Section 2. the Congress Shall Have Power to Enforce This Article by

appropriate legislation.

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union between the States of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.

ARTICLE 1.--The style of this Confederacy shall be, "The United States of America."

ART. II.--Each State retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States in Congress assembled.

ART. III.--The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other against all force offered to, or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever.

ART. IV.--The better to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this Union, the free inhabitants of each of these States, paupers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice excepted, shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of free citizens in the several States; and the people of each State shall have free ingress and egress to and from any other State, and shall enjoy therein all the privileges of trade and commerce subject to the same duties, impositions, and restrictions as the inhabitants thereof respectively; provided that such restrictions shall not extend so far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any State to any other State of which the Owner is an inhabitant; provided also, that no imposition, duties, or restriction shall be laid by any State on the property of the United States or either of them. If any person guilty of, or charged with, treason, felony, or other high misdemeanor in any State shall flee from justice and be found in any of the United States, he shall, upon demand of the governor or executive power of the States from which he fled, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of his offense. Full faith and credit shall be given in each of these States to the records, acts, and judicial proceedings of the courts and magistrates of every other State.

ART. V.--For the more convenient management of the general interests of the United States, delegates shall be annually appointed in such manner as the Legislature of each State shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first Monday in November in every year with a power reserved to each State to recall its delegates, or any of them, at any time within the year, and to send others in their stead for the remainder of the year. No State shall be represented in Congress by less than two, nor by more than seven members; and no person shall be capable of being a delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor shall any person, being a delegate, be capable of holding any office under the United States for which he, or another for his benefit, receives any salary, fees, or emolument of any kind. Each State shall maintain its own delegates in any meeting of the States and while they act as members of the Committee of the States. In determining questions in the United States in Congress assembled, each State shall have one vote. Freedom of speech and debate in Congress shall not be impeached or questioned in any court or place out of Congress; and the members of Congress shall be protected in their persons from arrest and imprisonment during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on, Congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.

ART. VI.--No State, without the consent of the United States, in Congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any embassy from, or enter into any conference, agreement, alliance, or treaty with any king, prince, or state; nor shall any person holding any office of profit or trust under the United States, or any of them, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any kind whatever from any king, prince, or foreign state; nor shall the United States, in Congress assembled, or any of them, grant any title of nobility.

No two or more States shall enter into any treaty, confederation, or alliance whatever between them, without the consent of the United States, in Congress assembled, specifying accurately the purposes for which the same is to be entered into, and how long it shall continue.

No State shall lay any imposts or duties which may interfere with any stipulations in treaties entered into by the United States, in Congress assembled, with any king, prince, or state, in pursuance of any treaties already proposed by Congress to the courts of France and Spain.

No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of peace by any State, except such number only as shall be deemed necessary by the United States, in Congress assembled, for the defense of such State or its trade, nor shall any body of forces be kept up by any State in time of peace, except such number only as, in the judgment of the United States, in Congress assembled, shall be deemed requisite to garrison the forts necessary for the defense of such State; but every State shall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, sufficiently armed and accoutered, and shall provide and constantly have ready for use in public stores a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.

No State shall engage in any war without the consent of the United States, in Congress assembled, unless such State be actually invaded by enemies, or shall have received certain advice of a resolution being formed by some nation of Indians to invade such State, and the danger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay till the United States, in Congress assembled, can be consulted; nor shall any State grant commissions to any ships or vessels of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except it be after a declaration of war by the United States, in Congress assembled, and then only against the kingdom or state, and the subjects thereof, against which war has been so declared, and under such regulations as shall be established by the United States, in Congress assembled, unless such State be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept so long as the danger shall continue, or until the United States, in Congress assembled, shall determine otherwise.

ART. VII.--When land forces are raised by any State for the common defense, all officers of or under the rank of Colonel shall be appointed by the Legislature of each State respectively by whom such forces shall be raised, or in such manner as such State shall direct, and all vacancies shall be filled up by the State which first made the appointment.

ART. VIII.--All charges of war, and all other expenses that shall be incurred for the common defense, or general welfare, and allowed by the United States, in Congress assembled, shall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall be supplied by the several States in proportion to the value of all land within each State, granted to, or surveyed for, any person, as such land and the buildings and improvements thereon shall be estimated, according to such mode as the United States, in Congress assembled, shall, from time to time, direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion shall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the Legislatures of the several States, within the time agreed upon by the United States, in Congress assembled.

