Great Astronomers

Part 1

GREAT ASTRONOMERS

SIR ROBERT S. BALL D.Sc. LL.D. F.R.S.

Lowndean Professor of Astronomy and Geometry in the University of Cambridge

Author of "In Starry Realms" "In the High Heavens" etc.

WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS

PREFACE.

It has been my object in these pages to present the life of each astronomer in such detail as to enable the reader to realise in some degree the man's character and surroundings; and I have endeavoured to indicate as clearly as circumstances would permit the main features of the discoveries by which he has become known.

There are many types of astronomers--from the stargazer who merely watches the heavens, to the abstract mathematician who merely works at his desk; it has, consequently, been necessary in the case of some lives to adopt a very different treatment from that which seemed suitable for others.

While the work was in progress, some of the sketches appeared in "Good Words." The chapter on Brinkley has been chiefly derived from an article on the "History of Dunsink Observatory," which was published on the occasion of the tercentenary celebration of the University of Dublin in 1892, and the life of Sir William Rowan Hamilton is taken, with a few alterations and omissions, from an article contributed to the "Quarterly Review" on Graves' life of the great mathematician. The remaining chapters now appear for the first time. For many of the facts contained in the sketch of the late Professor Adams, I am indebted to the obituary notice written by my friend Dr. J. W. L. Glaisher, for the Royal Astronomical Society; while with regard to the late Sir George Airy, I have a similar acknowledgment to make to Professor H. H. Turner. To my friend Dr. Arthur A. Rambaut I owe my hearty thanks for his kindness in aiding me in the revision of the work.

R.S.B. The Observatory, Cambridge. October, 1895

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

PTOLEMY.

COPERNICUS.

TYCHO BRAHE.

GALILEO.

KEPLER.

ISAAC NEWTON.

FLAMSTEED.

HALLEY.

BRADLEY.

WILLIAM HERSCHEL.

LAPLACE.

BRINKLEY.

JOHN HERSCHEL.

THE EARL OF ROSSE.

AIRY.

HAMILTON.

Part 2

LE VERRIER.

ADAMS.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

THE OBSERVATORY, GREENWICH.

PTOLEMY.

PTOLEMY'S PLANETARY SCHEME.

PTOLEMY'S THEORY OF THE MOVEMENT OF MARS.

THORN, FROM AN OLD PRINT.

COPERNICUS.

FRAUENBURG, FROM AN OLD PRINT.

EXPLANATION OF PLANETARY MOVEMENTS.

TYCHO BRAHE.

TYCHO'S CROSS STAFF.

TYCHO'S "NEW STAR" SEXTANT OF 1572.

TYCHO'S TRIGONIC SEXTANT.

TYCHO'S ASTRONOMIC SEXTANT.

TYCHO'S EQUATORIAL ARMILLARY.

THE GREAT AUGSBURG QUADRANT.

TYCHO'S "NEW SCHEME OF THE TERRESTRIAL SYSTEM," 1577.

URANIBORG AND ITS GROUNDS.

GROUND-PLAN OF THE OBSERVATORY.

THE OBSERVATORY OF URANIBORG, ISLAND OF HVEN.

EFFIGY ON TYCHO'S TOMB AT PRAGUE. By Permission of Messrs. A. & C. Black.

TYCHO'S MURAL QUADRANT, URANIBORG.

GALILEO'S PENDULUM.

GALILEO.

THE VILLA ARCETRI.

FACSIMILE SKETCH OF LUNAR SURFACE BY GALILEO.

Part 3

CREST OF GALILEO'S FAMILY.

KEPLER'S SYSTEM OF REGULAR SOLIDS.

KEPLER.

SYMBOLICAL REPRESENTATION OF THE PLANETARY SYSTEM.

THE COMMEMORATION OF THE RUDOLPHINE TABLES.

WOOLSTHORPE MANOR.

TRINITY COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE.

DIAGRAM OF A SUNBEAM.

ISAAC NEWTON.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S LITTLE REFLECTOR.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S SUN-DIAL.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S TELESCOPE.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S ASTROLABE.

SIR ISAAC NEWTON'S SUN-DIAL IN THE ROYAL SOCIETY.

FLAMSTEED'S HOUSE.

FLAMSTEED.

HALLEY.

GREENWICH OBSERVATORY IN HALLEY'S TIME.

7, NEW KING STREET, BATH. From a Photograph by John Poole, Bath.

WILLIAM HERSCHEL.

CAROLINE HERSCHEL.

STREET VIEW, HERSCHEL HOUSE, SLOUGH. From a Photograph by Hill & Saunders, Eton.

GARDEN VIEW, HERSCHEL HOUSE, SLOUGH. From a Photograph by Hill & Saunders, Eton.

OBSERVATORY, HERSCHEL HOUSE, SLOUGH. From a Photograph by Hill & Saunders, Eton.

