miss Martineau’s Autob., vol. i. p. 211; cf. pp. 209, 210.

Footnote 107:

Life, vol. i. ch. ix. p. 233.

Footnote 108:

Ingloriously, because of the severe chapter he wrote in the Political Justice, ‘Of Pensions and Salaries’ (ch. ix. of Bk. VI.).

Footnote 109:

Cf. Essay, 7th ed., II. xiii. p. 259.

Footnote 110:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 2.

Footnote 111:

2nd ed., p. 3.

Footnote 112:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 3.

Footnote 113:

1st ed.; see p. 16, above. “Food” in such propositions includes all the outward conditions necessary to life.

Footnote 114:

2nd ed., p. 4; 7th ed., p. 3.

Footnote 115:

l. c. Franklin’s Observations concerning the Increase of Mankind, 1751.

Footnote 116:

Dissertation on the Poor Laws by a well-wisher to Mankind (1786), pp. 42–45, 53. He is quoting Dampier’s Voyages, vol. i. pt. ii p. 88.

Footnote 117:

It is fair to say that Ulloa, B. II. ch. iv., says “two or three goats.”

Footnote 118:

2nd ed., p. 4; cf. 7th ed., p. 3.

Footnote 119:

Carey (H. C.) has certainly made a good case for the reverse. See Princ. of Social Science, vol. i. ch. iv. (1858).

Footnote 120:

Letter to Senior, Appendix to Senior’s Lectures on Population, pp. 60–72.

Footnote 121:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 5.

Footnote 122:

He might have been warned from such by “οὐ γεωμετρικαῖς ἀλλ’ ἐρωτικαῖς ἀνάγκαις” (Plato, Republic, v. 458). But Bacon had applied the same figure still more widely: “Custom goes in arithmetical, Nature in geometrical progression” (Advancement of L., VI. iii. 259).

Footnote 123:

Cf. what is said of the cosmology of Malthus above, pp. 34 seq.

Footnote 124:

Or, keeping in view Mr. Carey’s exception, we should say not perhaps the first crop, but the earliest in which the farmer did justice to the known resources of the best land.

Footnote 125:

Political Arithmetic—Essay on the Multiplication of Mankind, 1682, pp. 7, 13 seq., especially p. 21 (ed. 1755).

Footnote 126:

Sir James Caird, Landed Interest, 4th ed., 1880, p. 177.

Footnote 127:

But see below, Bk. II. ch. i.

Footnote 128:

2nd ed., I. i. p. 8; 7th ed., p. 6.

Footnote 129:

Essay, IV. iii., 7th ed., p. 407.

Footnote 130:

Encycl. Brit., art. Population. Cf. Essay, 7th ed., p. 236 n.

Footnote 131:

Sweden was a favourite with statisticians because Sweden alone at that time furnished sound statistics. For an account of the American population down to 1880, and its probable future, see Mr. Giffen’s Address on the Utility of Common Statistics (Stat. Soc., Dec. 1882).

Footnote 132:

1804–24, or simply from the first census, 1801, to the third, 1821. The increase was such as would double the population of England in fifty-one years at the least (Essay, II. ix., 7th ed., p. 217).

Footnote 133:

Encycl. Brit., l. c.

Footnote 134:

Essay, III. xiv., 7th ed., p. 387.

Footnote 135:

Caird, Landed Interest, pp. 18, 46.

Footnote 136:

Encycl. Brit., l. c.

Footnote 137:

Apart, he ought to have said, from prudence in marriage, which would allow each man’s share to be much more than a bare living. But see below, Bk. II. ch. ii.

Footnote 138:

See below, Bk. II. ch. iii.

Footnote 139:

By the “law” of decreasing returns. See below, Bk. II. ch. i.

Footnote 140:

Mr. Giffen, in the Address above quoted, speaks as if Malthus considered the positive checks as the “natural checks” (p. 531). This, however, is against his distinct statement in Essay, 7th ed., App. p. 480.

Footnote 141:

This is probably the meaning of the author’s phrase, “alter the proportionate amount of the checks to population, or the degree in which they press upon the actual numbers” (Encyclop., l. c., p. 415).

Footnote 142:

See his letter of that date in Macvey Napier’s Correspondence, p. 29.

Footnote 143:

It was not published till 1824. It was certainly written after the results of the Census of 1821 had been published.

Footnote 144:

Pref. to 2nd ed., pp. iv, v; 7th ed., p. vi.

Footnote 145:

p. 52.

Footnote 146:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 11 n.; 7th ed., p. 9 n.

Footnote 147:

2nd ed., Pref. p. vii.

Footnote 148:

2nd ed., Bk. I. ch. ii. p. 10.

Footnote 149:

Adds the 3rd ed.

Footnote 150:

3rd ed., p. 21; 7th ed., p. 9.

Footnote 151:

3rd ed. l. c.

Footnote 152:

2nd ed., p. 13; 7th ed., p. 10. His own book has helped to make this less true.

Footnote 153:

2nd ed., pp. 14, 15. With this description of the “cycle” compare the view of Marx as given below in Book IV.

Footnote 154:

Miss Martineau, Autob., vol. i. p. 210.

Footnote 155:

Reply to Malthus, p. 20. Cf. below, Book IV.

Footnote 156:

Pref. to 2nd ed., p. vi.

Footnote 157:

2nd ed., Pref. p. vi. True even then, and much more afterwards.

Footnote 158:

Godwin, On Population, I. iv. 31, 32.

Footnote 159:

2nd ed., p. 31; 7th ed., p. 23.

Footnote 160:

Démocratie en Amérique, Pt. II. ch. x. p. 278. The author is in thorough agreement with Malthus.

Footnote 161:

2nd ed., p. 39; 7th ed., p. 28.

Footnote 162:

2nd ed., p. 25; 7th ed., p. 18.

Footnote 163:

Ibid. p. 43; 7th ed., p. 31.

Footnote 164:

Ibid. p. 39; 7th ed., p. 28.

Footnote 165:

2nd ed., p. 44; 7th ed., p. 32.

Footnote 166:

Malthus in Edin. Rev., July 1803, p. 345.

Footnote 167:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 25; 7th ed., p. 18.

Footnote 168:

Ibid. p. 29; 7th ed., p. 21.

Footnote 169:

2nd ed., pp. 37, 45; 7th ed., pp. 27, 32.

Footnote 170:

Though, like Coleridge (MS. note in another place), he mentions brandy.

Footnote 171:

2nd ed., pp. 43, 92; 7th ed., pp. 31, 64. Cf. I. vi., 2nd ed., p. 82 n.; 7th ed., p. 57 n.

Footnote 172:

See above, pp. 35, 36.