ART. IX.--The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have the sole and exclusive right and power of determining on peace and war, except in the cases mentioned in the sixth Article; of sending and receiving ambassadors; entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce shall be made, whereby the legislative power of the respective States shall be restrained from imposing such imposts and duties on foreigners as their own people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any species of goods or commodities whatever; of establishing rules for deciding, in all cases, what captures on land and water shall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United States shall be divided or appropriated; of granting letters of marque and reprisal in times of peace; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high seas; and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures; provided that no member of Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of the said courts.

The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also be the last resort on appeal in all disputes and differences now subsisting, or that hereafter may arise between two or more States concerning boundary, jurisdiction, or any other cause whatever; which authority shall always be exercised in the manner following: Whenever the legislative or executive authority, or lawful agent of any State in controversy with another, shall present a petition to Congress, stating the matter in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof shall be given by order of Congress to the legislative or executive authority of the other State in controversy, and a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who shall then be directed to appoint, by joint consent, commissioners or judges to constitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in question; but if they cannot agree, Congress shall name three persons out of each of the United States, and from the list of such persons each party shall alternately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number shall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than seven nor more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, shall, in the presence of Congress, be drawn out by lot; and the persons whose names shall be so drawn, or any five of them, shall be commissioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controversy, so always as a major part of the judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in the determination; and if either party shall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without showing reasons which Congress shall judge sufficient, or being present, shall refuse to strike, the Congress shall proceed to nominate three persons out of each State, and the secretary of Congress shall strike in behalf of such party absent or refusing; and the judgment and sentence of the Court, to be appointed in the manner before prescribed, shall be final and conclusive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to submit to the authority of such Court, or to appear or defend their claim or cause, the court shall nevertheless proceed to pronounce sentence or judgment, which shall in like manner be final and decisive; the judgment or sentence and other proceedings being in either case transmitted to Congress, and lodged among the acts of Congress for the security of the parties concerned; provided, that every commissioner, before he sits in judgment, shall take an oath, to be administered by one of the judges of the supreme or superior court of the State where the cause shall be tried, "well and truly to hear and determine the matter in question, according to the best of his judgment, without favor, affection, or hope of reward." Provided, also, that no State shall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the United States.

All controversies concerning the private right of soil claimed under different grants of two or more States, whose jurisdictions, as they may respect such lands, and the States which passed such grants are adjusted, the said grants or either of them being at the same time claimed to have originated antecedent to such settlement of jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of either party to the Congress of the United States, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the same manner as is before prescribed for deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdiction between different States.

The United States, in Congress assembled, shall also have the sole and exclusive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin struck by their own authority, or by that of the respective States; fixing the standard of weights and measures throughout the United States; regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the States; provided that the legislative right of any State, within its own limits, be not infringed or violated; establishing and regulating post offices from one State to another, throughout all the United States, and exacting such postage on the papers passing through the same as may be requisite to defray the expenses of the said office; appointing all officers of the land forces in the service of the United States, excepting regimental officers; appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commissioning all officers whatever in the service of the United States; making rules for the government and regulation of the said land and naval forces, and directing their operations.

The United States, in Congress assembled, shall have authority to appoint a committee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be denominated "A Committee of the States," and to consist of one delegate from each State, and to appoint such other committees and civil officers as may be necessary for managing the general affairs of the United States under their direction; to appoint one of their number to preside; provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the necessary sums of money to be raised for the service of the United States, and to appropriate and apply the same for defraying the public expenses; to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the United States, transmitting every half year to the respective States an account of the sums of money so borrowed or emitted; to build and equip a navy; to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requisitions from each State for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in such State, which requisition shall be binding; and thereupon the Legislature of each State shall appoint the regimental officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and equip them in a soldier-like manner, at the expense of the United States; and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled; but if the United States, in Congress assembled, shall, on consideration of circumstances, judge proper that any State should not raise men, or should raise a smaller number than its quota, and that any other State should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number shall be raised, officered, clothed, armed, and equipped in the same manner as the quota of such State, unless the Legislature of such State shall judge that such extra number can not be safely spared out of the same, in which case they shall raise, officer, clothe, arm, and equip as many of such extra number as they judge can be safely spared, and the officers and men so clothed, armed, and equipped shall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the United States, in Congress assembled.

