Part 447

TOILET CREAMS, MILKS, POWDERS, ETC.: See Cosmetics.

TOLIDOL DEVELOPER: See Photography.

TOMATO BOUILLON EXTRACT: See Condiments.

TOMBACK: See Jewelers’ Formulas.

TONING BATHS: See Photography.

TONKA EXTRACT: See Essences and Extracts.

TONKA, ITS DETECTION IN VANILLA EXTRACTS: See Vanilla.

«TOOL SETTING.»

The term “setting” (grinding) is applied to the operation of giving an edge to the tools designed for cutting, scraping, or sawing. Cutting tools are rubbed either on flat sandstones or on rapidly turned grindstones. The wear on the faces of the tools diminishes their thickness and renders the cutting angle sharper. Good edges cannot be obtained except with the aid of the grindstone; it is therefore important to select this instrument with care. It should be soft, rather than hard, of fine, smooth grain, perfectly free from seams or flaws. The last condition is essential, for it often happens that, under the influence of the revolving motion, a defective stone suddenly yields to the centrifugal force, bursts and scatters its pieces with such violence as to wound the operator. This accident may also happen with perfectly formed stones. On this account artificial stones have been substituted, more homogeneous and coherent than the natural ones.

Whatever may be the stone selected, it ought to be kept constantly moist during the operation. If not, the tools will soon get heated and their temper will be impaired. When a tool has for a certain time undergone the erosive action of the stone, the cutting angle becomes too acute, too thin, and bends over on itself, constituting what is called “the feather edge.” This condition renders a new setting necessary, which is usually effected by bending back the feather edge, if it is long, and whetting the blade on a stone called a “setter.” There are several varieties of stones used for this purpose, though they are mostly composed of calcareous or argilaceous matter, mixed with a certain proportion of silica.

The scythestone, of very fine grain, serves for grinding off the feather edge of scythes, knives, and other large tools. The Lorraine stone, of chocolate color and fine grain, is employed with oil for carpenters’ tools. American carborundum is very erosive. It is used with water and with oil to obtain a fine edge. The lancet stone is not inferior to any of the preceding. As its name indicates, it is used for sharpening surgical instruments, and only with oil. The Levant stone (Turkish sandstone) is the best of all for whetting. It is gray and semitransparent; when of inferior quality, it {709} is somewhat spotted with red. It is usually quite soft.

To restore stones and efface the inequalities and hollows caused by the friction of the tools, they are laid flat on a marble or level stone, spread over with fine, well-pulverized sandstone, and rubbed briskly. When tools have a curved edge, they are subjected to a composition formed of pulverized stone, molded into a form convenient for the concavity or convexity. Tools are also whetted with slabs of walnut or aspen wood coated with emery of different numbers, which produces an excellent setting.

TOOL LUBRICANT: See Lubricant.

«Toothache»

«TOOTHACHE GUMS:»

See also Pain Killers.

I.—Paraffine 94 grains Burgundy pitch 800 grains Oil of cloves 1⁠/⁠2 fluidrachm Creosote 1⁠/⁠2 fluidrachm

Melt the first two ingredients, and, when nearly cool, add the rest, stirring well. May be made into small pills or turned out in form of small cones or cylinders.

II.—Melt white wax or spermaceti, 2 parts, and when melted add carbolic-acid crystals, 1 part, and chloral-hydrate crystals, 2 parts; stir well until dissolved. While still liquid, immerse thin layers of carbolized absorbent cotton wool and allow them to dry. When required for use a small piece may be snipped off and slightly warmed, when it can be inserted into the hollow tooth, where it will solidify.

«Toothache Remedy.»—

Camphor 4 drachms Chloral hydrate 4 drachms Oil of cloves 2 drachms Oil of cajeput 2 drachms Chloroform 12 drachms Tincture of capsicum 24 drachms

TOOTH CEMENTS: See Cements.

TOOTH PASTES, POWDERS, SOAPS, AND WASHES: See Dentifrices.

TORTOISE-SHELL POLISHES: See Polishes.

TOOTH STRAIGHTENING: See Watchmakers’ Formulas.

TOUCHSTONE, AQUAFORTIS FOR THE: See Aquafortis.

TOY PAINT: See Paint.

TRACING-CLOTH CLEANERS: See Cleaning Preparations and Methods.