Footnote 173:

E. g. 2nd ed., II. ii. 199; 7th ed., p. 135.

Footnote 174:

Compare the suggestive remarks of Rogers, Six Centuries, pp. 270, 271. He thinks that a movement like Lollardism could not have succeeded in times of utter depression.

Footnote 175:

Essay, Book I. ch. v.

Footnote 176:

E. g. cannibalism and late marriages.

Footnote 177:

2nd ed., p. 46; 7th ed., p. 33. Cf. pp. 290 and 339.

Footnote 178:

In Essays, vol. i., Essay XI., Populousness of Ancient Nations, p. 444 (ed. 1768).

Footnote 179:

Cf. Plato, Repub., ii.

Footnote 180:

2nd ed., p. 57; 7th ed., p. 41.

Footnote 181:

Behm and Wagner (Bevölk. d. Erde, 1882) give it at 16,300.

Footnote 182:

2nd ed., p. 57 n.; 7th ed., p. 40 n.

Footnote 183:

Report of Admiral D’Horsey to the Admiralty, 1878.

Footnote 184:

See above, pp. 17, 18.

Footnote 185:

Behm and Wagner say ninety-three.

Footnote 186:

Essay, Book I. ch. vi.

Footnote 187:

See above, p. 83.

Footnote 188:

2nd ed., p. 68 n.; 3rd ed., p. 115 n. He afterwards altered “totally” to “often entirely,” 7th ed., p. 47 n.

Footnote 189:

Wealth of Nations, Book IV. ch. vii. Part iii. p. 286 (ed. MacC.).

Footnote 190:

2nd ed., p. 66; 7th ed., p. 46.

Footnote 191:

His own word: 2nd ed., p. 67; 7th ed., p. 47.

Footnote 192:

Gen. xiii. 1–9. Essay, 2nd ed., p. 65; 7th ed., p. 45.

Footnote 193:

See e. g. Mackenzie Wallace: Russia, vol. ii. pp. 48, 90, &c.

Footnote 194:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 72; 7th ed., pp. 50, 51.

Footnote 195:

Gibbon, ch. ix. p. 175.

Footnote 196:

Tacitus, Germ. 14.

Footnote 197:

2nd ed., pp. 74, 77; 7th ed., pp. 52, 53.

Footnote 198:

Ch. ix. 176: “indeed the impossibility of the supposition.”

Footnote 199:

Grandeur et Décadence des Romains, ch. xvi. p. 138, ed. 1876.

Footnote 200:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 76; 7th ed., p. 53.

Footnote 201:

Ibid. Bk. I. ch. vii.

Footnote 202:

2nd ed., p. 99; 7th ed., p. 68.

Footnote 203:

7th ed., p. 82.

Footnote 204:

2nd ed., p. 92; 7th ed., p. 63.

Footnote 205:

2nd ed., p. 94; 7th ed., p. 65.

Footnote 206:

Ibid. p. 104; 7th ed., p. 72.

Footnote 207:

Coleridge (MS. notes) reminds our author that Mahomet allowed oblations of sand for water.

Footnote 208:

Cf. above, p. 96, &c.

Footnote 209:

2nd ed., III. xi. 474–5; 7th ed., III. xiv. 381.

Footnote 210:

Especially Book I. ch. x., the chapter on Turkey.

Footnote 211:

Essay, Bk. I. ch. xii., ‘China and Japan.’

Footnote 212:

2nd ed., p. 162; 7th ed., p. 112.

Footnote 213:

Ibid. p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.

Footnote 214:

See Essay, Bk. I. chs. xiii., xiv.

Footnote 215:

Sparta is the chief Greek instance.

Footnote 216:

2nd ed., p. 172; 7th ed., p. 118.

Footnote 217:

2nd ed., p. 150; cf. pp. 164, 172–3. 7th ed., p. 104; cf. pp. 113, 118.

Footnote 218:

See above, p. 99.

Footnote 219:

1st ed., p. 119; 7th ed., Appendix, p. 515.

Footnote 220:

Essay, 7th ed., p. 122.

Footnote 221:

2nd ed., p. 254; 7th ed., p. 246. Cf. 2nd ed., pp. 172, 175, and 67; 7th ed., pp. 118, 120, and 47. Cf. Hume, Pop. of Anc. N., pp. 487, and especially 504.

Footnote 222:

7th ed., pp. 163, 387, 394; 2nd ed., pp. 113, 287, 292. Cf. 1st ed., pp. 118–19, 123 n.

Footnote 223:

2nd ed., p. 178; 7th ed., p. 122.

Footnote 224:

7th ed., p. 380, top.

Footnote 225:

2nd ed., p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.

Footnote 226:

2nd ed., p. 175; 7th ed., p. 120.

Footnote 227:

2nd ed., p. 180; 7th ed., p. 124. “It is therefore upon these causes alone,—independently of [2nd ed. says ‘besides’] actual enumerations,—on which we can with certainty rely.”

Footnote 228:

Dr. Wallace, Dissertation, p. 55, had given Attica in its palmy days a population of 608 to the square mile; England in the nineteenth century has only 445, and crowded Belgium 487.

Footnote 229:

Essay, 1st ed., p. 54; 7th ed., pp. 120, 122; cf. pp. 262, 434. Cf. Wealth of Nations, IV. vii. 254, 255.

Footnote 230:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 598; 7th ed., p. 476.

Footnote 231:

l. c. cf. 2nd ed., pp. 175, 178; 7th ed., pp. 120, 122.

Footnote 232:

Essay on Population, 2nd ed., p. 180; 7th ed., p. 124.

Footnote 233:

E. g. II. iii. 152, 1; IV. ix. 304, 2 (ed. MacC.).

Footnote 234:

E. g. 7th ed., pp. 307, 434, 473–4.

Footnote 235:

Taine, Angleterre, pp. 176, 232–3.

Footnote 236:

Ibid. p. 233.

Footnote 237:

Wealth of Nations, III. iv. 183, 2, &c.

Footnote 238:

Bacon, Nov. Org., I. xlv.

Footnote 239:

See below, Bk. IV.

Footnote 240:

Except the hog, adds Gibbon, Decl. and F., ch. ix. p. 171 n.

Footnote 241:

See above, p. 48.

Footnote 242:

The phrase on p. 216 of 2nd ed. (p. 148 of 7th), “in the preceding summer of 1788,” is probably a slip. We do not hear elsewhere of any visit so early. See below, Bk. V.

Footnote 243:

See above, p. 49. Cf. 2nd ed., p. 281; 7th ed., p. 173, &c.

Footnote 244:

For his other movements and other details of his life, see Bk. V. (Biography).

Footnote 245:

2nd and 7th edd., Bk. II. ch. i.