The United States, in Congress assembled, shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprisal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the sums and expenses necessary for the defense and welfare of the United States, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of vessels of war to be built or purchased, or the number of land or sea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unless nine States assent to the same, nor shall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unless by the votes of a majority of the United States, in Congress assembled.

The Congress of the United States shall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the United States, so that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of six months, and shall publish the journal of their proceedings monthly, except such parts thereof relating to treaties, alliances, or military operations as in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each State, on any question, shall be entered on the journal when it is desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a State, or any of them, at his or their request, shall be furnished with a transcript of the said journal except such parts as are above excepted, to lay before the Legislatures of the several States.

ART. X.--The Committee of the States, or any nine of them, shall be authorized to execute, in the recess of Congress, such of the powers of Congress as the United States, in Congress assembled, by the consent of nine States, shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest them with; provided that no power be delegated to the said Committee, for the exercise of which, by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of nine States in the Congress of the United States assembled is requisite.

ART. XI.--Canada, acceding to this Confederation, and joining in the measures of the United States shall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this Union; but no other colony shall be admitted into the same, unless such admission be agreed to by nine States.

ART. XII.--All bills of credit emitted, moneys borrowed, and debts contracted by or under the authority of Congress, before the assembling of the United States, in pursuance of the present Confederation, shall be deemed and considered as a charge against the United States, for payment and satisfaction whereof the said United States and the public faith are hereby solemnly pledged.

ART. XIII.--Every State shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which by this Confederation are submitted to them. And the Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them, unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United Stares, and be afterwards confirmed by the Legislatures of every State.

AND WHEREAS it hath pleased the great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the Legislatures we respectively represent in Congress to approve of, and to authorize us to ratify, the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union, know ye, that we, the undersigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpose, do, by these presents, in the name and in behalf of our respective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union, and all and singular the matters and things therein contained. And we do further solemnly plight and engage the faith of our respective constituents, that they shall abide by the determinations of the United States, in Congress assembled, on all questions which by the said Confederation are submitted to them; and that the Articles thereof shall be inviolably observed by the States we respectively represent, and that the Union shall be perpetual. In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the ninth day of July, in the year of our Lord 1778, and in the third year of the Independence of America.

III

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE IN CONGRESS, JULY 4, 1776

THE following preamble and specifications, known as the Declaration of Independence, accompanied the resolution of Richard Henry Lee, which was adopted by Congress on the 2d day of July, 1776. This declaration was agreed to on the 4th, and the transaction is thus recorded in the Journal for that day:

"Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the Declaration; and, after some time, the president resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported that the committee have agreed to a Declaration, which they desired him to report. The Declaration being read, was agreed to as follows:"

A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.

When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident--that all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. That, to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute a new government, laying its foundations on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shown that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and to provide new guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former systems of government. The history of the present king of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States. To prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world.

1. He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and necessary for the public good.

2. He has forbidden his governors to pass laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operations till his assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.

3. He has refused to pass other laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of representation in the Legislature--a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.

4. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the repository of their public records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures.

5. He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing, with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.

6. He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected, whereby the legislative powers, incapable of annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasions from without, and convulsions within.

7. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose obstructing the laws for the naturalization of foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.

8. He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.

9. He has made judges dependent on his will alone for the tenure on their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.

10. He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither swarms of officers, to harass our people and eat out their substance.

11. He has kept among us in times of peace, standing armies, without the consent of our Legislatures.

12. He has affected to render the military independent of, and superior to, the civil power.

13. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitutions, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his assent to their acts of pretended legislation;

14. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us;

15. For protecting them, by a mock trial, from punishment for any murders which they should commit on the inhabitants of these States;

16. For cutting off our trade with all parts of the world;

17. For imposing taxes on us without our consent;

18. For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of a trial by jury;

19. For transporting us beyond seas, to be tried for pretended offenses;

20. For abolishing the free system of English laws in a neighboring province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these colonies.

