Part 474

«MEASURES OF SURFACE»

───────────────────────────────+──────────────────────── DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. │ EQUIVALENTS IN USE. ────────+──────────────────────+──────────────────────── Hectare │ 10,000 square meters │ 2.471 acres Are │ 100 square meters │ 119.6 square yards Centare │ 1 square meter │ 1,550 square inches ────────+──────────────────────+────────────────────────

«MEASURES OF VOLUME»

───────────────────────────────────────────────────+──────────────────────────────────── DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. │ EQUIVALENTS IN USE. ──────────────────+───────+────────────────────────+───────────────────+──────────────── NAMES. │NO. OF │ CUBIC MEASURES. │ DRY MEASURE. │ WINE MEASURE. │LITERS.│ │ │ ──────────────────+───────+────────────────────────+───────────────────+──────────────── Kiloliter or stere│ 1,000│ 1 cubic meter │1.308 cubic yards │264.17 gallons Hectoliter │ 100│1-10th cubic meter │2 bushels and │ 26.417 gallons │ │ │ 3.35 pecks│ Dekaliter │ 10│ 10 cubic decimeters │9.08 quarts │ 2.6417 gallons Liter │ 1│ 1 cubic decimeter │ .908 quarts │ 1.0567 quarts Deciliter │ 1-10│1-10th cubic decimeter │6.1023 cubic inches│ .845 gills Centiliter │ 1-100│ 10 cubic centimeters│ .6102 cubic inches│ .338 fluidounces Milliliter │1-1,000│ 1 cubic centimeter │ .061 cubic inches│ .27 fluidrachms ──────────────────+───────+────────────────────────+───────────────────+────────────────

«WEIGHTS»

─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────+─────────────────── DENOMINATIONS AND VALUES. │ EQUIVALENTS │ IN USE. ───────────────────+───────────+─────────────────────────────+─────────────────── NAMES. │ NUMBER │ WEIGHT OF VOLUME OF WATER │ AVOIRDUPOIS │ OF GRAMS. │ AT ITS MAXIMUM DENSITY. │ WEIGHT. ───────────────────+───────────+─────────────────────────────+─────────────────── Millier or Tonneau │ 1,000,000 │ 1 cubic meter │ 2,204.6 pounds Quintal │ 100,000 │ 1 hectoliter │ 220.46 pounds Myriagram │ 10,000 │ 10 liters │ 22.046 pounds Kilogram or Kilo │ 1,000 │ 1 liter │ 2.2046 pounds Hectogram │ 100 │ 1 deciliter │ 3.5274 ounces Dekagram │ 10 │ 10 cubic centimeters │ .3527 ounces Gram │ 1 │ 1 cubic centimeter │ 15.432 grains Decigram │ 1-10 │ 1-10th of a cubic centimeter│ 1.5432 grains Centigram │ 1-100 │ 10 cubic millimeters │ .1543 grains Milligram │ 1-1,000 │ 1 cubic millimeter │ .0154 grains ───────────────────+───────────+─────────────────────────────+───────────────────

For measuring surfaces, the square dekameter is used under the term of ARE; the hectare, or 100 ares, is equal to about 2 1⁠/⁠2 acres. The unit of capacity is the cubic decimeter or LITER, and the series of measures is formed in the same way as in the case of the table of lengths. The cubic meter is the unit of measure for solid bodies, and is termed STERE. The unit of weight is the GRAM, which is the weight of one cubic centimeter of pure water weighed in a vacuum at the temperature of 4° C. or 39.2° F., which is about its temperature of maximum density. In practice, the term cubic centimeter, abbreviated c.c., is generally used instead of milliliter, and cubic meter instead of kiloliter. {760}

«THE CONVERSION OF METRIC INTO ENGLISH WEIGHT»

The following table, which contains no error greater than one-tenth of a grain, will suffice for most practical purposes:

1 gram = 15 2⁠/⁠5 grains 2 grams = 30 4⁠/⁠5 grains 3 grams = 46 1⁠/⁠5 grains 4 grams = 61 4⁠/⁠5 grains, or 1 drachm, 1 4⁠/⁠5 grains 5 grams = 77 1⁠/⁠5 grains, or 1 drachm, 17 1⁠/⁠5 grains 6 grams = 92 3⁠/⁠5 grains, or 1 drachm, 32 3⁠/⁠5 grains 7 grams = 108 grains, or 1 drachm, 48 grains 8 grams = 123 2⁠/⁠5 grains, or 2 drachms, 3 2⁠/⁠5 grains 9 grams = 138 4⁠/⁠5 grains, or 2 drachms, 18 4⁠/⁠5 grains 10 grams = 154 2⁠/⁠5 grains, or 2 drachms, 34 2⁠/⁠5 grains 11 grams = 169 4⁠/⁠5 grains, or 2 drachms, 49 4⁠/⁠5 grains 12 grams = 185 1⁠/⁠5 grains, or 3 drachms, 20 1⁠/⁠5 grains 13 grams = 200 3⁠/⁠5 grains, or 3 drachms, 20 3⁠/⁠5 grains 14 grams = 216 grains, or 3 drachms, 36 grains 15 grams = 231 2⁠/⁠5 grains, or 3 drachms, 51 2⁠/⁠5 grains 16 grams = 247 grains, or 4 drachms, 7 grains 17 grams = 262 2⁠/⁠5 grains, or 4 drachms, 22 2⁠/⁠5 grains 18 grams = 277 4⁠/⁠5 grains, or 4 drachms, 37 4⁠/⁠5 grains 19 grams = 293 1⁠/⁠5 grains, or 4 drachms, 53 1⁠/⁠5 grains 20 grams = 308 3⁠/⁠5 grains, or 5 drachms, 8 3⁠/⁠5 grains 30 grams = 463 grains, or 7 drachms, 43 grains 40 grams = 617 1⁠/⁠5 grains, or 10 drachms, 17 1⁠/⁠5 grains 50 grams = 771 3⁠/⁠5 grains, or 12 drachms, 51 3⁠/⁠5 grains 60 grams = 926 grains, or 15 drachms, 26 grains 70 grams = 1,080 1⁠/⁠5 grains, or 18 drachms, 0 1⁠/⁠5 grains 80 grams = 1,234 3⁠/⁠5 grains, or 20 drachms, 34 3⁠/⁠5 grains 90 grams = 1,389 grains, or 23 drachms, 9 grains 100 grams = 1,543 1⁠/⁠5 grains, or 25 drachms, 43 1⁠/⁠5 grains 1,000 grams = 1 kilogram = 32 ounces, 1 drachm, 12 2⁠/⁠5 grains

«THE CONVERSION OF METRIC INTO ENGLISH MEASURE»

1 cubic centimeter = 17 minims 2 cubic centimeters = 34 minims 3 cubic centimeters = 51 minims 4 cubic centimeters = 68 minims, or 1 drachm, 8 minims 5 cubic centimeters = 85 minims, or 1 drachm, 25 minims 6 cubic centimeters = 101 minims, or 1 drachm, 41 minims 7 cubic centimeters = 118 minims, or 1 drachm, 58 minims 8 cubic centimeters = 135 minims, or 1 drachms, 15 minims 9 cubic centimeters = 152 minims, or 2 drachms, 32 minims 10 cubic centimeters = 169 minims, or 2 drachms, 49 minims 20 cubic centimeters = 338 minims, or 5 drachms, 38 minims 30 cubic centimeters = 507 minims, or 1 ounce, 0 drachm, 27 minims 40 cubic centimeters = 676 minims, or 1 ounce, 3 drachms, 16 minims 50 cubic centimeters = 845 minims, or 1 ounce, 6 drachms, 5 minims 60 cubic centimeters = 1,014 minims, or 2 ounces, 0 drachms, 54 minims 70 cubic centimeters = 1,183 minims, or 2 ounces, 3 drachms, 43 minims 80 cubic centimeters = 1,352 minims, or 2 ounces, 6 drachms, 32 minims 90 cubic centimeters = 1,521 minims, or 3 ounces, 1 drachm, 21 minims 100 cubic centimeters = 1,690 minims, or 3 ounces, 4 drachms, 10 minims 1,000 cubic centimeters = 1 liter = 34 fluidounces nearly, or 2 1⁠/⁠8 pints.