Footnote 246:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 189; 7th ed., p. 129.

Footnote 247:

The Russian figures being incredible. See later, p. 133.

Footnote 248:

2nd ed., p. 184; 7th ed., p. 126.

Footnote 249:

2nd ed., pp. 188, 189; 7th ed., pp. 128, 129. Cf. Thornton’s chapter (II.) on the “Social Effects of Peasant Proprietorships,” Peas. Prop. (ed. 1874), p. 55.

Footnote 250:

In 6th ed., 1826. See 7th ed., p. 144.

Footnote 251:

English Blue Book on Foreign Poor Laws, 1875, p. 109.

Footnote 252:

Statesman’s Year Book, 1880, p. 439.

Footnote 253:

Essay, 7th ed., p 112.

Footnote 254:

E. g. that of Essay, 7th ed., p. 130.

Footnote 255:

Essay, 7th ed., p. 139; cf. pp. 151, 152.

Footnote 256:

Ibid. p. 152.

Footnote 257:

Essay, Bk. II. ch. ii.

Footnote 258:

Ibid. Bk. II. ch. iii.

Footnote 259:

2nd ed., pp. 213–14; 7th ed., pp. 146, 147.

Footnote 260:

2nd ed., pp. 214–15; 7th ed., p. 147, foot.

Footnote 261:

Ibid. p. 218; 7th ed., p. 150. Cf. above, p. 30.

Footnote 262:

2nd ed., p. 219; 7th ed., p. 151. Compare Price, Observations, p. 280 note; and especially Hume, Pop. of Anc. N., p. 445 (ed. 1768).

Footnote 263:

Essay, ibid.

Footnote 264:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 220; 7th ed., p. 151.

Footnote 265:

Ibid. p. 221; 7th ed., p. 152.

Footnote 266:

Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 216–17; 7th ed., p. 149.

Footnote 267:

Ibid. 7th ed., Bk. II. chs. iv. to x., as rearranged in the 3rd ed.

Footnote 268:

Six Centuries of Work and Wages, pp. 118, 119.

Footnote 269:

Essay, 2nd ed., II. v. p. 245; 7th ed., II. iv. p. 159. Cf. 2nd ed., p. 320; 7th ed., p. 206.

Footnote 270:

Ibid. 2nd ed., p. 347; 7th ed., p. 260.

Footnote 271:

Ibid. 2nd ed., p. 348; 7th ed., p. 260.

Footnote 272:

See above, p. 18.

Footnote 273:

So in substance Cairnes in his rehabilitation of the Wages Fund. Leading Principles, pp. 196 seq. Cliffe Leslie passim.

Footnote 274:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 240; 7th ed., p. 155.

Footnote 275:

Ibid. p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.

Footnote 276:

“Partout où il se trouve une place où deux personnes peuvent vivre commodément, il se fait un mariage.”—Esprit des Lois, Bk. XXIII. ch. x. (not XXII., as in 7th ed.).

Footnote 277:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.

Footnote 278:

Ibid. 2nd ed., p. 221; 7th ed., p. 152.

Footnote 279:

Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 248–9; 7th ed., pp. 161–2.

Footnote 280:

Ibid.

Footnote 281:

2nd ed., p. 246; 7th ed., p. 159. The Italics are the author’s.

Footnote 282:

Ibid. p. 247; 7th ed., p. 160.

Footnote 283:

Ibid.

Footnote 284:

2nd ed., p. 205; 7th ed., p. 139.

Footnote 285:

Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 387 seq.; 7th ed., pp. 287 seq.

Footnote 286:

Ibid.

Footnote 287:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 391; 7th ed., pp. 289–90.

Footnote 288:

Ibid.

Footnote 289:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 393; 7th ed., p. 291.

Footnote 290:

2nd ed., p. 395; 7th ed., p. 292.

Footnote 291:

Ibid.

Footnote 292:

Appointed in March 1826, in the last thirteen months of Lord Liverpool’s Government. Malthus came before them on 5th May, 1827. See Third Report of Emigration Committee, pp. 9, 10, and for his evidence pp. 311 seq.

Footnote 293:

1st Report, 1826 (May); 2nd, 1827 (April). The free use of technical terms is not surprising, for political economy was then a popular study. For examples see 1st Report, pp. 46, 57; 2nd Report, pp. 63, 102; 3rd Report, pp. 261, 308.

Footnote 294:

2nd Report.

Footnote 295:

3rd Report, 1827 (June).

Footnote 296:

p. 9.

Footnote 297:

Cf. below, ch. vii. (on Ireland), especially pp. 197 and 199.

Footnote 298:

3rd Report, p. 315, qu. 3257.

Footnote 299:

The Emigration Committee recommended that the help of the state should only be given on condition of a local initiative and local contribution.

Footnote 300:

See e. g. qu. 3370.

Footnote 301:

7th ed., p. 292.

Footnote 302:

W. of N., I. viii. 36 (MacC.’s ed.). “Other” is not a slip; the writer is conscious of his cynicism.

Footnote 303:

Essay, III. iv. 293, of which the concluding paragraph was added in 1817.

Footnote 304:

Essay, 7th ed., Bk. II. ch. v.

Footnote 305:

2nd ed., pp. 275–6; 7th ed., p. 169.

Footnote 306:

Or “Leyzin,” as Malthus spells it.

Footnote 307:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 271; 7th ed., p. 166.

Footnote 308:

Average sixty-one years.

Footnote 309:

2nd ed., p. 274; 7th ed., p. 168.

Footnote 310:

2nd ed., p. 280; 7th ed., p. 173, top. The remark savours of paradox.

Footnote 311:

Ibid. p. 280, foot; 7th ed., p. 173.

Footnote 312:

Ibid. p. 281; 7th ed., p. 173.

Footnote 313:

See above, p. 127.

Footnote 314:

Compare above on “oscillations,” p. 147, and below, Bk. II. chs. ii. and iii.

Footnote 315:

Essay, 7th ed., Bk. II. chs. vi., vii.

Footnote 316:

2nd ed., p. 285; 7th ed., p. 175.

Footnote 317:

2nd ed., p. 296; cf. 7th ed., p. 182 n. “Indeed in adopting Sir F. d’Ivernois’s calculations respecting the actual loss of men during the Revolution, I never thought myself borne out by facts, but the reader will be aware that I adopted them rather for the sake of illustration than from supposing them strictly true.”

Footnote 318:

7th ed., p. 188.

Footnote 319:

7th ed., p. 176; cf. p. 175.

Footnote 320:

7th ed., pp. 177, 181 n.

Footnote 321:

Ibid., p. 178 and n.

Footnote 322:

Not above suspicion. See 7th ed., p. 176 n.