21. For taking away our charters, abolishing our most valuable laws, and altering, fundamentally, the forms of our governments.

22. For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.

23. He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his protection, and waging war against us.

24. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burned our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.

25. He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the head of a civilized nation.

26. He has constrained our fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high seas, to bear arms against their country, to become the executioners of their friends and brethren, or to fall themselves by their hands.

27. He has excited domestic insurrection among us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.

In every stage of these oppressions we have petitioned for redress in the most humble terms; our repeated petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A prince whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.

Nor have we been wanting in our attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our separation, and hold them as we hold the rest of mankind--enemies in war; in peace, friends.

We, therefore, the representatives of the United States of America in general Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the name and by the authority of the good people of these colonies, solemnly publish and declare that these united colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British crown, and that all political connection between them and the state of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved, and that, as free and independent States, they have full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and do all other acts and things which independent Stales may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, we mutually pledge to each other our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor.

The foregoing declaration was, by order of Congress, engrossed, and signed by the following members:

JOHN HANCOCK.

NEW HAMPSHIRE. Josiah Bartlett, William Whipple, Matthew Thornton.

MASSACHUSETTS BAY. Samuel Adams, John Adams, Robert Treat Paine, Elbridge Gerry.

RHODE ISLAND. Stephen Hopkins, William Ellery.

CONNECTICUT. Roger Sherman, Samuel Huntington, William Williams, Oliver Wolcott.

NEW YORK. William Floyd, Philip Livingston, Francis Lewis, Lewis Morris.

NEW JERSEY. Richard Stockton, John Witherspoon, Francis Hopkinson, John Hart, Abraham Clark.

PENNSYLVANIA. Robert Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benjamin Franklin, John Morton, George Clymer, James Smith, George Taylor, James Wilson, George Ross.

DELAWARE. Caesar Rodney, George Read, Thomas M'Kean.

MARYLAND. Samuel Chase, William Paca, Thomas Stone, Charles Carroll, of Carrollton.

VIRGINIA. George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Harrison, Thomas Nelson, Jun., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton.

NORTH CAROLINA. William Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.

SOUTH CAROLINA. Edward Rutledge, Thomas Heyward, Jun., Thomas Lynch, Jun., Arthur Middleton.

GEORGIA. Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, George Walton.

IV-PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES

NAMES STATE PARTY YEARS VICE-PRES 1 George Washington Virginia All Parties 1789-1797 John Adams 2 John Adams Mass Federalist 1797-1801 Thomas Jefferson 3 Thomas Jefferson Virginia Republican 1801-1809 Aaron Burr George Clinton 4 James Madison Virginia Republican 1809-1817 George Clinton Elbridge Gerry 5 James Monroe Virginia Republican 1817-1825 Daniel D. Tompkins 6 John Quincy Adams Mass Republican 1825-1829 John C. Calhoun 7 Andrew Jackson Tennessee Democratic 1829-1837 John C. Calhoun Martin Van Buren 8 Martin Van Buren New York Democratic 1837-1841 Richard M. Johnson 9 William H. Harrison Ohio Whig 1841-1841 John Tyler 10 John Tyler Virginia (Whig) 1841-1845 11 James K. Polk Tennessee Democratic 1845-1849 George M. Dallas 12 Zachary Taylor Louisiana Whig 1849-1850 Millard Fillmore 13 Millard Fillmore New York Whig 1850-1853 14 Franklin Pierce New Hamp Democratic 1853-1857 William R. King 15 James Buchanan Penns Democratic 1857-1861 J. C. Breckenridge 16 Abraham Lincoln Illinois Republican 1861-1865 Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson 17 Andrew Johnson Tennessee (Republican) 1865-1869 18 Ulysses S. Grant Illinois Republican 1869-1877 Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson 19 Rutherford B. Hayes Ohio Republican 1877-1881 William A. Wheeler 20 James A. Garfield Ohio Republican 1881-1881 Chester A. Arthur 21 Chester A. Arthur New York Republican 1881-1885 22 Grover Cleveland New York Democratic 1885-1889 Thomas A. Hendricks 23 Benjamin Harrison Indiana Republican 1889-1893 Levi P. Morton 24 Grover Cleveland New York Democratic 1893-1897 Adlai E. Stevenson 25 William McKinley Ohio Republican 1897-1901 Garret A. Hobart Theodore Roosevelt 26 Theodore Roosevelt New York Republican 1901-1909 Charles W. Fairbanks 27 William H. Taft Ohio Republican 1909-1913 James S. Sherman

