Part 219

4. also in words quite germanised, as: +der Bezi´rk+ (district, circuit); +die La´nze+ (lance); +die Polizei´+ (police); +der Polizi´st+ (policeman); +das Terzero´l+ (pocket-pistol); +das Terze´tt+ (trio), etc.—=But write=: +Cä´sar+, +die Cäsu´r+ (cesure, cesura); +die Ce´der+, +die Celebritä´t+, +die Censu´r+ (censorship), +censie´ren+ (to censure, to review), +der Ce´ntime´ter+, +die Cerea´lien+ (cereals), +das Cöliba´t+, +der Ci´rkumfle´x+, +das Lyce´um+, etc.

5. (instead of +c+) in verbs terminating in +=...ie´ren=+, as: +fabrizie´ren+ (to manufacture); +musizie´ren+ (to make music); +publizie´ren+ (to publish), etc.

=Note.= In many words which originally contained the letter +=c=+, the mode of spelling is unsettled and fluctuating between +=c=+ and +=z=+, as in: +Medizi´n+ and +Medici´n+, f.; +das Rezept+ and +Recept+, n. (prescription, recipe); +Prinzi´p+ and +Princi´p+, n. (principle); +Proze´nt+ and +Proce´nt+, n. (per cent.); +Proze´ß+ and +Proce´ß+, m., etc.—[=Read carefully= B, Note to letter +=k=+, also letter +=t=+ of B, and General Observations on the Spelling of Foreign Words, where additional examples are given.]

C. +Allgemeine Bemerkungen über die Schreibung der Fremdwörter.+

(=General Observations on the Spelling of Foreign Words.=)

1. =With foreign words= containing sounds and combinations of sounds =not originally German=, THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE regarding their orthography is =that, their foreign pronunciation being preserved, also the foreign garb of their orthography is retained.=

=So, for example, we use:—=

+=oi=+ (sounded as in French) in: +die Memoi´ren+ (memoirs); +die Toile´tte+ (toilet).

+=g=+ and +=j=+ (sounded as in French) in: +die Baga´ge+ (luggage); +das Logi´s+ (lodgings); +der Genda´rm+ (a police-officer on horseback); +das Genie´+ (genius; a man of great talent); +der Ingenieu´r+ (engineer); +das Journa´l+ (journal, magazine); +rangie´ren+ (to arrange), etc.—=But with German pronunciation=: +der Genera´l+ (general); +genia´l+ (highly gifted); +die Genialitä´t+ (geniality, originality), etc.—

+=gn=+ (sounded as in French) in: +der Champa´gner+ (champaign); +die Lorgne´tte+ (lorgnette, eye-glass), etc.

+=ll=+ (sounded like English l followed by y) in: +das Bataillo´n+ (battalion); +das Bi´llard+ (billiards); +das Bille´t+ (ticket; note); +der Postillo´n+ (postillion), etc.

+=n=+ (sounded as in French, but not quite so nasal) in: +die Nua´nce+ (gradation of colours); +das Bassi´n+ (reservoir); +der Refrai´n+ (refrain); +der Rayo´n+ (ray of light; [of a fortification]: radius); +das Violonce´ll+ (violoncello), etc.

2. =Many foreign words, on the other hand, composed of German sounds, which might be indicated by German letters, have as yet preserved their original orthography. So we find:—=

+=ai=+ (for the sound of +ä+) in: +die Chai´se+ (chaise), from the French;

+=au=+ and +=eau=+ (for the sound of +o+) in: +die Sau´ce+ (sauce); +das Bureau+ (office), from the French;

+=ch=+ (for the sound of +sch+) in: +die Chaussee´+ (turnpike-road), from the French;

+=ch=+ (for the Greek +k+-sound) in: +der+ or +das Chor+ (choir or chorus), from the Greek;

+=ph=+ (for the sound of +f+) in: +der Philoso´ph+ (philosopher), from the Greek;

+=th=+ (for the sound of +t+) in: +der Thron+ (throne), from the Greek; and

+=v=+ (for the German +w+-sound) in: +viole´tt+ (violet-blue, adj.), from the French.