Footnote 323:

The military advantage of an increasing population is pointed out also in the article on Newenham’s ‘Ireland,’ Edin. Rev., July 1808, p. 350.

Footnote 324:

Cf. Josiah Tucker, On Trade, p. 17 (3rd ed., 1753).

Footnote 325:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 297 n; 7th ed., p. 185, which omits one clause. Cf. 2nd ed., pp. 290–1; 7th ed., pp. 179, 180.

Footnote 326:

2nd ed., p. 291; 7th ed., pp. 179, 180. Cf. the often-quoted passages about the bleak rock and the garden, written (be it remarked) before and not after the Revolution, in Arthur Young’s Travels in France (Bury St. Edmunds, 1792), pp. 36, 37, 42; cf. p. 341.

Footnote 327:

E. g. 5th, 1817; 7th ed., ch. vii.

Footnote 328:

7th ed., p. 188.

Footnote 329:

Arthur Young, Travels in France, pp. 410, 437.

Footnote 330:

Essay, 7th ed., p. 189.

Footnote 331:

Cf. Fyffe, Mod. Europe, i. 124.

Footnote 332:

Essay, 7th ed., p. 189.

Footnote 333:

A characteristic utilitarian touch. 2nd ed., p. 295, top; 7th ed., p. 183.

Footnote 334:

Ibid.

Footnote 335:

2nd ed., p. 294; 7th ed., p. 183.

Footnote 336:

Essay, 7th ed., p. 320 (III. vii.).

Footnote 337:

Levasseur, France avec ses Colonies (1875), p. 842. According to Anderson, Chron. Ded., Vol. III. p. xliii, some said twenty, others seventeen. But Mr. Kitchin cites Vauban to show that there had been a decline in population from fifteen to thirteen millions between the beginning of the war of Succession and the end of it (1702, 1713).—History of France, vol. iii. p. 342. Cf. Fox Bourne’s Life of Locke, i. p. 350; Vauban’s Dîme Royale, pp. 162–3.

Footnote 338:

Josiah Tucker, Essay on Trade (3rd ed., 1753), p. 14. There may be rhetorical exaggeration in his statements. “The subordination of the common people is an unspeakable advantage to the French in respect to trade. By this means the manufacturers [workmen] are always kept industrious. They dare not run into debauchery; to drunkenness they are not inclined. They are [practically by the law of military service] obliged to enter into the married state, whereby they raise up large families to labour, and keep down the price of it; and consequently, by working cheaper, enable the merchant to sell the cheaper.”

Footnote 339:

Wealth of Nations, IV. iii. pp. 220–1.

Footnote 340:

See above, p. 155. Levasseur makes it twenty-five; Arthur Young, who considers France over-populated by five or six millions, makes it twenty-six (Travels in France, pp. 468–9; cf. p. 474). Price had made it thirty.

Footnote 341:

Grounds of an Opinion, &c., p. 12. See below, Bk. II. ch. i.

Footnote 342:

Census as given in Annuaire de l’Économie Politique (1882), p. 899.

Footnote 343:

Political Economy (1820), pp. 433 seq. Cliffe Leslie (Mor. and Pol. Essays, 1879, p. 424) attributes the few births to the very Law of Succession of which Malthus was afraid.

Footnote 344:

In the country districts at least. On the relation of luxury to trade, &c., see below, Bk. II. ch. iii. p. 268.

Footnote 345:

E. g. by M. Levasseur in La France avec ses Colonies (1875), p. 853.

Footnote 346:

Appendix to Wealth of Nations, note iv. p. 465.

Footnote 347:

Levasseur, l. c. pp. 845, 846 ft.

Footnote 348:

Times, Jan. 1883.

Footnote 349:

English Registrar-General’s 45th Report, for 1882, pp. cii, cvii.

Footnote 350:

Levasseur, La France, l. c.

Footnote 351:

E. g. Times, l. c.

Footnote 352:

Essay, 7th ed., IV. xiii. p. 474; 2nd ed., IV. xi. p. 594.

Footnote 353:

2nd ed., II. ix.; 7th ed., II. viii, ix.

Footnote 354:

1st ed., pp. 63, 64.

Footnote 355:

1st ed., pp. 65–6; cf. 2nd ed., p. 300, and 7th ed., p. 193.

Footnote 356:

See below, Bk. II. ch. iv., &c.

Footnote 357:

The numbers given then were five millions.—Froude, Hist. of England, i. 3.

Footnote 358:

See Hansard, Parl. Hist., xiv. 1317.

Footnote 359:

Not unfelt in 1801. So Arthur Young speaks as if the agricultural interest had not unfrequently regarded the Board of Agriculture as a new instrument of taxation. (Report on Suffolk, p. 16.)

Footnote 360:

In charge of Rev. Alexander Webster.

Footnote 361:

Parl. Hist., vol. xv. p. 69, quoted by Mahon, Hist. of England, sub dato, ch. xxxi. p. 39. Cf. Trevelyan, Early Life of Fox, ch. i. p. 14.

Footnote 362:

Dr. Adam Anderson, Chronological Deduc. of Commerce, Introd., p. xliii.; first printed in 1762.

Footnote 363:

See especially Estimate (7th ed., 1758), Vol. I. Pt. II. sect. viii. pp. 186 seq.

Footnote 364:

Chron. Ded., ibid.

Footnote 365:

I. e. to the discussion described by Dr. Anderson. Cf. Malthus, Essay, 7th ed., p. 164. Muret’s pessimistic paper was printed in 1766.

Footnote 366:

In his Political Arithmetic, 1774.

Footnote 367:

Estimate of the Comparative Strength of Britain during the present and four preceding Reigns, by George Chalmers, F.R.S., S.A., 1st ed., 1782.

Footnote 368:

Natural and Political Observations, 1696. Apud Davenant and Chalmers.

Footnote 369:

Primitive Origination of Mankind.

Footnote 370:

Political Survey of Great Britain, 1774.

Footnote 371:

Cf. Chalmers, Estimate, p. 4, Pref. p. cxxxviii., and John Howlett’s Examination of Dr. Price’s Essay (Maidstone), 1781.

Footnote 372:

Cf. Macaulay, History, ch. iii. 137.

Footnote 373:

Observations, supplement, p. 366. Cf. Malthus, Essay, App. p. 519. Arthur Young, France, p. 409. The whole subject will be considered later in connection with Scotland.

Footnote 374:

See Observations on Smuggling, 1779.

Footnote 375:

But see the caveat in the Registrar-General’s 44th Report (for 1881), p. vi.: The price of wheat and the marriage rate do not always vary inversely.

Footnote 376:

In the same way the returns to the Board of Agriculture at the end of the century are full of (not quite disinterested) praises of enclosures as an encouragement of population.