V--STATES ADMITTED INTO THE UNION

RATIFIED THE CONSTITUTION 1. Delaware December 7, 1787 2. Pennsylvania December 12, 1787 3. New Jersey December 18, 1787 4. Georgia January 2, 1788 5. Connecticut January 9, 1788 6. Massachusetts February 6, 1788 7. Maryland April 28, 1788 8. South Carolina May 23, 1788 9. New Hampshire June 21, 1788 10. Virginia June 25, 1788 11. New York July 26, 1788 12. North Carolina November 21, 1789 13. Rhode Island May 29, 1790

ADMITTED INTO THE UNION 14. Vermont March 4, 1791 15. Kentucky June 1, 1792 16. Tennessee June 1, 1796 17. Ohio November 29, 1802 18. Louisiana April 30, 1812 19. Indiana December 11, 1816 20. Mississippi December 10, 1817 21. Illinois December 3, 1818 22. Alabama December 14, 1819 23. Maine March 15, 1820 24. Missouri August 10, 1821 25. Arkansas June 15, 1836 26. Michigan January 26, 1837 27. Florida March 3, 1845 28. Texas December 29, 1845 29. Iowa December 28, 1846 30. Wisconsin May 29, 1848 31. California September 9, 1850 32. Minnesota May 11, 1858 33. Oregon February 14, 1859 34. Kansas January 29, 1861 35. West Virginia June 19, 1863 36. Nevada October 31, 1864 37. Nebraska March 1, 1867 38. Colorado August 1, 1876 39. North Dakota November 3, 1889 40. South Dakota November 3, 1889 41. Montana November 8, 1889 42. Washington November 11, 1889 43. Idaho July 3, 1890 44. Wyoming July 10, 1890 45. Utah January 4, 1896 46. Oklahoma 1908 47. New Mexico 1912 48. Arizona 1912

VI--AREA OF THE UNITED STATES

ACCESSION GROSS AREA (SQUARE MILES) Continental United States 3,026,789 Area, 1790 892,135 Louisiana Purchase, 1803 827,987 Florida Purchase, 1819 58,666 Treaty with Spain, 1819 13,435 Texas, 1845 389,166 Oregon, 1846 286,541 Mexican Cession, 1848 529,189 Gadsden Purchase, 1853 29,670

Outlying Possessions 716,517 Alaska, 1867 590,884 Hawaii, 1898 6,449 Philippine Islands, 1899 115,026 Porto Rico, 1899 3,435 Guam, 1899 210 Samoa, 1900 77 Panama Canal Zone, 1904 436

AREA OF THE UNITED STATES (CONTINUED)

STATE RANK IN AREA AREA (SQUARE MILES) Texas 1 265,896 California 2 158,297 Montana 3 146,997 New Mexico 4 122,634 Arizona 5 113,956 Nevada 6 110,690 Colorado 7 103,948 Wyoming 8 97,914 Oregon 9 96,699 Utah 10 84,990 Minnesota 11 84,682 Idaho 12 83,888 Kansas 13 82,158 South Dakota 14 77,615 Nebraska 15 77,520 North Dakota 16 70,837 Oklahoma 17 70,057 Missouri 18 69,420 Washington 19 69,127 Georgia 20 59,265 Florida 21 58,666 Michigan 22 57,980 Illinois 23 56,665 Iowa 24 56,147 Wisconsin 25 56,066 Arkansas 26 53,335 North Carolina 27 52,426 Alabama 28 51,998 New York 29 49,204 Louisiana 30 48,506 Mississippi 31 46,865 Pennsylvania 32 45,126 Virginia 33 42,627 Tennessee 34 42,022 Ohio 35 41,040 Kentucky 36 40,598 Indiana 37 36,354 Maine 38 33,040 South Carolina 39 30,989 West Virginia 40 24,170 Maryland 41 12,327 Vermont 42 9,564 New Hampshire 43 9,341 Massachusetts 44 8,266 New Jersey 45 8,224 Connecticut 46 4,965 Delaware 47 2,370 Rhode Island 48 1,248 District of Columbia 49 70

