London (ancient and Modern) From the Sanitary and Medical Point of View

CHAPTER I.. London From the Sanitary Point of View.

LONDON FROM THE SANITARY POINT OF VIEW.

PAGE SITUATION 7

WATER SUPPLY 10

MEDIÆVAL LONDON 16

GARDENS AND PLEASURE GROUNDS 18

HEALTH OF OLD LONDON 24

THE LONDON “DEATH RATE” 31

IMPROVED CONDITION OF MODERN LONDON 34

WHAT IS THE OUTLOOK? 36

ANNUAL DEATH-RATE PER 100,000 LIVING OF CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OF AGE FROM WHOOPING-COUGH AND MEASLES DURING THE 10 YEARS 1871-80 41

THE LOOSE END OF OUR SANITATION 44

CHAPTER II.. London From the Medical Point of View.

LONDON FROM THE MEDICAL POINT OF VIEW.

CHAUCER’S DOCTOR 50

EARLIEST LONDON PRACTITIONERS 53

THE SEVERANCE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY 56

THE EARLIEST MEDICAL ACT 59

THE COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS 60

THE PLAGUE 72

SECRET REMEDIES 86

THE CRUSADE AGAINST QUACKERY 89

MEDICINE IN THE DAYS OF PEPYS 92

THE BARBER-SURGEONS 95

THE FIRST ANATOMY LECTURES 97

THE APOTHECARIES 101

THE ROYAL SOCIETY 101

GRESHAM COLLEGE 103

THE EARLIEST HOSPITALS 106

THE ROYAL HOSPITALS 110

EARLY HOSPITAL PRACTICE 112

THE PHARMACOPŒIAS 117

THE RISE OF THE MEDICAL SCHOOLS 119

HOSPITALS BUILT BY PUBLIC BENEVOLENCE 120

MODERN MEDICAL SCHOOLS AND EXAMINATIONS 123

LONDON AS A PLACE OF STUDY 127

LONDON

(Ancient and Modern)

From the Sanitary and Medical Point of View.

CHAPTER I.. London From the Sanitary Point of View.

LONDON FROM THE SANITARY POINT OF VIEW.

In considering the sanitary conditions of a great city like London, it behoves us to remember that it has been a place of importance since the days of the Roman occupation of this country--that is, for some 1,500 years.

A place that has been peopled for centuries is very apt, in the absence of special precautions, to become unwholesome by reason of the vast accumulation of refuse. Roman London is many yards beneath the surface of the present City. It has been deeply buried, and by what? By refuse and debris from every source; and this in itself is necessarily a danger to health, and doubtless has in times past greatly tended to produce many of those diseases for which mediæval (and even modern) London was noted.

SITUATION.

The situation of ancient London was most convenient for commerce, and fairly good from a sanitary point of view. The advantages of its situation have been dwelt upon by many writers, and were well summed up by Edward Chamberlayne, who thus speaks of it in his “Present State of England” (1682), a work which was analogous in many respects to the “Whitaker’s Almanack” of the present day.

Chamberlayne says:--“In the most excellent situation of London the profound wisdom of our ancestors is very conspicuous and admirable. It is seated in a pleasant evergreen valley, upon a gentle rising bank in an excellent air, in a wholesome soil mixed with gravel and sand upon the famous navigable river Thames, at a place where it is cast into a crescent, that so each part of the City might enjoy the benefit of the river, and yet not be far distant one from the other; about sixty miles from the sea; not so near, that it might be in danger of surprise by the fleets of foreign enemies, or be annoyed by the boisterous wind and unwholesome vapours of the sea; yet not so far but that by the help of the tide every twelve hours, ships of great burden may be brought into her heaving bosom; nor yet so far but that it may enjoy the milder, warmer vapours of the eastern, southern, and western seas; yet so far up in the country as it might also easily partake even of all the country commodities; in an excellent air upon the north side of the river (for the villages seated on the south side are noted to be unhealthy in regard of the vapours drawn upon them by the sun), but roughed by gentle hills from the north and south winds.