Footnote 377:

Lecky, Eighteenth Cent., i. 261, 479 seq. Restrictions on the sale were successfully adopted by Pelham in 1751, at the time when the question of depopulation was coming to the front.

Footnote 378:

An unsafe presumption. See below, Bk. II. ch. ii., &c.

Footnote 379:

E. g. inoculation.

Footnote 380:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 317; 7th ed., p. 198, compared with 7th ed., p. 189, &c., above, pp. 115–16.

Footnote 381:

Essay, 7th ed., p. 198 note; first printed in 3rd ed. (1806), p. 461 n.

Footnote 382:

2nd ed., p. 302 n.; 7th ed., p. 194 n.

Footnote 383:

This is asserted in the Preliminary Report to the last English census (1881). Against the idea, see the Annual Register’s reviews of Eden’s work on the Poor (1797), and of his Estimate of English numbers (1800). The Register had numbered Burke and Godwin among its writers, and was not likely to be behind public opinion.

Footnote 384:

See the review of Arthur Young’s Question of Scarcity plainly stated, 1800, in Ann. Register, sub dato.

Footnote 385:

Chairman of the Committee on the Public Finances 1797, Speaker of the Commons 1802, Lord Colchester 1817.

Footnote 386:

2nd ed., p. 318; 7th ed., p. 204. Cf. 2nd ed., p. 317; 7th ed., pp. 192, 203, 206, 219, &c.

Footnote 387:

2nd ed., p. 311; 7th ed., pp. 201, 202, foot. Compare 44th Rept. of Reg.-Gen. (England), p. v.

Footnote 388:

As e. g. in 1800–1 compared with 1802–3; 7th ed., p. 214.

Footnote 389:

2nd ed., p. 319; 7th ed., p. 205. Cf. passages cited on last page.

Footnote 390:

Cf. Essay, 2nd ed., pp. 308–9; 7th ed., pp. 198–9.

Footnote 391:

2nd ed., pp. 312–13; 7th ed., p. 201. The 2nd ed. has a reference to “the late scarcities” wanting in the later edds. Registration, be it remembered, was then of baptisms and burials, not births and deaths.

Footnote 392:

See above, p. 176. Cf. on the other hand the concession, 2nd ed., p. 317; 7th ed., p. 203, middle.

Footnote 393:

Essay, 2nd ed., p. 319; 7th ed., pp. 205–6.

Footnote 394:

7th ed., p. 188.

Footnote 395:

Rickman himself allowed their defectiveness. See Essay, 2nd ed., p. 304; 7th ed., p. 196. Cf. above, p. 179.

Footnote 396:

2nd ed., p. 302; 7th ed., p. 194. By the Registrar-General’s Report for 1882 it was as 1 in 64½ in that year.

Footnote 397:

2nd ed., p. 303; 7th ed., p. 195.

Footnote 398:

7th ed., p. 205.

Footnote 399:

2nd ed., pp. 213–14; 7th ed., p. 202.

Footnote 400:

45th Report of Registrar-General (England), (1882), p. ci.

Footnote 401:

7th ed., p. 210.

Footnote 402:

2nd ed., p. 302; 7th ed., p. 194 n.

Footnote 403:

Numbers calculated by “natural increment,” i. e. births and deaths—26,138,248; numbers actually enumerated—25,968,286.—Preliminary Report, p. iii.

Footnote 404:

’31–’41, incr. 14.52; ’71–’81, incr. 14.34.

Footnote 405:

Or three and a quarter millions of people to England and Wales alone.

Footnote 406:

7th ed., II. ix. p. 215 (written first in 5th ed., 1817).

Footnote 407:

Essay, 7th ed., p. 258; cf. Prel. Rept. Census, 1881, p. ix.

Footnote 408:

The account of Scotland in the Essay, Bk. II. ch. x., is taken from the Statistical Account of Sir John Sinclair, 1791–99. Sinclair was acting, on the south side of the Tweed, as President of the Board of Agriculture. See below, Bk. II. ch. i. p. 218.

Footnote 409:

There was very little in Scotland. It is only once mentioned by Adam Smith. MacCulloch says “never,” but he had overlooked Wealth of Nations, IV. vii. 251–2.

Footnote 410:

The last of late introduction. See Reports to Board of Agriculture: Central Highlands (1794), p. 21.

Footnote 411:

2nd ed., p. 384; 7th ed., p. 229.

Footnote 412:

Not feudal but pre-feudal, or allodial. See Wealth of Nations, III. iv. 183, 1.

Footnote 413:

Wealth of Nations, ibid.

Footnote 414:

Selkirk, Highlands, 1805, p. 25.

Footnote 415:

See the Legend of Montrose, &c.

Footnote 416:

Adam Smith, l. c.; cf. I. viii 36, 1 (the often-quoted description of “half-starved highland women” with their twenty children in contrast to the “pampered fine lady” with few or none.)

Footnote 417:

Reports to Board of Agriculture: Central Highlands, 1794, p. 52.

Footnote 418:

Wealth of Nations, III. iv. 184, 1 (written 1774), a passage which shows that the clearances and the consequent cry of Depopulation are to be looked for as early as the middle of the century. We are sometimes told that from the ’45 to the end of the century was the golden age of highland farmers. But the willingness of the clansmen to enter Chatham’s highland regiments would hardly imply great contentment.

Footnote 419:

Cf. Essay on Pop., pp. 332 (2nd ed.), 227 (7th ed.), and Selkirk, l. c., pp. 43 seq. Contra, see Report of Crofters Commission, 1884, p. 51.

Footnote 420:

Made under the Marquis of Stafford between 1807 and 1820, in which year the popular odium was at its height, and the landlord made his defence in a well-known pamphlet by his factor, James Loch.

Footnote 421:

Cf. Malthus, Essay, 7th ed., p. 229, top; cf. pp. 221 ft., 223 ft.; 2nd ed., pp. 326–7.

Footnote 422:

See Malthus, Essay, 7th ed., p. 227. Cf. Farr in Statist. Journ., 16th Feb. 1846.

Footnote 423:

Drawn chiefly from the Statistical Account of Scotland, 1791–99.

Footnote 424:

Lavergne, Econ. Rur. de l’Angleterre, ch. xx. p. 310.

Footnote 425:

The 6th simply adds the numbers of the people from the census of 1821, with hardly any comment.

Footnote 426:

2nd ed. says “barbarism.”

Footnote 427:

2nd ed., “depressed.”

Footnote 428:

2nd ed. adds, “by the filth of their persons.”

Footnote 429:

2nd ed., pp. 334–5; 7th ed., p. 229. He refers to the rebellion of 1795–98, that was prelude to the Union of 1800, and was fresh in his memory.