VII--POPULATION OF CONTINENTAL UNITED STATES BY DECADES, 1790-1910

INCREASE OVER CENSUS POPULATION PRECEDING CENSUS PER CENT YEAR NUMBER 1910 91,972,266 15,977,691 21.0 1900 75,994,575 13,046,861 20.7 1890 62,947,714 12,791,931 25.5 1880 50,155,783 11,597,412 30.1 1870 38,558,371 7,115,050 22.6 1860 31,443,321 8,251,445 35.6 1850 23,191,876 6,122,423 35.9 1840 17,069,453 4,203,433 32.7 1830 12,866,020 3,227,567 33.5 1820 9,638,453 2,398,572 33.1 1810 7,239,881 1,931,398 36.4 1800 5,308,483 1,379,269 35.1 1790 3,929,214

VIII-APPROXIMATE POPULATION UNDER THE AMERICAN FLAG, 1910

United States, proper 91,972,266 Alaska 64,356 Hawaii 191,909 Porto Rico 1,118,012 Persons in military and naval service 55,608 Philippine Islands 7,635,426 Guam 9,000 Samoa 6,100 Panama Zone 50,000 Total population of the United States 101,102,677

IX--POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES 1910, 1900, AND 1890 From Bulletin of the Thirteenth Census, 1910.

POPULATION PER CENT OF INCREASE 1910 1900 1890 1900 TO 1890 TO 19l0 1900 Alabama 2,138,093 1,828,697 1,513,401 16.9 20.8 Arizona 204,354 122,931 88,243 66.2 39.3 Arkansas 1,574,449 1,311,564 1,128,211 20.0 16.3 California 2,377,549 1,485,053 1,213,398 60.1 22.4 Colorado 799,024 539,700 413,249 48.0 30.6 Connecticut 1,114,756 908,420 746,258 22.7 21.7 Delaware 202,322 184,735 168,493 9.5 9.6 Dist. of Columbia 331,069 278,718 230,392 18.8 21.0 Florida 752,619 528,542 391,422 42.4 35.0 Georgia 2,609,121 2,216,331 1,837,353 17.7 20.6 Idaho 325,594 161,772 88,548 101.3 82.7 Illinois 5,638,591 4,821,550 3,826,352 16.9 26.0 Indiana 2,700,876 2,516.462 2,192,404 7.3 14.8 Iowa 2,224,771 2,231,853 1,912,297 -0.3 16.7 Kansas 1,690,949 1,470,495 1,428,108 15.0 3.0 Kentucky 2,289,905 2,147,174 1,858,635 6.6 15.5 Louisiana 1,656,388 1,381,625 1,118,588 19.9 23.5 Maine 742,371 694,466 661,086 6.9 5.0 Maryland 1,295,346 1,188,044 1,042,390 9.0 14.0 Massachusetts 3,366,416 2,805,346 2,238,947 20.0 25.3 Michigan 2,810,l73 2,420.982 2,093,890 16.1 15.6 Minnesota 2,075,708 1,751,394 1,310,283 18.5 33.7 Mississippi 1,797,114 1,551,270 1,289,600 15.8 20.3 Missouri 3,293,335 3,106,665 2,679,185 6.0 16.0 Montana 376,053 243,329 142,924 54.5 70.3 Nebraska 1,192,214 1,066,300 1,062,656 11.8 0.3 Nevada 81,875 42,335 47,355 93. -10.6 New Hampshire 430,572 411,588 376,530 4.6 9.3 New Jersey 2,537,167 1,883,669 1,444,933 34.7 30.4 New Mexico 327,301 195,310 160,282 67.6 21.9 New York 9,113,614 7,268,894 6,003,174 25.4 21.1 North Carolina 2,206,287 l,893,810 1,617,949 16.5 17.1 North Dakota 577,056 319,146 190,983 80.8 67.1 Ohio 4,767,121 4,157,545 3,672,329 14.7 13.2 Oklahoma 1,657,155 1,414,177 790,391 17.2 109.7 Oregon 672,765 413,536 317,704 62.7 30.2 Pennsylvania 7,665,111 6,302,115 5,258,113 21.6 19.9 Rhode Island 542,610 428,556 345,506 26.6 24.0 South Carolina 1,515,400 1,340,316 1,151,149 13.1 16.4 South Dakota 583,888 401,570 348,600 45.4 15.2 Tennessee 2,184,789 2,020,616 1,767,518 8.1 14.3 Texas 3,896,542 3,048,710 2,235,527 27.8 36.4 Utah 373,351 276,749 210,779 34.9 31.3 Vermont 355,956 343,641 332,422 3.6 3.4 Virginia 2,061,612 1,854,184 1,655,980 11.2 12.0 Washington 1,141,990 518,103 357,232 120.4 45.0 West Virginia 1,221,119 958,800 762,794 27.4 25.7 Wisconsin 2,333,860 2,069,042 1,693,330 12.8 22.2 Wyoming 145,965 92,531 62,555 57.7 47.9