“The highways leading from all parts to this noble city are large, smooth, straight and fair; no mountains nor rocks, no marshes nor lakes to hinder carriages and passengers.” * * *

Chamberlayne, in speaking of the Thames, is, as well he may be, loud in its praise:

“The river whereon is seated this great city, for its breadth, depth, gentle, straight, even course, extraordinary wholesome water, and tides, is more commodious for navigation than any other river in the world. * * * This river opening eastward towards Germany and France, is much more advantageous for traffic than any other river of England. To say nothing of the variety of excellent fish within this river--above all of the incomparable salmon--the fruitful, fat soil, the pleasant rich meadows and innumerable stately palaces on both sides thereof; in a word, the Thames seems to be the very radical moisture of this city, and in some sense, the natural heat too; for almost all the fuel for firing is brought up this river from Newcastle, Scotland, Kent, Essex, etc., or else down the river from Surrey, Middlesex, etc.”

After dwelling on the shipping and commerce of the Thames, he concludes his article on London by stating “that London is a huge magazine of men, money, ships, horses and ammunition, of all sorts of commodities necessary or expedient for the use or pleasure of mankind. That London is the mighty rendezvous of nobility, gentry, courtiers, divines, lawyers, physicians, merchants, seamen, and all kinds of excellent artificers, of the most refined wits, and most excellent beauties; for it is observed that in most families of England, if there be any son or daughter that excels the rest in beauty or wit, or perhaps courage or industry, or any other rare quality, London is their north star, and they are never at rest till they point directly thither.”

A writer of a much earlier date, William Fitz-Stephen, who in 1180 prefixed an account of London to his biography of Thomas-à-Becket, has also some remarks about the situation of London, from which I will make a quotation.

“On the north are cornfields, pastures, and delightful meadows, intermixed with pleasant streams, on which stands many a mill, whose clack is so grateful to the ear. Beyond them an immense forest extends itself, beautified with woods and groves, and full of the lairs and coverts of beasts and game, stags, bucks, boars, and wild bulls.”

“The fields above-mentioned are by no means hungry gravel or barren sands, but may vie with the fertile plains of Asia, as capable of producing the most luxuriant crops and filling the barns of the hinds and farmers.

“Round the city and towards the north arise certain excellent springs at a small distance, whose waters are sweet, salubrious, clear,” and

“Whose runnels murmur o’er the shining stones.”

WATER SUPPLY.

This final remark of Fitz-Stephen’s leads me to make a few observations about the water supply of ancient London, which originally was abundant and excellent.

It is probable that in pre-historic times the rising ground upon which the “City” is built was an island, the Thames in those days being much wider and shallower than at present. Even a writer so late as Fitz-Stephen mentions the fact that Moorfields was used for skating, and the derivation of the name “London” which finds most favour with philologists is from the Celtic Llyn-din, which means the Lake fortress.

Many watercourses ran from the north into the Thames, the names of which are still attached to districts or streets in the Metropolitan area. Thus, beginning at the East, one has to mention Langbourn, a watercourse flowing through what is now Langbourne Ward in the City, taking its course from Aldgate along Fenchurch Street, and probably flowing into the Wall Brook, a stream which divided the city into nearly equal halves, and flowed from Moorgate to Dowgate, through the Bank of England and the Poultry, and the name of which still remains in a ward and a street. The river Fleet rose by Highgate Ponds, and meandered through St. Pancras to King’s Cross, where is “Battle Bridge;” thence its course skirted the western side of Clerkenwell, and, flowing at the foot of Saffron Hill, Snow Hill, Holborn Hill, and Ludgate Hill, reached the Thames at Blackfriars.

Farther west was Tybourne, which rose at Hampstead and flowed through what is now the ornamental water in the Regent’s Park. Then becoming locally known as the Marybourne, its name was associated with the village of Marylebone; it then took the circuitous course of what is now Marylebone Lane, crossed Oxford Street opposite the end of Davies Street, crossed Brook Street, which was named from this fact, then flowed at the back of Bond Street to Bruton Street. In Bruton Street is a curious circuitous mews, which marks its course, running to the south-east corner of Berkeley Square, whence the Tybourne struck west, dividing Devonshire House from Lansdowne House, where now there is a sunken passage between the garden walls. Thence it reached Piccadilly at its lowest point, and flowed through the Green Park to Buckingham Palace. Here it divided, and reached the Thames near Vauxhall Bridge to the west, and near Westminster Bridge to the east, a smaller delta formed by the eastward branch forming Thorney Island, associated with the palace of Edward the Confessor and the monks of St. Peter’s Abbey.

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