Footnote 430:

Edin. Review, July 1808, the only review in that journal assigned to him by express testimony.

Footnote 431:

3rd Report of Emigration Committee (1827), Evid., qu. 3225.

Footnote 432:

In the article on Newenham he incidentally utters the paradox that in view of the low standard of food the people’s indolence is almost an advantage, for it prevents wages falling quite down to that level.—Art. p. 341. Cf. Essay, IV. xi. 456–7. For his view of potatoes in Ireland, ibid., 453.

Footnote 433:

Cf. Review of Newenham, p. 352.

Footnote 434:

Cf. Rogers, Six Centuries of Work and Wages (1884), p. 484.

Footnote 435:

In a sense already frequently noticed. So in answer 3401, where he seems to accept the phrase “moral degradation” as applied to Ireland.

Footnote 436:

Cf. above, pp. 95 and 195 n. Professor Rogers must have forgotten such passages as these when he wrote the 62nd and 63rd pages of his Six Centuries of Work and Wages (1884), though he furnishes his own correction on a following page (484).

Footnote 437:

Wealth of Nations, V. iii. 430, 1, 2.

Footnote 438:

Sir Wm. Petty made it 1,100,000 in 1672. See MacCulloch, Append. to Wealth of Nations, (IV.) 462.

Footnote 439:

See Sir H. Parnell’s evidence in 3rd Report to Emigration Committee, 1827, p. 200. He thinks that between 1792 and 1821 the population of Ireland had doubled itself.

Footnote 440:

Malthus, Evidence before Emigration Committee, 1827; 3rd Report, qu. 3430, p. 327.

Footnote 441:

Querist (1735) 134: “Whether if there was a wall of brass a thousand cubits high round this kingdom, our natives might not nevertheless live cleanly and comfortably, till the land, and reap the fruits of it?” The “caged rats” of the Corn Law pamphlets give us the other side of the question.

Footnote 442:

“Of such consequence in the encouragement of any industry is a steady unvarying policy.”——Arthur Young, France, p. 388.

Footnote 443:

See above, p. 151, &c.

Footnote 444:

See above, pp. 191–2.

Footnote 445:

l. c. p. 399. Cf. Lecky, Eighteenth Cent., vol. ii. pp. 222 seq.; Review of Newenham, pp. 349, 350.

Footnote 446:

See above, p. 18.

Footnote 447:

7th ed., p. 378 ft. Cf. Polit. Econ., 1st ed., pp. 252, 290, and 394 seq.

Footnote 448:

Essay, III. viii. 323 (first in 5th ed.). See later, p. 268, &c.

Footnote 449:

Essay, 7th ed., pp. 452–3; 2nd ed., pp. 575–6.

Footnote 450:

Ibid., p. 323 ft. (7th); MacCulloch, Appendix to W. of N., p. 467, 2.

Footnote 451:

Essay on Pop., 2nd ed., p. 576; 7th ed., p. 453 ft.

Footnote 452:

Lavergne, pp. 423–4.

Footnote 453:

Even in 1875 the Registrar-General’s Report showed that there were then fewer marriages in Ireland than in England, in proportion to the population, and that they came later. Cf. the 18th Report, for Ireland (1882), pp. 18, 19.

Footnote 454:

Review of Newenham, pp. 351–4.

Footnote 455:

See above, Bk. I. ch. i.

Footnote 456:

2nd ed., Bk. III. chs. i. to iii.; 7th ed., Bk. III. chs. i. and ii.

Footnote 457:

7th ed., ch. iii. (on Owen, &c.), which replaces a reply (2nd and 3rd edd.) to Godwin’s first reply.

Footnote 458:

All except those on pauperism. When pauperism is reached, the thread of the essay is again taken up.

Footnote 459:

Pol. Econ., 1820, Introd. p. 11. Cf. Tract on Value, p. 60 ft., and above, p. 37.

Footnote 460:

High Price of Bullion, 1809. See below, p. 285.

Footnote 461:

Malthus, Pol. Econ., Introd. pp. 2, 5, 22, &c.; Essay on Pop., Pref. &c.; Ricardo, Principles of Pol. Econ. and Taxn. (1817), Pref.

Footnote 462:

Life of Ricardo in preface to Works, p. xxxi.

Footnote 463:

J. S. Mill, Political Economy, 1848 and 1849. It was not a complete breach. The new faith and the old perplex each other and the reader, in the pages of Mill.

Footnote 464:

Pol. Econ., Introd. Cf. the Discussions on the Measure of Value, Pol. Econ., ch. ii., and pamphlet on the subject. So Roscher, Nationalökonomie, § 1 and n.

Footnote 465:

Arist., Ethics, i. (3).

Footnote 466:

“Definitions in Political Economy, preceded by an inquiry into the rules which ought to guide political economists in the definition and use of their terms, with remarks on the deviations from these rules in their writings” (1827), p. 5.

Footnote 467:

Pol. Econ., Introd. p. 11.

Footnote 468:

Definitions, p. 4.

Footnote 469:

Ibid., p. 5.

Footnote 470:

Definitions, pp. 6, 7.

Footnote 471:

Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 28. “And have an exchangeable value,” was the Ricardian addition; and in the Quarterly Rev., Jan. 1824, p. 298, Malthus weakly allows the addition to pass.

Footnote 472:

Pol. Econ., Introd. p. 11.

Footnote 473:

MacCulloch, Life of Ricardo, prefixed to Princ. of Econ. and Taxation (ed. 1876), p. xxv.

Footnote 474:

Letter quoted by Empson in Edin. Review, Jan. 1837.

Footnote 475:

Pol. Econ., Pref. pp. 12, 13 (2nd ed.). Cf. above, p. 57.

Footnote 476:

Arist., Ethics, x. 1. Some thought pleasure was the goal, but, for the sake of others, “one must not say so.”

Footnote 477:

See below, ch. iv.

Footnote 478:

Porter’s Progress of the Nation, p. 148 (ed. 1851). Cf. MacCulloch, Wealth of Nations, Notes, p. 525.

Footnote 479:

Dissolved in 1817.

Footnote 480:

Between 1767 and his death in 1820, he wrote no less than a hundred volumes on agriculture. His bet is given in Sir J. Sinclair’s Life by Archdeacon Sinclair, i. 253.

Footnote 481:

At the end of 1801.

Footnote 482:

Communications to Board of Agriculture, iv. 232–5 (1805). Cf. Ann. Reg., 1801, p. 131.

Footnote 483:

E. g. that the members should always use mixed instead of pure wheaten flour.

Footnote 484:

Ann. Reg., 1801, p. 129.