3. =Again we find foreign words which, being in common use and composed of German sounds, have become entirely germanised, and wear a German garb=; as: +die Tru´ppe+ (troop, company), French: la troupe; +die Gru´ppe+ (group), French: la groupe; +der Disku´rs+ (discourse), French: le discours; +der Sekretä´r+ (secretary), French: le secrétaire.

=It follows from the three preceding paragraphs:—that it is impossible to reduce the spelling of foreign words to any fixed principles, and that there exists at present much uncertainty and inconsistency respecting the spelling of such words.= [Comp. B, Consonants, Note to letter +=k=+, also B, letter +=z=+, where additional examples are given.]

D. +Kleinschreibung und Zusammenziehung.+

(=Small Initials= [instead of Capitals] =and Contractions.=)

=USE SMALL INITIALS:—=

1. =With Nouns used as Prepositions, Conjunctions, Indefinite Numerals, and Adverbs=, as in: +angesichts+ (in the face of); +infolge+ (in consequence of); +behufs+ (on behalf of);—+falls+ (in case of);—+ein bißchen+ (a bit, a little); +ein paar+ (a few, some, some few);—+anfangs+ (in the beginning); +teils+ (partly); +einesteils+ (on the one part or hand); +andernteils+ (on the other part or hand); +meinerseits+ (on my part); +morgens+ (in the morning); +abends+ (in the evening); +vormittags+ (in the fore-noon) [=but=: +des Morgens+, +des Abends+, +heute Nachmittag+, etc., +Sonntags+, +Montags+, etc.]; +überhaupt+ (in general, altogether, moreover); +unterwegs+ (on the way); +heutzutage+ (now-a-days); +beizeiten+ (in time, betimes); +bisweilen+ (at times); +einmal+ (once); +zweimal+ (twice); +bergauf+ (uphill); +kopfüber+ (head over heels), etc.

2. =With Nouns used in Verbal-Combinations=, in which, by the by, they are strongly accented, and treated as separable particles, i.e. are separated from the verb and placed at the end of the clause when used in a principal sentence and in a simple tense. Such Verbal-Combinations are:—+re´cht haben+ (to be right); +u´nrecht haben+ (to be wrong); +lei´d thun+ (to be sorry); +we´h thun+ (to hurt);—+schu´ld haben+ or +sein+ (to be in fault);—+fei´nd sein+ (to be hostile); +mir ist a´ngst+, +wo´hl+ (I am afraid, well); +mir ist no´t+ (it is necessary to me, I require); +mir ist we´he+ (I am grieved); +das ist scha´de+ (that is a pity); +ich bin wi´llens+ (I have a mind, I intend);—+sta´ttfinden+, +sta´tthaben+ (to take place); +wa´hrnehmen+ (to perceive); +tei´lnehmen+ (to take part in, to sympathise with); +ü´berhandnehmen+ (to increase); +hau´shalten+ (to keep house, to manage); +a´chtgeben+ (to pay attention); +prei´sgeben+ (to abandon, to expose); +bra´chliegen+ (to lie fallow); +zusta´tten kommen+ (to be of use, to come in usefully); +insta´nd setzen+ (to repair, to restore); +zusta´nde kommen+ (to accomplish); +imsti´ch lassen+ (to leave in the lurch), etc.—+Er hält haus+; +es ist mir zustatten gekommen+; +es hat überhandgenommen+; +es ist mir zuteil geworden+. =But=: +Er hat keinen Teil an mir+, etc.

3. =With Pronouns and Numerals, as=:—+jemand+, +niemand+, +jeder+, +keiner+, +einer+, +der eine+, +der andere+, +man+;—+etliche+ (some), +einige+, +einzelne+, +manche+, +viele+, +alle+, +alles+, +etwas+, +nichts+, +beide+;—+die+ (+alle+) +andern+, +das+ (+alles+) +andre+, +die+ (+alle+) +übrigen+, +das+ (+alles+) +übrige+, +das meiste+, +der+ (+das+) +nämliche+, +der erste+, +der letzte+, +der zweite+, +der nächste+, +der erste beste+, +ein jeglicher+, etc.