X--NUMBER OF MEMBERS IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES AFTER EACH APPORTIONMENT

YEAR 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1840 1830 1820 1810 1800 1890 1880 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Ratio X 1000 212 194 174 152 131 127 93 70 47 40 35 33 33 30 Total under apportionment 433 386 356 325 292 241 234 223 240 213 181 141 105 65 Assigned new States 2 5 1 7 1 2 3 9 2 ... 5 1 1 Alabama 10 9 9 8 8 6 7 7 5 3 Arizona 1 Arkansas 7 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 California 11 8 7 6 4 3 2 2 Colorado 4 3 2 1 1 Connecticut 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 4 6 6 7 7 7 5 Delaware 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 Florida 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 Georgia 12 11 11 10 9 7 8 8 9 7 6 4 2 3 Idaho 2 1 1 1 Illinois 27 25 22 20 19 14 9 7 3 1 1 Indiana 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 10 7 3 1 Iowa 11 11 11 11 9 6 2 2 Kansas 8 8 8 7 3 1 Kentucky 11 11 11 11 10 9 10 10 13 12 10 6 2 Louisiana 8 7 6 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 1 Maine 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 7 7 Maryland 6 6 6 6 6 5 6 6 8 9 9 9 8 6 Massachusetts 16 14 13 12 11 10 11 10 12 13 13 17 14 8 Michigan 13 12 12 11 9 6 4 3 1 Minnesota 10 9 7 5 3 2 2 Mississippi 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 2 1 1 Missouri 16 16 15 14 13 9 7 5 2 1 Montana 2 1 1 1 Nebraska 6 6 6 3 1 1 Nevada 1 1 1 1 1 1 New Hampshire 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 3 New Jersey 12 10 8 7 7 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 4 New Mexico 1 New York 43 37 34 34 33 31 33 34 40 34 27 17 10 6 North Carolina 10 10 9 9 8 7 8 9 13 13 14 12 10 5 North Dakota 3 2 1 1 Ohio 22 21 21 21 20 19 21 21 19 14 6 1 Oklahoma 8 5 Oregon 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 Pennsylvania 36 32 30 28 27 24 25 24 28 26 23 18 13 8 Rhode Island 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 South Carolina 7 7 7 7 5 4 6 7 9 9 9 8 6 5 South Dakota 3 2 2 2 Tennessee 10 10 10 10 10 8 10 11 13 9 6 3 1 Texas 18 16 13 11 6 4 2 2 Utah 2 1 1 Vermont 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 5 6 4 2 Virginia 10 10 10 10 9 11 13 15 21 22 23 22 19 Washington 5 3 2 1 West Virginia 6 5 4 4 3 Wisconsin 11 11 10 9 8 6 3 2 Wyoming 1 1 1 1

XI--POPULATION LIVING IN URBAN AND RURAL TERRITORY 1890-1910. URBAN TERRITORY INCLUDES CITIES OF 2,500 OR OVER

1910 1900 1890 Per cent of total population CLASSIFICATION # Population # Population # Population 1910 1900 1890