Footnote 485:

As was done, e. g., by Chief Justice Kenyon, King’s Bench, Rex v. John Rusby, Nov. 1799.

Footnote 486:

See J. S. Girdler, Forestalling, &c. (1800), S. J. Pratt’s poem on Bread for the Poor (1800).

Footnote 487:

Girdler, l. c. pp. 46,48, &c.

Footnote 488:

Philps, Progress of Great Britain, p. 132.

Footnote 489:

Cf. the figures given in Malthus’ Tract on Value, pp. 69–79, and in Professor Rogers’ Six Centuries of Work and Wages, pp. 487 seq.,—both of them taken chiefly from Eden on the Poor.

Footnote 490:

Wealth of Nations, I. viii. 44, 1.

Footnote 491:

On the whole subject see Craik, Hist. of Commerce, ii. 142–5.

Footnote 492:

Macpherson, ditto, iii. 148 (year 1728), 307 (year 1757).

Footnote 493:

Ibid., iii. 329, 331; MacC., Comm. Dict. (ed. 1871), p. 430.

Footnote 494:

Cf. Essay on Population, p. 352 (7th ed.). Cf. above, p. 25.

Footnote 495:

Macpherson, iii. 438, 452.

Footnote 496:

Cf. Malthus, Essay on Pop., p. 453 (2nd ed.); Grounds of on Opinion, &c., p. 43.

Footnote 497:

E. g. National Industry of Scotland, vol. ii. pp. 208–9 (1779). MacCulloch has quoted other passages (Wealth of Nations, xlviii. n., and Note on Rent, p. 453, 1, and n.). Sir Edward West agrees with Malthus in his qualified approval of the Corn Laws. See Price of Corn, &c., p. 139.

Footnote 498:

A reprint of the 3rd (?)

Footnote 499:

If we include the Crisis, it would be the fifth time.

Footnote 500:

It was popular enough to reach a 3rd edition in 1815.

Footnote 501:

See Grounds of an Opinion, &c., p. 2.

Footnote 502:

Observations, pp. 20–1.

Footnote 503:

Ibid., p. 17.

Footnote 504:

The English price in Nov. 1884.

Footnote 505:

Observations, pp. 19, 22, 23, 27.

Footnote 506:

Ibid., p. 28. If the Ricardian hypothesis is not true of individuals, it is still less true of Governments, as Cobden experienced.

Footnote 507:

Ibid., pp. 30, 31.

Footnote 508:

Ibid., p. 32: “Many of the questions both in morals and politics seem to be of the nature of the problems de maximis et minimis in fluxions; in which there is always a point where a certain effect is the greatest, while on either side of this point it gradually diminishes.”

Footnote 509:

Cf. even Observations, pp. 5, 12, 13.

Footnote 510:

See below, chs. ii. and iii.

Footnote 511:

The expression of Grenville in a letter to Pitt, 1800. See Stanhope, Life of Pitt, ii. 371.

Footnote 512:

Unless perhaps Mr. Bagehot’s. Col. Thompson understood the theory of population only in its cruder form. In answer 337 of the Catechism (1839) he meets the objection that free trade would only increase population by saying: “No man has a right to prevent us running a constant race with hunger if we can.”

Footnote 513:

Grounds, &c., p. 46 n.

Footnote 514:

Ibid., pp. 3, 11, 12,

Footnote 515:

Ibid., pp. 30, 33.

Footnote 516:

Ricardo, Works, p. 33[8?]5 (MacC.’s ed.). For remarks on this part of Malthus’ tract see ibid., p. 382.

Footnote 517:

Grounds, &c., p. 36 n. Cf. Ricardo, p. 390.

Footnote 518:

See above, p. 211.

Footnote 519:

Pol. Econ., ch. iii. sect. i. p. 134 (1820).

Footnote 520:

Wealth of Nations, I. xi., beginning.

Footnote 521:

He does not always prefix this qualification; but that he intended it appears clearly from the Tract on Rent, p. 3 n.: Not every land that yields food will yield rent. Cf. Pol Econ. (1820), p. 141.

Footnote 522:

Compare Tract on Rent, p. 16 n.

Footnote 523:

The title of the tract is, An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent, and the Principles by which it is regulated. It appears from a letter of Malthus to Sir John Sinclair on 31st Jan., 1815, that it was passing through the press in that month. Sinclair, Correspondence, i. 391 (1831).

Footnote 524:

As, he might have added, in education.

Footnote 525:

Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 142, but especially p. 187. Cf. Tract on Rent, pp. 8–12.

Footnote 526:

Rent, p. 10.

Footnote 527:

Cf. also below, p. 294.

Footnote 528:

Wealth of Nations, IV. ii. 307, 2; cf. IV. v. 240, 2.

Footnote 529:

Essay on the Application of Capital to Land, with observations showing the impolicy of any great restriction of the importation of corn, and that the bounty of 1688 did not lower the price of it. By a fellow of University College, Oxford. (London, 1815.) Page 2.

Footnote 530:

W. of N., II. iii. 148, 1.

Footnote 531:

Essay, 1st ed., p. 363.

Footnote 532:

Tract on Rent, p. 16; Essay on Pop. (7th ed.), p. 327. Cf. above.

Footnote 533:

Rent, p. 20; cf. pp. 18, 57. Essay on Pop., 2nd ed., p. 433; 7th ed., p. 327. “If we look only to the clear monied rent,” &c.

Footnote 534:

Ricardo, Preface to Principles of Pol. Econ. and Taxation.

Footnote 535:

Reprinted by MacCulloch in his edition of Pol. Econ. and Taxation, pp. 367–390.

Footnote 536:

MacCulloch ed. of Pol. Econ. and Taxation, p. 374 n.

Footnote 537:

Ibid., p. 371.

Footnote 538:

So Prof. Rogers ascribes the high rents of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries very largely to the low wages; higher ones would have “reduced rent first, and profits afterwards.”—Six Centuries, p. 482; cf. pp. 480 and 492.

Footnote 539:

Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 161 (ch. iii. sect. iii.).

Footnote 540:

Pol. Econ. and Taxation, pp. 373, 375, 379–80; cf. pp. 71 and 72, but especially 68 ft. Malthus on the whole follows Adam Smith, I. ix.; Mill has followed Ricardo.

Footnote 541:

So far as the account is meant to be historical, it must be corrected by Carey. See above, p. 65.

Footnote 542:

Ricardo, l. c. p. 372 and n. Cf. below. He appeals to Adam Smith’s principle of compensation (Wealth of Nations, I. x.).

Footnote 543:

Rogers (Six Centuries, p. 352) goes so far the other way as to make improvements the only cause of an increase of rent, though the passage should be read with p. 480, and especially pp. 482 and 492.

