Part 217

+=ie=+

(instead of +i+) in the verbal termination +=ie´ren=+, as in: +studie´ren+ (to study); +spazie´ren+ (to go for a walk); +marschie´ren+ (to march); +probie´ren+ (to try, to test); +hantie´ren+ (to handle, to manage), etc.—and in their derivatives, as in: +die Hantie´rung+ (management, business, profession), etc.; also in: +gieb+ (give), and derivatives.

+=ou=+

(pronounced as in French, instead of +u+) in words coming from the French, as +die Fourage+ (forage); +der Fourier+ (quarter master); +der Fournier+ (veneer), etc.

=Only one Vowel (instead of two)—=

in: +bar+ (bare, destitute of; [of money]: in cash); +die Barschaft+ (ready money, cash in hand); +das Maß+ (measure); +das Schaf+ (sheep); +die Schar+ (troop, herd); +der Star+ (starling; [in medicine]: cataract); +die Wage+ (scales); +die Ware+ (goods); +der Herd+ (hearth); +die Herde+ (herd, flock); +das Kamel+ (camel); +das Los+ (lot, fate); +losen+ (to cast lots); +die Losung+ (the casting or drawing of lots); +der Schoß+ (lap, middle; [of dress]: skirt, or tail); etc.

B. +Konsonanten.+ (Consonants.)

+=d=+

(instead of +dt+) in: +der Tod+ (death); +todkrank+ (sick unto death); +todmüde+ (tired to death); +die Todsünde+ (deadly or mortal sin); +tödlich+ (deadly, mortal, fatal), etc.—Comp. letter +=t=+ (instead of +dt+).

+=f=+

(instead of +ph+) in: +Adolf+ (Adolphus); +der Elefant+ (elephant); +der Fasan+ (pheasant); +Rudolf+ (Ralph); +Westfalen+ (Westphalia), etc.—=But=: +der Epheu+ (ivy) from the old German word +Ebheu+.

+=h=+

1. =+h+ remains as a sign of lengthening a syllable=:—

(a) =In syllables beginning with a t-sound and containing a long vowel, but not a diphthong or a double vowel=, as in: +die That+ (deed); +die Thräne+ (tear); +der Thron+ (throne); +der Thor+ (fool); +das Thor+ (gate); +thun+ (to do); +that+ (did); +gethan+ (done), etc. [Comp. +=h=+, 2 (a).]

(b) before +=l=+, +=m=+, +=n=+, and +=r=+, as in: +allmählich+ (gradually); +befehlen+ (to command); +nehmen+ (to take); +wohnen+ (to live, to reside); +lehren+ (to teach), etc. =Exceptions=: +die Feme+ (an old secret criminal court in Westphalia) and derivatives, as: +der Femrichter+ (a judge of that court), and derivatives.

(c) in: +die Fehde+ (feud, quarrel); +die Mahd+ (mowing), from +mähen+ (to mow); +der Draht+ (wire) from +drehen+ (to turn); +die Naht+ (seam), from +nähen+ (to sew), and other words derived from verbs containing an aspirated +h+.

(d) =in a few proper names=, as in: +Bertha+, +Günther+, +Martha+, +Mathilde+, +Theobald+, +Theodor+, etc.

(e) =in many nouns originally Greek=, as: +die Kathedra´le+ (cathedral); +das Thema+ (theme); +die Theologie´+; +die Theorie´+; +das Thermome´ter+; +der Pa´nther+, etc.

2. +=h=+ =is not retained after= +=t=+:—

(a) =in syllables beginning with a t-sound and containing a diphthong or a double vowel=, as in: +der Tau+ (dew); +das Tau+ (rope); +der Teer+ (tar); +teeren+ (to tar); +der+ or +das Teil+ (part, or share); +teuer+ (dear); +das Tier+ (animal); +verteidigen+ (to defend), etc., and derivatives.—=Exception=: +der Thee+ (tea), and derivatives.

(b) in the suffixes +=tum=+ and +=tüm=+ (formerly +thum+ and +thüm+), as in: +das Eigentum+ (property); +das Königtum+ (kingdom); +das Ungetüm+ (monster), etc.

(c) =at the end of syllables, and at the beginning of syllables before a short vowel=, as in:—+die Armut+ (poverty); +der Atem+ (breath); +atmen+ (to breathe); +die Blüte+ (blossom); +die Flut+ (flood); +das Gerät+ (tools); +die Glut+ (glow); +der Kot+ (dirt); +das Lot+ (a weight of half an ounce, now obsolete); +der Met+ (mead); +die Miete+ (rent; a corn or hay-stack; mite); +der Mut+ (courage); +die Not+ (need); +nötigen+ (to urge; to invite; to compel); +der+ or +die Pate+ (god-father or god-mother); +der Rat+ (advice); +raten+ (to advise; to guess); +das Rätsel+ (riddle); +rot+ (red); +die Röte+ (redness); +die Rute+ (rod); +der Turm+ (tower); +der Wert+ (value); +wert+ (worth, dear); +der Wirt+ (host, landlord); +die Wut+ (rage), and derivatives, as: +ratlos+ (without advice or means: helpless); +wertvoll+ (valuable, precious); +das Wirtshaus+ (inn), etc.

=Mark well=: +hurra!+ (hurra!).

1. (instead of +c+) =in many words originally Greek=, as in: +die Akademie´+, (academy); +pra´ktisch+ (practical); +die Arithmeti´k+ (arithmetic); +die Physi´k+ (natural philosophy), etc.—=But=: +der Chara´kter+; +die Melancholie´+.

2. (instead of +c+ and +qu+) =in many words originally Latin or French=, but which have become quite germanised, and are now looked upon as altogether German words, as: +der Advoka´t+ (lawyer); +das Boske´tt+ (thicket) from the French: le bosquet; +das Loka´l+ (locality); +das Pu´blikum+ (public); +vaka´nt+ (vacant); +der Vulka´n+ (volcano), etc.—More especially in words terminating in +=...kel=+, as in: +der Arti´kel+; +die Parti´kel+; +die Flo´skel+ (flourish), pl. +die Flo´skeln+ (fine words, frequently made use of with a deceptive purpose).

3. (instead of +c+) in words with the prefixes +=Ko-=+, +=Kol-=+, +=Kom-=+, +=Kon-=+, +=Kor-=+, and also in syllables containing a +=k=+-sound followed by +=t=+ (+=...kt=+), as in: +die Kopie´+ (copy); +die Kolonie´+ (colony); +der Kommanda´nt+ (commander); +der Ko´nstabler+ (constable); +das Konze´rt+ (concert); +die Korresponde´nz+ (correspondence), etc.; +die Didakti´k+ (didactics); +das Edi´kt+ (edict), etc.—=But=: +das Di´ctum+, because not germanised, etc.—

=Mark well=: +der Kaffee´+ (coffee), =but=: +das Café+ (a fine restaurant where mostly coffee is served).

=NOTE.= In foreign words which have preserved a foreign pronunciation, or certain foreign forms of spelling or inflection, do not use +=k=+, but +=c=+, as in: +die Campagne+ (campaign); +der Commi´s+ (clerk); +das Flaco´n+ (smelling-bottle); +der Redakteu´r+ (editor); +die Adjecti´va+ (adjectives), etc.