Total population 91,972,266 75,994,575 62,947,714 100.0 100.0 100.0 Urban territory 2,405 42,623,383 1,894 30,797,185 1,510 22,720,223 46.3 40.6 36.1 1,000,000 or more 3 8,501,174 3 6,429,474 3 3,662,115 9.2 8.5 5.8 500,000 to 1,000,000 5 3,010,667 3 1,645,087 1 806,343 3.3 2.2 1.3 250,000 to 500,000 11 3,949,839 9 2,861,296 7 2,447,608 4.3 3.8 3.9 100,000 to 250,000 31 4,840,458 23 3,272,490 17 2,781,894 5.3 4.3 4.4 50,000 to 100,000 59 4,178,915 41 2,760,477 30 2,027,569 4.5 3.6 3.2 25,000 to 50,000 120 4,062,763 82 2,785,667 67 2,298,765 4.4 3.7 3.7 10,000 to 25,000 374 5,609,208 286 4,409,900 232 3,487,139 6.1 5.8 5.5 5,000 to 10,000 629 4,364,703 477 3,278,518 361 2,495,594 4.7 4.3 4.0 2,500 to 5,000 1,173 4,105,656 970 3,354,276 792 2,713,196 4.5 4.4 4.3

Rural territory 49,348,883 45,197,390 40,227,491 53.7 59.5 63.9 Incorporated towns of less than 2,500 inhabitants 11,784 8,119,528 8,892 6,247,645 6,466 4,719,835 8.8 8.2 7.5 Other rural territory 41,229,355 38,949,745 35,507,656 44.8 51.3 56.4

# - Number of places

XII--TWENTY-FIVE LARGEST CITIES FROM 1880 TO 1910. ARRANGED IN THE ORDER OF THEIR RANK

1910 1900 1890 1880 City Population City Population City Population City Population 1 New York 4,766,883 New York 3,437,202 New York 1,515,301 New York 1,206,299 2 Chicago 2,185,283 Chicago 1,698,575 Chicago 1,099,850 Philadelphia 847,170 3 Philadelphia 1,549,008 Philadelphia 1,293,697 Philadelphia 1,046,964 Brooklyn 566,663 4 St. Louis 687,029 St. Louis 575,238 Brooklyn 806,343 Chicago 503,185 5 Boston 670,585 Boston 560,892 St. Louis 451,770 Boston 362,839 6 Cleveland 560,663 Baltimore 508,957 Boston 448,477 St. Louis 350,518 7 Baltimore 558,485 Cleveland 381,768 Baltimore 434,439 Baltimore 332,313 8 Pittsburgh 533,905 Buffalo 352,387 San Francisco 298,997 Cincinnati 255,139 9 Detroit 465,766 San Francisco 342,782 Cincinnati 296,908 San Francisco 233,959 10 Buffalo 423,715 Cincinnati 325,902 Cleveland 261,353 New Orleans 216,090 11 San Francisco 416,912 Pittsburgh 321,616 Buffalo 255,664 Washington 177,624 12 Milwaukee 373,857 New Orleans 287,104 New Orleans 242,039 Cleveland 160,146 13 Cincinnati 363,591 Detroit 285,704 Pittsburgh 238,617 Pittsburgh 156,389 14 Newark 347,469 Milwaukee 285,315 Washington 230,392 Buffalo 155,134 15 New Orleans 339,075 Washington 278,718 Detroit 205,876 Newark 136,508 16 Washington 331,069 Newark 246,070 Milwaukee 204,468 Louisville 123,758 17 Los Angeles 319,198 Jersey City 206,433 Newark 181,830 Jersey City 120,722 18 Minneapolis 301,408 Louisville 204,731 Minneapolis 164,738 Detroit 116,340 19 Jersey City. 267,779 Minneapolis 202,718 Jersey City 163,003 Milwaukee 115,587 20 Kansas City 248,381 Providence 175,597 Louisville 161,129 Providence 104,857 21 Seattle 237,194 Indianapolis 169,164 Omaha 140,452 Albany 90,758 22 Indianapolis 233,650 Kansas City 163,752 Rochester 133,896 Rochester 89,366 23 Providence 224,326 St. Paul 163,065 St. Paul 133,156 Allegheny 78,682 24 Louisville 223,928 Rochester 162,608 Kansas City 132,716 Indianapolis 75,056 25 Rochester 218,149 Denver 133,859 Providence 132,146 Richmond 63,600