Footnote 544:

E. g. Mrs. Fawcett, Pol. Econ. for Beginners, pp. 65, 66; and even West, on Rent, p. 50.

Footnote 545:

3rd Report, 1827, p. 321, qu. 3341. Cf. Perr. Thompson, True Theory of Rent, pp. 8, 12, 34, &c. (1832, 9th ed.).

Footnote 546:

Tract on Value, p. 6.

Footnote 547:

Ricardo, Low Price of Corn, &c., Works, pp. 373, 380, 381, &c.

Footnote 548:

Ibid., pp. 377, 379.

Footnote 549:

Ricardo, Works, l. c. p. 378.

Footnote 550:

Pol. Econ. and Tax., ibid. pp. 50 seq., esp. pp. 54, 55.

Footnote 551:

l. c. p. 55 ft.

Footnote 552:

Low Price, &c., ibid., p. 379.

Footnote 553:

Pol. Econ. and Tax., ch. v.; cf. Malthus, Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 230.

Footnote 554:

But cf. Works, p. 377 n.

Footnote 555:

Pol. Econ., IV. iii § 4. Cf. Walker, Land and its Rent, pp. 177–81, though it has been pointed out that on p. 178 that writer omits Mill’s qualifying phrase, (improvements) “suddenly made.”

Footnote 556:

See Sir James Caird’s table appended to Landed Interest (1878). Cf. Cairne’s Essays in Pol. Ec., vi. p. 216.

Footnote 557:

Bk. III. ch. vii p. 429.

Footnote 558:

Essay, 2nd ed., Bk. III. ch. viii. p. 437.

Footnote 559:

Ibid., l. c. ch. ix. pp. 443 seq.

Footnote 560:

Essay, Bk. III. ch. ix. p. 450.

Footnote 561:

Ibid., ch. x. p. 465.

Footnote 562:

Ibid., Bk. V. ch. x. p. 468 n.

Footnote 563:

Pol. Econ. (1820), pp. 227 seq., (1836) pp. 240 seq.

Footnote 564:

Six Centuries of Work and Wages, ch. xii., esp. p. 345.

Footnote 565:

The facts of Malthus’ “review” may be roughly given in the following diagram, where the bar indicates the wheat earned per day by the agricultural labourer. The amount for 1350 assumes that the Statute of Labourers was successful.

One peck. Two pecks. 1340 (before Plague) :-------------- : : 1350 (after Plague) :----------------- : : 1400 :-------------------: : 1500 :-------------------:-------------------: 1603 :----------------- : : 1650 :----------- : : 1699 :-------------------: : 1730 :-------------------: : 1766 :------------------ : : 1811 :------------------ : : 1822 (?) :-------------------: :

Add 1884, taking wages ------------------------------------ at 14s. a week and wheat at 36s. a quarter, or 1s. 1½d. a peck.

Footnote 566:

7th ed., pp. 321 seq. (Bk. III. ch. viii.), first in 1817.

Footnote 567:

Cf. above, p. 225 n. In Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 432, he says, “All the great results in Pol. Econ. respecting wealth depend upon proportions.” 2nd ed. added (p. 376), “not only there, but throughout the whole range of nature and art.” So he thinks a peck of wheat a good “middle point” of wages. Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 284, (1836) p. 254.

Footnote 568:

Essay, 7th ed., Bk. III. ch. ix. pp. 328 seq. Cf. pp. 334, 338.

Footnote 569:

Ibid., p. 332.

Footnote 570:

Ibid., Bk. III. ch. x. pp. 334 seq.

Footnote 571:

See above, p. 201 n. Cf. Essay on Pop., 7th ed., p. 337.

Footnote 572:

Essay, l. c. p. 338.

Footnote 573:

l. c. Bk. III. ch. x. pp. 338–9.

Footnote 574:

Fortnightly Review, Nov. 1881, his last writing. Cf. Essay, l. c. pp. 340–342.

Footnote 575:

In two long chapters on Corn Laws and Bounties, Essay on Pop., Bk. III. ch. xi. pp. 343–367. Cf. above, pp. 226 seq.

Footnote 576:

See below, Bk. IV.

Footnote 577:

The Measure of Value stated and illustrated, with an application of it to the alteration in the value of the English currency since 1790. (April) 1823.

Footnote 578:

So Tract on Value, p. 1. But in Definitions value is “the relation of one object to some other or others, in exchange, resulting from the estimation in which a thing is held” (def. 40, 41; cf. with def. 5).

Footnote 579:

Adam Smith, Wealth of Nations, I. v.

Footnote 580:

Measure of Value, p. 23. Cf. Pol. Econ. (1820), pp. 126 seq.; (1836), pp. 84, 93 seq.

Footnote 581:

Measure of Value, p. 20 n. On pp. 23–4 he adds, “taking the average of summer and winter wages.”

Footnote 582:

See below, p. 268. Pol. Econ. (1820), p. 125; (1836) p. 102, &c.; Tract on Value, passim.

Footnote 583:

Work and Wages, ch. iii. p. 75. Malthus, Pol. Econ., 2nd ed., pp. 108 seq.

Footnote 584:

Cf. Marx, Kapital, pp. 19, 21, &c.

Footnote 585:

MacC.’s ed., pp. 45 seq. Cf. Tract on Value, p. 20 n., above quoted.

Footnote 586:

Cf. Ricardo, Pol. Econ., Works (ed. MacC.), p. 15.

Footnote 587:

Meas. of Value, pp. 8–12.

Footnote 588:

Meas. of Value, pp. 22, 65. Cf. Cairnes, Australian Episode, in Essays in Pol. Econ. (pp. 92 seq.; cf. pp. 37, 61), (1873),—first published in Fraser’s Mag., Sept. 1859.

Footnote 589:

Meas. of Value, p. 23.

Footnote 590:

Ibid., pp. 27–29.

Footnote 591:

Meas. of Value, p. 29 n.

Footnote 592:

He might have said simply that the one is intrinsic, the other extrinsic, in relation to the agricultural products themselves.

Footnote 593:

Meas. of Value, p. 63.

Footnote 594:

Meas. of Value, pp. 67 seq. Cf. below, pp. 283 seq.

Footnote 595:

Who allows cost to play a greater part in value. Cf. below, pp. 278–9. But Ricardo, Pol. Econ., sect vi. p. 28, disclaims belief in any universal measure of value.

Footnote 596:

Malthus, quoted by Empson, Edin. Rev., Jan. 1837, p. 499.

Footnote 597:

He was F.R.S. 1819, and a member of Pol. Econ. Club at its foundation in 1821.

Footnote 598:

4th May, 1825; 7th Nov., 1827. Transactions of it R. S. L., vol. i.