THE 40-FOOT TELESCOPE, HERSCHEL HOUSE, SLOUGH. From a Photograph by Hill & Saunders, Eton.

LAPLACE.

THE OBSERVATORY, DUNSINK. From a Photograph by W. Lawrence, Dublin.

ASTRONOMETER MADE BY SIR JOHN HERSCHEL.

Part 4

SIR JOHN HERSCHEL.

NEBULA IN SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE.

THE CLUSTER IN THE CENTAUR.

OBSERVATORY AT FELDHAUSEN.

GRANITE COLUMN AT FELDHAUSEN.

THE EARL OF ROSSE.

BIRR CASTLE. From a Photograph by W. Lawrence, Dublin.

THE MALL, PARSONSTOWN. From a Photograph by W. Lawrence, Dublin.

LORD ROSSE'S TELESCOPE. From a Photograph by W. Lawrence, Dublin.

ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH, PARSONSTOWN. From a Photograph by W. Lawrence, Dublin.

AIRY. From a Photograph by E.P. Adams, Greenwich.

HAMILTON.

ADAMS.

THE OBSERVATORY, CAMBRIDGE.

INTRODUCTION.

Of all the natural sciences there is not one which offers such sublime objects to the attention of the inquirer as does the science of astronomy. From the earliest ages the study of the stars has exercised the same fascination as it possesses at the present day. Among the most primitive peoples, the movements of the sun, the moon, and the stars commanded attention from their supposed influence on human affairs.

The practical utilities of astronomy were also obvious in primeval times. Maxims of extreme antiquity show how the avocations of the husbandman are to be guided by the movements of the heavenly bodies. The positions of the stars indicated the time to plough, and the time to sow. To the mariner who was seeking a way across the trackless ocean, the heavenly bodies offered the only reliable marks by which his path could be guided. There was, accordingly, a stimulus both from intellectual curiosity and from practical necessity to follow the movements of the stars. Thus began a search for the causes of the ever-varying phenomena which the heavens display.

Many of the earliest discoveries are indeed prehistoric. The great diurnal movement of the heavens, and the annual revolution of the sun, seem to have been known in times far more ancient than those to which any human monuments can be referred. The acuteness of the early observers enabled them to single out the more important of the wanderers which we now call planets. They saw that the star-like objects, Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars, with the more conspicuous Venus, constituted a class of bodies wholly distinct from the fixed stars among which their movements lay, and to which they bear such a superficial resemblance. But the penetration of the early astronomers went even further, for they recognized that Mercury also belongs to the same group, though this particular object is seen so rarely. It would seem that eclipses and other phenomena were observed at Babylon from a very remote period, while the most ancient records of celestial observations that we possess are to be found in the Chinese annals.

The study of astronomy, in the sense in which we understand the word, may be said to have commenced under the reign of the Ptolemies at Alexandria. The most famous name in the science of this period is that of Hipparchus who lived and worked at Rhodes about the year 160BC. It was his splendid investigations that first wrought the observed facts into a coherent branch of knowledge. He recognized the primary obligation which lies on the student of the heavens to compile as complete an inventory as possible of the objects which are there to be found. Hipparchus accordingly commenced by undertaking, on a small scale, a task exactly similar to that on which modern astronomers, with all available appliances of meridian circles, and photographic telescopes, are constantly engaged at the present day. He compiled a catalogue of the principal fixed stars, which is of special value to astronomers, as being the earliest work of its kind which has been handed down. He also studied the movements of the sun and the moon, and framed theories to account for the incessant changes which he saw in progress. He found a much more difficult problem in his attempt to interpret satisfactorily the complicated movements of the planets. With the view of constructing a theory which should give some coherent account of the subject, he made many observations of the places of these wandering stars. How great were the advances which Hipparchus accomplished may be appreciated if we reflect that, as a preliminary task to his more purely astronomical labours, he had to invent that branch of mathematical science by which alone the problems he proposed could be solved. It was for this purpose that he devised the indispensable method of calculation which we now know so well as trigonometry. Without the aid rendered by this beautiful art it would have been impossible for any really important advance in astronomical calculation to have been effected.

But the discovery which shows, beyond all others, that Hipparchus possessed one of the master-minds of all time was the detection of that remarkable celestial movement known as the precession of the equinoxes. The inquiry which conducted to this discovery involved a most profound investigation, especially when it is remembered that in the days of Hipparchus the means of observation of the heavenly bodies were only of the rudest description, and the available observations of earlier dates were extremely scanty. We can but look with astonishment on the genius of the man who, in spite of such difficulties, was able to detect such a phenomenon as the precession, and to exhibit its actual magnitude. I shall endeavour to explain the nature of this singular celestial movement, for it may be said to offer the first instance in the history of science in which we find that combination of accurate observation with skilful interpretation, of which, in the subsequent development of astronomy, we have so many splendid examples.

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