{761}

«WELDING POWDERS.»

See also Steel.

«Powder to Weld Wrought Iron at Pale-red Heat with Wrought Iron.»—I.—Borax, 1 part (by weight); sal ammoniac, 1⁠/⁠2 part; water, 1⁠/⁠2 part. These ingredients are boiled with constant stirring until the mass is stiff; then it is allowed to harden over the fire. Upon cooling, the mass is rubbed up into a powder and mixed with one-third wrought-iron filings free from rust. When the iron has reached red heat, this powder is sprinkled on the parts to be welded, and after it has liquefied, a few blows are sufficient to unite the pieces.

II.—Borax, 2 parts; wrought-iron filings, free from rust, 2 parts; sal ammoniac, 1 part. These pulverized parts are moistened with copaiba balsam and made into a paste, then slowly dried over a fire and again powdered. The application is the same as for Formula I.

«Welding Powder to Weld Steel on Wrought Iron at Pale-red Heat.»—Borax, 3 parts; potassium cyanide, 2 parts; Berlin blue, 1–100 part. These substances are powdered well, moistened with water; next they are boiled with constant stirring until stiff; then dry over a fire. Upon cooling, the mass is finely pulverized and mixed with 1 part of wrought-iron filings, free from rust. This powder is sprinkled repeatedly upon the hot pieces, and after it has burned in the welding is taken in hand.

WHEEL GREASE: See Lubricants.

«WHETSTONES.»

To make artificial whetstones, take gelatin of good quality, dissolve it in equal weight of water, operating in almost complete darkness, and add 1 1⁠/⁠2 per cent of bichromate of potash, previously dissolved. Next take about 9 times the weight of the gelatin employed of very fine emery or fine powdered gun stone, which is mixed intimately with the gelatinized solution. The paste thus obtained is molded into the desired shape, taking care to exercise an energetic pressure in order to consolidate the mass. Finally dry by exposure to the sun.

«WHITING:»

«To Form Masses of Whiting.»—Mix the whiting into a stiff paste with water, and the mass will retain its coherence when dry.

«Whitewash»

(See also Paint.)

Wash the ceiling by wetting it twice with water, laying on as much as can well be floated on, then rub the old color up with a stumpy brush and wipe off with a large sponge. Stop all cracks with whiting and plaster of Paris. When dry, claricole with size and a little of the whitewash when this is dry. If very much stained, paint those parts with turps, color, and, if necessary, claricole again. To make the whitewash, take a dozen pounds of whiting (in large balls), break them up in a pail, and cover with water to soak. During this time melt over a slow fire 4 pounds common size, and at the same time, with a palette knife or small trowel, rub up fine about a dessertspoonful of blue-black with water to a fine paste; then pour the water off the top of the whiting and with a stick stir in the black; when well mixed, stir in the melted size and strain. When cold, it is fit for use. If the jelly is too stiff for use, beat it up well and add a little cold water. Commence whitewashing over the window and so work from the light. Distemper color of any tint may be made by using any other color instead of the blue-black—as ocher, chrome, Dutch pink, raw sienna for yellows and buff; Venetian red, burnt sienna, Indian red or purple brown for reds; celestial blue, ultramarine, indigo for blues; red and blue for purple, gray or lavender; red lead and chrome for orange; Brunswick green for greens.

Ox blood in lime paint is an excellent binding agent for the lime, as it is chiefly composed of albumin, which, like casein or milk, is capable of transforming the lime into casein paint. But the ox blood must be mixed in the lime paint; to use it separately is useless, if not harmful. Whitewashing rough mortar-plastering to saturation is very practical, as it closes all the pores and small holes.

A formula used by the United States Government in making whitewash for light-houses and other public buildings is as follows: